New  Jersey  as  a  Colony 
and  as  a  State 


JOEL    PARKER. 


NEW  JEESET 


AS  A  COLONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


One    of    the     Original     Th ir t een 


BY 
FRANCIS   BAZLEY   LEE 

ASSOCIATE     BOARD     OF     EDITORS 

WILLIAM     S.     STRYKER,    LL.D.:       WILLIAM     NELSON,     A.M. 
GARRET    D.    W.    VROOM:      ERNEST    C.    RICHARDSON,    Ph.D. 


VOLUME    FOUR 


THE  PUBLISHING   SOCIETY  OF  NEW  JERSEY 
NEW  YORK  MDCCCCII1 


Copykight,  1902,  By 
The  Publishing  Society  of  New  Jersey 


All  Rights  Reserved 


PUBLICATION  OFFICE 
41  LAFAYETTE  PLACE 
NEW   YORK,    N.  Y.,  U.S.  A. 


DEDICATED 

TO 

JOEL  PAKKEK 

ANI> 

CHARLES   S.   OLDEN 


THE   ORIGINAL  THIRTEEN   COLONIES. 


LIBRARY 
UNIVERSIT Y  Oi<^  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 


SYNOPSIS     OF     CHAPTERS 


CHAPTER     I 

THE     RISE   AND     FALL     OF     SLAVERY     IN     NEW 

JERSEY 23-48 

Attitude  of  Continental  Europe  toward  Slavery — A 
Question  of  a  Commercial  Character — Slavery  Among 
the  Dutch  and  Swedes — Lewis  Morris  and  His  Bondmen 
— The  Institution  Established  in  New  Jersey  in  1675 — 
A  Supreme  Court  Opinion — The  Instructions  to  Lord 
Cornbury — Early  Acts  regarding  Slavery  based  upon  an 
Economic  View — Duties  laid  on  Negroes  Imported  into 
East  and  West  Jersey — The  Beginnings  of  Ethical  Con- 
siderations— John  Woolman  and  the  Society  of  Friends — 
The  Abolition  Influence  before  the  Revolution — A  Rev- 
olutionary View  of  the  Matter — The  Declaration  of  the 
Legislature  in  1786  concerning  Importation  of  Africans 
—The  General  Slave  Law  of  1798  and  its  Purpose — The 
Gradual  Abolition  Act  of  1804— The  Effort  of  Organized 
Societies — Legislation  growing  out  of  the  Act  of  1804 — 
The  New  Jersey  Constitution  of  1844  in  its  Relation  to 
Slavery— The  Liberty  Party— The  Policy  of  "Travelling" 
Friends — Colonial  Censuses  of  Slaves — The  Number  of 
Bondmen  in  New  Jersey  in  1800 — The  Rapid  Decrease 
in  Numbers — New  Jersey  occupies  a  Unique  Position 
among  the  Northern  "  Free  "  States — The  Government 
Slaves  before  1702 — Stringency  of  East  Jersey  Statutes 
— The  Barrier  between  Whites  and  Blacks — The  Supreme 
Court  Records — Negro  Plots — The  Question  of  Manu- 
mission— Protection  Offered  the  Slave — The  Negroes  and 
their  Churches — The  Social  Position  of  the  Slave. 


CHAPTER     II 

THE  UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD 49-58 

The  Fugitive  Slave  Law  of  1850  and  What  it  Attempted 
to  Accomplish — The  Position  of  West  Jersey  and  the 


8  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Relation  of  that  Part  of  the  State  to  the  South—The 
Society  of  Friends  and  their  Efforts — The  Underground 
Railroad  comes  into  Existence — How  the  Railroad  was 
Operated  in  New  Jersey — Routes  across  the  State — 
Dangers  at  the  Raritan  River — The  Rev.  Thomas  Clement 
Oliver,  of  Salem  Cily — Harriet  Tubman  and  her  Charges 
— The  Slave  Chasers — The  Case  of  Johnson  v.  Tomkins 
— Points  Eventually  Reached  by  Fugitive  Slaves — New 
Jersey  not  an  Asylum. 


CHAPTER   III 

THE  NATION  IN  1860 59-68 

Slavery  in  the  States  carved  out  of  the  Territory 
Acquired  from  Mexico — Marshall,  of  New  Jersey,  Dis- 
covers Gold — Legislation  in  Congress  Following  the  Gold 
Fever — Issues  at  the  Outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  Clearly 
Denned — The  Power  of  the  South  lay  in  being  Politically 
on  the  Defensive  and  in  Unity  of  Sentiment — The  North- 
ern View  of  the  Case — The  Uneven  Front  of  the 
Republican  Party  at  the  Outbreak  of  Hostilities— The 
Democratic  Argument — "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  "  and  Clai- 
borne's "  Life  "  of  General  Quitman — Southern  Sympa- 
thizers in  New  Jersey — The  Four  National  Tickets  in  the 
Presidential  Election  of  1860 — The  Struggle  between  the 
"  Northern  "  and  "  Southern  "  Wings  of  the  Democracy 
— The  Change  Effected  by  the  Attack  on  Fort  Moultrie 
— Compromises  and  Temporizing  Fail — An  Ethical  and 
Economic  Inheritance. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE    POSITION    OF    NEW    JERSEY    IN    THE    CIVIL 

WAR   69-78 

What  Lincoln  Said  in  1861 — Some  in  New  Jersey  hope 
for  Reconciliation — The  State  and  her  Quota  under  the 
"  First  Call "  for  Troops — The  Exposed  Situation  of 
Philadelphia — Prospective  Defenses  on  Delaware  Bay — 
The  Cities  of  the  State  Empowered  to  issue  Bonds — New 
Jersey  Creates  a  War  Debt — The  Advent  of  Joel  Parker 
and  his  Policy — His  Services  as  Governor — The  Legisla- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


ture  of  1863  Suggests  "Commissioners"  to  meet  those 
of  the  Confederacy — The  Emancipation  Proclamation — 
George  B.  McClellan  and  his  Candidacy  for  the  Presiden- 
tial Office — The  Failure  of  Lincoln's  Plans  for  "  Recon- 
struction " — What  Peace  meant  in  the  Industrial  Life  of 
New  Jersey. 


CHAPTER     V 

NEW  JERSEY  TROOPS  IN  TKu  CIVIL  WAR 79-91 

The  Olden  Guards — The  Brigade  Commanded  by  Theo- 
dore Runyon — The  "  Second  Call  "  for  Troops — The 
Second  Brigade — The  "  Olden  Legion  " — Principal  Offi- 
cers of  the  Regiments — The  Presidential  Call  of  July  7, 
1862 — How  the  Regiments  were  Officered — New  Jersey 
Escapes  the  Draft  of  1862 — New  Regiments  are  Formed 
and  the  Men  who  Commanded  Them — The  Batteries  of 
Artillery — "  Company  A,"  of  Trenton,  as  a  "  School  for 
the  Soldier  " — The  Invasion  of  Pennsylvania — The  Mary- 
land Emergency  Company — New  Jersey  Men  in  the 
Regiments  of  other  States — Famous  Camps  in  New 
Jersey — Statistics  of  Service. 


CHAPTER    VI 

NEW     JERSEY     AND     THE     POST-BELLUM     AMEND- 
MENTS TO  THE  FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION 93-105 

How  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  was  Treated  by  the 
Legislature  of  New  Jersey — The  House  of  Assembly  Ex- 
presses its  Sentiments — New  Jersey's  Attitude  toward 
Slavery  as  a  National  Issue — Failure  of  Colonization 
Projects — New  Jersey  and  the  Peace  Convention  of  1861 
— The  New  Jersey  Resolutions — The  Fourteenth  Amend- 
ment and  Governor  Ward's  View — A  Consent  and  a 
Withdrawal — The  Unseating  of  United  States  Senator 
John  P.  Stockton — The  Legislature  Strenuously  Opposes 
the  Amendment — Some  Vigorous  Resolutions  and  how 
They  were  Treated  by  Congress — The  Fifteenth  Amend- 
ment and  the  Attitude  of  the  Republican  Party — The 
Final  Passage  of  the  Amendment. 


10  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

CHAPTER    VII 

THE  PANIC  OF  1873 107-122 

The  Industrial  Activity  of  New  Jersey  from  1865  to 
1873 — The  Extension  of  Metropolitan  Influence — The 
Corporation  of  the  Day  and  its  Relation  to  the  "  Trust " 
— The  Absorption  of  the  Military  into  Civil  Life — The 
Era  of  Speculation — Special  Charters  and  their  Advan- 
tages— Some  of  the  Industrial  Lines  Exploited  by  Capital 
— The  Riparian  Interests  of  the  State  Receive  Attention 
— Real  Estate  Speculations — The  Spirit  of  Municipal 
Development — The  Consolidation  of  Competing  or  Par- 
tially Affiliated  Lines  of  Railroads — Political  Upheavals 
of  the  Period— The  "One  Idea"  Parties— The  Labor 
Movement — Horace  Greeley  in  Politics — A  Comparison 
between  the  Period  of  Inflation  and  the  Jackson  Period 
of  Unrest — Architectural  Abominations  and  False  Taste 
in  City  and  Country — What  Caused  the  Panic  of  1873 — 
Land  Speculations  in  New  Jersey — The  Effect  of  the 
Panic  in  the  State. 


CHAPTER    VIII 

THE  DAYS  OF  "  CAMDEN  AND  AMBOY  " 123-138 

The  Consolidation  of  the  "  Joint  Companies  "  with  the 
New  Jersey  Railroad  and  Transportation  Company — The 
Struggle  to  reach  New  York  City — Jersey  City  holds  the 
Key  to  the  Situation — What  the  Camden  and  Amboy 
Railroad  Company  had  Acquired  between  1830  and  1867 
— The  Fight  against  "  Monopoly  " — The  Development  of 
the  Morris  and  Essex  and  the  Elizabethtown  and  Somer- 
ville  Railroads — How  these  Roads  were  Dependent  upon 
the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad — Early  Traffic  Arrange- 
ments— The  Corporate  Control  of  Old  Paulus  Hook — 
Stevens  and  the  Bergen  Hill  Tunnel — The  Erie  and  its 
Projects — The  "  Frog  War  "—The  Central  Railroad  of 
New  Jersey  Secures  and  Reclaims  Lowlands  south  of 
Paulus  Hook — A  new  Phase  of  the  Opposition  directed 
against  the  Camden  and  Amboy — New  Railroads  Pro- 
jected between  Philadelphia  and  New  York  City — The 
Theory  of  a  Direct  Route  from  the  South  across  Dela- 
ware Bay,  thence  to  Port  Monmouth,  and  Finally  to  New 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  11 

York  City — Its  Lack  of  Success — The  New  Jersey 
Southern  Railroad — A  New  Plan,  uniting  Bound  Brook 
and  a  Point  in  the  Vicinity  of  Trenton,  Devised — The 
Struggle  of  the  Promoters  of  the  "  Air  Line  "  before  the 
Legislature — "  Equal  Taxation  "  becomes  an  Issue — The 
Mercer  and  Somerset  Company — The  Appearance  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  and  its  Lease  of  the 
Joint  Companies  that  the  Camden  and  Amboy  System 
Embraced — The  Genesis  of  the  West  Jersey  and  Sea 
Shore  System — Politics  and  the  Railroads — The  Struggle 
for  Control  of  the  Legislature — The  Passage  of  the  Gen- 
eral Railroad  Law. 


CHAPTER    IX 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  OF  1875 139-143 

The  Demand  for  Constitutional  Reform — The  Attitude  of 
Governor  Joel  Parker — The  Burden  of  Special  Legis- 
lation— Jersey  City  and  her  Municipal  Troubles — The 
Constitutional  Commission  of  1873 — Senatorial  Repre- 
sentation Based  upon  Population  Defeated — The  School 
Question — The  Death  of  Special  Legislation — The  Action 
of  the  Legislature — Partisan  Politics  and  the  Adoption  of 
the  Amendments — A  Religious  Controversy — New  Em- 
barrassments for  Jersey  City — The  General  Effect  of  the 
Work  of  the  Commissioners. 


CHAPTER   X 

RECENT  CHANGES  IN  THE  CONSTITUTION 149-158 

Racing  at  Monmouth  Course — Guttenberg  and  Gloucester 
Racetracks  and  their  Appearance  in  Politics — The  Anti- 
Racetrack  League — Legislation  Favorable  to  the  Tracks 
— Trenton  as  a  Storm  Center — Other  Racing  Projects — 
An  Attempt  to  Control  Assembly  Districts  and  the  Su- 
preme Court  Decisions — The  Contest  for  the  Control  of 
the  Senate — The  Constitutional  Commission  of  1894 — 
The  Three  Amendments  to  the  Constitution,  and  the  Vote 
by  which  the  Amendments  were  Passed. 


12  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

CHAPTER   XI 

A  STATE  BATTLE  OF  BALLOTS— 18G2- 1885 159-178 

The  General  Current  of  Political  Thought  traced  by  Ab- 
stracts of  the  Platforms  Adopted  by  the  Republican  and 
Democratic  Parties  upon  the  Occasion  of  each  Guberna- 
torial Convention — Those  who  were  Candidates  for  Gov- 
ernor and  those  who  Secured  the  Nominations — The  Re- 
lation between  State  and  National  Issues — The  Success- 
ful Candidate  and  the  Vote  cast  by  all  Parties — The 
Presidential  Voting  During  the  same  Period. 


CHAPTER   XII 

A  STATE  BATTLE  OF  BALLOTS— 1886-1902 179-202 

The   Treatment   Developed   by   the    Preceding    Chapter 
Continued. 


CHAPTER    XIII 

MODERN  BANKS  AND  BANKING 203-212 

The  Bank  a  Modern  Factor  in  Civilization — The  National 
Banking  Act  of  1863 — Services  Rendered  by  the  Trenton 
Banking  Company  during  the  Civil  War — The  Depart- 
ment of  Banking  and  Insurance — Abstract  of  the 
Banking  Act  of  1899 — The  Newark  Savings  Fund 
Association — State  Savings  Fund  Societies  during  the 
Period  of  Inflation — The  Savings  Bank  Law  of  1876  and 
its  Provisions — The  Trust  Companies. 


CHAPTER   XIV 

NEW       JERSEY     IN       THE        SPANISH-AMERICAN 

WAR   213-229 

The  "  Hull  Bill  "  and  its  Provisions — The  Joint  Resolu- 
tion of  Congress  of  April  20,  1898 — President 
McKinley's  Call  for  Troops — War  with  Spain  Declared — 
New  Jersey's  Quota  is  Three  Regiments  of  Infantry — 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  13 

The  National  Guard  Called  out  for  Service — Detail  of 
Companies — Sea  Girt  becomes  the  Place  of  Rendez- 
vous— Rapid  Mobilization  of  the  National  Guard — The 
Regiments  are  Mustered  into  the  Service  of  the  United 
States — Detail  of  the  First  Regiment — The  Third  Regi- 
ment goes  to  Pompton  Lakes  and  to  the  Defense  of  New 
York  Harbor — The  Second  Regiment  proceeds  to  Camp 
Cuba  Libre,  Jacksonville — The  National  Government 
Calls  upon  New  Jersey  for  One  Thousand  Additional 
Men — Recruits  for  Regiments  in  the  Field — The  Fourth 
Regiment  at  Sea  Girt — The  Regiments  Discharged  from 
Service — The  Signal  Corps — The  Formation  of  the 
"  Mosquito  Fleet " — The  Naval  Reserves  called  into 
Action — The  "  Montauk  "  Fitted  out  for  Service — The 
"  Resolute "  and  her  Record  in  Southern  Seas — The 
"  Badger  "  and  her  Cruises — Prominent  Officers  of  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  Regiments  and  of  the 
Battalions  of  the  East  and  West  Naval  Reserves. 


CHAPTER   XV 

JERSEY    CITY,    NEWARK,    PATERSON,    AND    THEIR 

ENVIRONS   231-255 

Jersey  City's  Genesis  to  be  Found  at  Paulus  Hook — The 
bit  of  Upland  amid  the  Ditch-pierced  Meadows  becomes 
an  Important  Center  of  Transportation — The  "  Stage 
Waggons  "  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia — John 
Stevens  in  Hoboken — Anthony  Dey,  Agent,  Purchases 
Paulus  Hook  from  Cornelius  Van  Vorst — This  Tract 
Embraces  the  Jersey  City  Terminal  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company — Thirteen  Residents  in  1804 — The 
Sale  of  Lots — New  York  Asserts  a  Claim  as  to  Title  and 
Withdraws  her  Hostile  Attitude — The  "  Articles  of  Asso- 
ciation "  and  the  Distinguished  Incorporators — Robert 
Fulton  and  his  Interests — The  "  City  of  Jersey  "  falls 
upon  Evil  Days — The  Threefold  Elements  Retarding 
Municipal  Growth  were  the  Contention  of  New  York  as 
to  Ownership  of  Riparian  Lands  in  New  Jersey,  the 
Difficulties  Arising  from  Ground  Rents  and  an  Irredeem- 
able Mortgage,  and  the  Union  of  Divergent  Powers  in  one 
Corporation,  which  was  both  a  Land  Company  and  a 
Municipality — "  Taxation  Without  Representation  " — 
Jersey  City  is  Incorporated  in  1820 — Early  Expenditures 


14  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


of  the  Board  of  Selectmen — A  Surplusage  of  Domesti- 
cated Animals — The  New  Charter  of  1837— Statistics 
concerning  Growth  of  Population  1840  to  1900 — The 
Smaller  Municipalities  of  Hudson  County — Date  of 
Incorporation — Hoboken's  Remarkable  Growth  from  1850 
tp  1860— Her  Development  from  1850  to  1900— Bayonne 
and  West  Hoboken  and  their  Remarkable  Increase  in 
Population — Newark  is  Governed  by  Town  Meeting  from 
Settlement  to  1836 — A  Replica  of  Certain  Phases  of  New 
England  Life — Past  Memories  of  the  Young  City — The 
Panic  of  1837  and  its  Effect  upon  local  Industries,  par- 
ticularly the  Leather  Trade — Statistics  as  to  Population 
1820  to  1900 — The  Oranges,  Irvington,  Bloomfield,  and 
Llewellyn  Park — Bloomfield,  Newark,  and  Orange 
Wards  Created  in  1806 — Alexander  Hamilton  and  the 
Protection  of  American  Manufactures — His  Policy  of  an 
Object  Lesson  and  of  Effective  Federal  Legislation — 
"  The  Society  for  Establishing  Manufactures  "  is  Incor- 
porated in  1791 — The  Cotton  Industry — Water  Power 
at  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Passaic  and  the  Coming  of  the 
New  Society — Rights  and  Privileges  of  the  Society — 
Paterson  is  Established  and  Incorporated  in  1831 — What 
the  Census  Shows  for  Paterson  and  Passaic  City. 


CHAPTER    XVI 

TRENTON,  ELIZABETH,  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  CAMDEN, 

AND  SMALLER  CITIES 257-269 

Mahlon  Stacy,  at  his  Assanpink  Mill,  founds  the  City  of 
Trenton — The  State  Capital  shifts  between  Burlington 
and  Perth  Amboy — Trenton  Selected  in  1790  and  the 
Capitol  Completed  in  1796 — Trenton  Incorporated  as  a 
City  in  1792 — The  Aristocratic  Type  of  the  Act  Erecting 
the  Municipality — A  Government  for  the  People,  but  not 
of  or  by  Them — Comparison  between  the  Trenton  Charter 
of  1792  and  the  State  Constitution  of  1776— Elizabeth- 
town,  Conspicuous  in  Colonial  Days,  becomes  the  Home 
of  Revolutionary  Patriots — Its  Early  Charters  and 
Indications  of  Industrial  Growth — It  Assumes  Place  as  a 
Residential  City — A  Comparison  between  Elizabeth  and 
Trenton  in  the  Matter  of  Growth  of  Population  1820  to 
1900 — New  Brunswick  and  its  Dutch  settlers  from 
Albany — The  Old  World  Spirit  in  Local  Architecture  on 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  15 

the  Streets  near  the  Raritan  River — Rutgers  College 
Triumphs  over  Early  Vicissitudes — "  Cooper's  Ferries  " 
the  Beginning  of  Camden's  Life — What  Railroad  Ter- 
minals and  Manufacturers  Accomplished — Some  Com- 
parisons of  Growth — The  Remarkable  Development  of 
Atlantic  City — A  Glance  at  the  Seaside  Resorts — How 
the  Smaller  Cities  have  Grown — Some  that  have  Re- 
mained Stationary — The  Borough  Governments. 


CHAPTER    XVII 

THE     GROWTH     OF     THE     COUNTIES     AND     THEIR 

CAPITALS    271-287 

Hunterdon  County  in  Population  Leads  the  List  in  1790 
— Sussex  takes  First  Place  in  1800 — Essex  forges  to  the 
Front  in  1810 — Sussex  Reaches  her  Zenith  in  1820 — 
Warren  County  Created  in  1824 — Essex  again  Leads  in 
1830— The  New  Cities  of  East  Jersey— Between  1830 
and  1840  Gloucester,  Hudson,  Mercer,  and  Passaic 
Counties  are  Organized — They  Drain  Population  from 
the  Territorial  Subdivisions  from  which  they  are  Created 
— A  Study  of  Population  in  1850  as  Related  to  Hudson 
and  Essex  Counties — Camden  and  Ocean  Counties  Erected 
— The  Distinctively  Rural  Counties  Practically  Remain 
Stationary — Union  County  is  Established — The  Overflow 
into  the  Metropolitan  Area  of  New  Jersey  between  1850 
and  1860 — In  Spite  of  the  Civil  War  Hudson  and  Essex 
grow  with  Marvelous  Rapidity — Sussex  County  Decreases 
in  Number  of  People — Three  Characteristics  of  the 
Closing  Quarter  of  the  Nineteenth  Century — The  Growth 
of  the  Greater  Metropolitan  Area — That  Affected  by 
New  York  City  and  of  the  Lesser  Metropolitan  Area — 
That  Affected  by  Philadelphia — The  Development  of  the 
Sea  Coast  Counties  and  the  Stagnation  of  the  Distinct- 
ively Rural  Centers — From  1890  to  1900  Bergen  County 
has  the  Largest  Percentage  of  Increase — Other  Counties 
in  the  Greater  Metropolitan  Area — The  Geographical 
Extent  of  Philadelphia's  Influence — How  the  Counties  in 
Central  and  Southern  New  Jersey  have  Grown — These 
Embrace  one-fifth  of  the  total  Population  of  New  Jersey, 
the  New  Jersey  Area  three-fifths,  and  the  Counties  in 
Association  with  both  Cities  the  Remaining  one-fifth — 
The  Coastwise  Counties  and  their  Increase  from  1870  to 


16  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

1900 — The  Remaining  Counties — County  Capitals  Ex- 
clusive of  the  Large  Cities — Cape  May  Court  House  and 
its  First  Jail— The  Whaling  Settlement  at  Town  Bank- 
John  May  and  May's  Landing — Tom's  River  the  Center 
of  Industries  Characteristic  of  the  "  Pines  " — These,  Re- 
spectively the  Shire  Towns  of  Cape  May,  Atlantic,  and 
Ocean  Counties,  form  a  Distinctive  Group — Another 
Group  of  Shire  Towns  are  Bridgeton,  of  Cumberland 
County,  Salem,  of  Salem  County,  Woodbury,  of  Glouces- 
ter County,  Mount  Holly,  of  Burlington  County,  and 
Freehold,  of  Monmouth  County — Bridgeton's  early  rapid 
Growth  and  her  Industries — Woodbury  becomes  a  Resi- 
dential Center  for  Philadelphians — Salem  and  her  Former 
Prestige — Mount  Holly  Before  the  Civil  War — Freehold 
and  Village  Improvement — These  two  Groups  Reflect, 
to  a  Greater  or  Less  Degree,  Southern  Influence — Flem- 
ington,  Hunterdon  County,  Belvidere,  Warren  County, 
Somerville,  Somerset  County,  Morristown,  Morris  County, 
and  Hackensack,  Bergen  County,  Represent  the  Third 
and  Last  Group — Flemington  and  Belvidere  and  their 
Enterprises — Somerville  as  a  Manufacturing  Community 
— Morristown  and  the  Experiments  with  the  Electro- 
Magnetic  Telegraph — Newton's  Prominence — Hacken- 
sack and  the  Johnson  Library. 


CHAPTER    XVIII 

NEW  JERSEY  AND  HER  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 289-300 

The  Slow  Growth  of  the  Idea  of  Popular  Education — 
Acts  Promoting  Literature  before  1800 — The  Influence 
of  Thomas  Jefferson's  "  Notes  " — John  Parker,  of  Perth 
Amboy,  Urges  the  Cause  of  Popular  Education  in  the 
Legislature  1806  to  1817— The  First  "  Free  School  "  Act 
— The  Riparian  Land  Interests — Propagandists  of  the 
New  Movement: — The  "  Friends  of  Education  "  Meet  in 
Trenton — Agitation  for  the  Establishment  of  a  Normal 
School — Various  State  Schools — The  Present  Law  Gov- 
erning Public  Schools — Manual  Training,  Libraries,  and 
Ventilation — A  Constitutional  Guarantee  as  to  Free  Edu- 
cation— Sources  of  Funds  for  Support  of  Public  Schools 
— Academies  and  Secondary  Institutions — A  Review  of 
these  Institutions  by  Counties — Theological  Seminaries. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  17 

CHAPTER    XIX 

NEW      JERSEY'S      TOPOGRAPHY      AND      ECONOMIC 

GEOLOGY    301-313 

Statistics  as  to  the  Area  of  New  Jersey — Practically 
One-hali  of  the  State  as  yet  in  Forest,  in  Tracts  of  Ten 
Acres  or  Over — The  Four  Topographic  Zones — What 
the  Appalachian  Zone  Includes — Characteristics  of  the 
Kittatinny  Valley — The  Highlands  Zone  and  its  Lakes — 
The  Red  Sandstone  or  Piedmont  Zone  and  its  Trap 
Rocks — The  Coastal  Zone  and  its  Clay  Beds,  Gravels, 
and  Marls — The  Various  Geological  Surveys — All  the 
Larger  Geological  Formations,  Except  Coal,  Occurring  in 
the  United  States  are  Found  in  New  Jersey — The 
Crystalline  Rocks  of  the  Highlands  are  the  Oldest  For- 
mations— Iron  and  Zinc  Ores— The  Paleozoic  Rocks, 
Magnesian  Limestones,  and  Slate  are  Characteristic — 
The  Mesozoic  Formations  and  Trap  Rocks — The  Cre- 
taceous Rocks  and  the  Formations  of  the  Coastal  Plane — 
The  Terminal  Moraine  of  the  Last  Glacial  Ice — Magnetic 
Iron  Ores  of  Morris  and  Warren  Counties — Decline  of 
the  "  Bog  Iron  "  Industries — Zinc  and  Copper  Ores — 
Graphite  and  Minor  Formations — The  Extent  of  the  Clay 
Deposits  and  of  Building  Stone  Quarries — Miscellaneous 
Formations. 


CHAPTER    XX 

THE  FERTILE  FARMS  OF  NEW  JERSEY 315-327 

New  Jersey's  Support  given  Agricultural  Interests, 
before  the  Civil  War,  Largely  of  an  Indirect  Character 
— Colonial  Legislation  Directed  toward  the  Offering  of 
Rewards  for  the  Heads  or  Pelts  of  Destructive  Animals, 
Prohibiting  Firing  of  Woods  and  Meadows,  and  enabling 
Owners  to  Bank  and  Drain  Marsh  Land — Andr6  Michaux, 
Botanist  of  the  French  King,  and  the  Plan  to  Establish  a 
Botanical  Garden  near  Bergen — A  System  of  Botanical 
Exchange  in  1786— The  Project  Probably  Failed  by 
Reason  of  the  Advent  of  the  French  Revolution — The 
New  Jersey  State  Agricultural  Society  and  its  Incorpo- 
ration in  1840 — Later  Phases  of  State  Encouragement  to 
Voluntary  Associations — Cumberland  County  in  1827 
Leads  in  Organization — Societies  of  Agriculturists  and 
[Vol.  4] 


18  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Horticulturists  Considered  by  Counties — The  Dairy 
Interests — The  Camden  and  Amboy's  "  Pea  Line "  be- 
fore 1840 — The  Peach  District  and  where  Small 
Fruits  are  Grown — Huckleberries  and  Cranberries — The 
Poultry  Industry  of  Central  Southern  New  Jersey — 
Truck  Farming  for  the  Philadelphia  Market — Statistics 
Concerning  the  Corn,  Wheat,  Rye,  Oats,  Buckwheat,  Hay, 
and  White  and  Sweet  Potato  Crops— The  State  Agricul- 
tural College — The  Efforts  of  Charles  K.  Landis  in  South 
Jersey — The  Advent  of  the  Russian  Jews — Woodbine  in 
Cape  May  County — The  Colony  Established  by  Fund 
of  Baron  de  Hirsch  the  most  Conspicuous  of  these  Settle- 
ments— The  Work  that  the  Hebrews  have  Accomplished 
in  South  Jersey. 


CHAPTER    XXI 

THE    BEGINNINGS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES    LIFE- 
SAVING  SERVICE 329-342 

Ex-Governor  Newell  speaks  the  Last  Word  Concerning 
the  United  States  Lifesaving  Service — He  Witnesses,  in 
1839,  the  Wreck  of  the  "  Count  Perasto  "  on  Long  Beach 
— The  Story  of  the  Disaster — The  Wreck  Suggests 
Methods  to  Save  Human  Life — Some  Primitive  Experi- 
ments— The  Struggle  for  a  Congressional  Appropriation 
— Governor  Newell,  as  a  Member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, offers  a  Resolution  and  at  First  is  Totally 
Ignored — Some  of  Those  who  Refused  to  Concur — A 
World-Renowned  System  Saved  by  a  Small  Appropria- 
tion—The Wreck  of  the  "  Ayreshire  "  in  1850— The  Suc- 
cess of  Newell's  Plan — A  Sad  Story  of  Suffering  and 
Death — Dangers  Upon  the  New  Jersey  Coast — The  Sys- 
tem Extended  Along  the  Coasts  of  New  Jersey  and  Long 
Island — The  Services  of  Captain  Douglass  Ottinger — 
What  Governor  Newell  Lived  to  See — The  "  New  Era  " 
Monument  at  Asbury  Park — Resolutions  of  the  Legisla- 
tures of  the  States  of  New  Jersey  and  Washington. 


CHAPTER   XXII 

NEW       JERSEY       AT       THE       OPENING       OF       THE 

TWENTIETH  CENTURY 343-350 

The  Material  Advancement  of  New  Jersey  Vastly  Pro- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  19 

moted  by  her  Industries  and  her  Systems  of  Transporta- 
tion— Statistics  as  to  the  Extent  of  the  Following  Great 
Industries  of  the  State:  Silk,  Brick,  Terra  Cotta, 
Window  and  Bottle  Glass,  Men's  Felt  and  Wool  Hats, 
Celluloid,  Jewelry,  Pottery,  Rubber,  Leather,  Shoes, 
Woolen  and  Worsted  Goods,  Chemical  Products,  Refined 
Oils  and  their  by-Products,  Iron,  and  Steel — Special  In- 
dustries:   Soap,  Tallow,  Perfumery,  Sugar,  Machinery, 

Shipbuilding,  Breweries,  Wall  Paper,  Sheet  Metal,  etc 

Transportation — Mileage  and  Statistical  Information 
Concerning  the  Following  Railroad  Systems:  Pennsyl- 
vania, West  Jersey  and  Seashore,  Central  Railroad  of 
New  Jersey,  Philadelphia  and  Reading,  Delaware, 
Lackawanna  and  Western,  Erie,  New  York,  Susque- 
hanna and  Western,  Lehigh  Valley,  and  Unclassified 
Roads — Canals:  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  and  the 
Morris  Canals  and  their  Feeders — Cable,  Electric,  and 
Horse  Railroads. 


CHAPTEK    XXIII 

GENERAL  INDEX 351-402 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Parker,   Joel Frontispiece 

Dayton,  William  L Pacing  p.  84 

Frellnghuysen,  Frederick  T Facing  p.  JEA 

Hamilton,  Alexander Facing  p.  250 

Hobart,   Garret  A Facing  p.  194 

Little  Falls  on  the  Passaic Facing  p.  848 

Monument  at  Springfield Facing  p.  348 

Morristown  in  1828 Facing  p.  260 

Newark,  view  of Facing  p.  114 

Olden,  Charles  S Facing  p.    82 

Old  State  House  at  Trenton Facing  p.  260 

Trenton,  view  of Facing  p.  294 

Weehawken  Bluff Facing  p.  310 


PAGE 

Abbett,   Leon 185 

Acquackanonk,  view  of 254 

At  a  county  fair 824 

Atlantic  cable,  section  of....  346 
Basking  Ridge,  school  house 

at  294 

Bedle,  Joseph  D 146 

Blaine,    James   G 178 

Breckinridge,  John  C 66 

Campbell,    William    H 266 

Centennial    Exposition,     the 

New  Jersey  building  at....  122 
Cockloft    Hall   and    summer 

house  246 

Coles,  Abraham 297 

Colfax,  Schuyler U« 

Communipaw    225 

County    buildings    at    Flem- 

ingtcn    in   1840 285 

County  fair,  at  a 324 

Crane  Tavern,  the 849 

Douglas,    Stephen   A 65 

Dynamite     cruiser      "  Vesu- 
vius "    220 

Elizabethtown  in  1840 268 

Ericsson's  "Monitor" 84 

Ewing,  Charles 293 

Farragut's    flagship    "  Hart- 
ford "    S9 


PAGE 

First  telegraph  line 286 

Flemington,     county     build- 
ings at,  in  1840 285 

Foot  stove,  an  old 42 

Frellnghuysen,   Frederick  T.    97 

Grant,  U.  S 171 

Green,  Robert  Stockton 188 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  tablet.  25'3 
"  Hartford,"  Farragut's  flag- 
ship        89 

Hoboken  in  1776 244 

Irving,    Washington 248 

Jersey  City  in  1820 243 

Kemble  arms 246 

Kilpatrick,  Judson 165 

Lincoln,   Abraham 68 

Ludlow,  George  C 176 

Maclean,  John 47 

Marshall,  James  W 61 

McClellan,  George  B 76 

"Monitor,"   Ericsson's 84 

Monmouth  Court  House 278 

New  Jersey  building  at  the 

Centennial    Exposition 122 

New  York  in  the  eighteenth 

century   30 

Newark  in  1832 274 

Original     thirteen     colonies, 
map  of 6 


22 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 


PAGE 

Paterson,    William 253 

Paulding,  James  Klrke 247 

Phelps,  William  Walter 166 

Rahway,  central  part  of 268 

Randolph,  Theodore  F 166 

Runyon,  Theodore 81 

Rutgers,   Henry 266 

School     house     at     Basking 

Ridge    294 

Seward,  William  H 62 

Seymour,  Horatio 169 

Slave  market  in  New  York..    26 

Stevens,   Commodore 128 

Stevens,  Thaddeus 334 

Stone    house    at    South    Or- 
ange    249 


FAOB 

Tablet  on  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton's monument 250 

Telegraph  line,  the  first 288 

Thirteen     colonies,     map     of 

the  original 6 

Tilden,   Samuel  J 174 

Van  Vorst  homestead,   the..  237 
"  Varick,    R.,    Esq.,    Mayor, 

1796"    238 

"  Vesuvius,"     the     dynamite 

cruiser   220 

Views  ..26,  30,  35,  217,  236,  237, 
243,  244,  246,  249,  254,  263,  268, 
274,  276,  279,  285,  286,  294,  299, 

318,  321,  323,  327 

Ward,    Marcus   L 99 

Wilson,  Henry 118 


CHAPTER   I 

The  Rise  and  Fall  of  Slavery  in  New  Jersey 


THE  institution  of  slavery  had  early 
lodgment  within  the  limits  of  what 
is  now  New  Jersey.  For  a  proper 
understanding  of  the  ethical  and 
economic  relation  the  State  bore  to 
slavery,  the  history  of  the  institution  in  New  Jer- 
sey may  be  reviewed. 

As  a  broad,  general  proposition  it  may  be  said 
that  the  most  advanced  minds  of  Continental 
Europe  during  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century  held  that  there  was  no  moral  wrong  in  the 
holding  of  slaves,  the  important  question  being: 
"Does  it  pay  to  introduce  bond-labor  in  place  of 
free  in  new  colonies?"  Whether  it  would  pay  or 
not  depended  upon  the  cost  of  importing  negroes 
and  their  maintenance  on  the  American  continent 
under  adverse  conditions  of  soil  and  climate. 
These  questions  both  the  Hollanders  on  the  Hud- 
son and  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware  answered  to 
their  own  satisfaction.  They  brought  to  the  shores 
of  those  rivers  blacks  from  the  west  coast  of  Afri- 
ca and  enslaved  members  of  various  tribes  of  the 
great  Algonkin  nation,  with  whom  they  came  in 
contact,  thus  establishing  the  institution  at  the 
very  beginnings  of  European  settlement  in  New 
Jersey. 

Although  enjoying  a  more  favorable  climate 
upon  the  Delaware,  the  Swedes  held  fewer  slaves 
than  the  Dutch  in  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  pos- 


26  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

sessed.  Slave  owning  meant  expense,  which  the 
poor  Swede  planter  was  not  so  well  able  to  as- 
sume as  the  more  wealthy  Hollander.  The  Swedes 
were  also  more  given  to  forest-ranging  and  to  pel- 
try hunting  than  were  the  Dutch,  who,  while  they 
dealt  in  furs,  gave  more  attention  to  agriculture, 
in  which  pursuit  the  services  of  the  slaves  were 
in  demand.  But  while  slavery  was  a  recognized 
feature  in  the  social  customs  of  the  two  colonizing 
nations  it  by  no  means  came  as  prominently  to 
the  fore  as  it  did  during  the  times  of  the  English 
occupancy. 

The  earliest  allusion  to  slavery  after  the  trans- 
fer of  Holland's  political  control  of  the  territory, 
then  for  the  first  time  called  New  Jersey,  is  to  be 
found  in  the  "Concessions  and  Agreement"  of 
the  Lords  Proprietors,  Berkeley  and  Carteret.  In 
the  provisions  of  this  document,  promulgated  in 
1664,  slaves  are  mentioned  as  a  basis  for  the  al- 
lotment of  land  to  their  owners,  prospective  colo- 
nists. 

That  slaves  were  brought  into  the  then  proprie- 
tary colony  of  New  Jersey  contemporaneously 
with  the  advent  of  the  English  settler  is  unques- 
tionably true.  It  was  as  early  as  1675  that  an  act 
forbade  individuals  from  harboring,  transporting, 
or  entertaining  apprentices,  servants,  or  slaves, 
while  Secretary  Nicolls  reported  to  the  Duke  of 
York  in  1680  that  Colonel  Lewis  Morris,  of  Shrews- 


AN  EARLY  SI*AVE  MARKET  IN  NEW  YORK- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  27 

bury,  ironmaster  and  plantation  owner,  had  sixty 
or  seventy  "Negres  about  the  mill  and  Hus- 
bandries in  that  Plantation. ' ' 

Again,  in  1682,  an  act  was  passed  prohibiting 
trading  with  slaves,  not  only  negroes  in  servitude 
but  Indians  being  especially  designated.  Thence 
for  a  hundred  years  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New 
Jersey  recognized  full  blooded  negroes,  mulattoes, 
and  "half-breeds"  —  mixed  Indian  and  negro 
stock  —  as  being  slaves.  Abundant  evidence  of 
this  is  to  be  found  in  a  long  list  of  newspaper  ex- 
tracts, relating  to  runaway  slaves,  reprinted  in  the 
New  Jersey  Archives.  As  late  as  1797,  in  an 
habeas  corpus  proceeding,  the  chief  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey  delivered  this  opin- 
ion, in  which  he  speaks  of  the  Lenni-Lenape' : 

They  ( the  Indians )  have  been  so  long  recognized  as  slaves  in  our 
law,  that  it  would  be  as  great  a  violation  of  the  rights  of  property 
to  establish  a  contrary  doctrine  at  the  present  day,  as  it  would  be 
in  the  case  of  Africans,  and  as  useless  to  investigate  the  manner  in 
which  they  originally  lost  their  freedom. 

With  the  passing  of  the  proprietary  govern- 
ment in  1702  and  the  coming  of  Governor  Corn- 
bury,  charged  with  a  multitude  of  special  "In- 
structions," slavery  in  New  Jersey  assumed  a 
somewhat  altered  political  aspect.  One  of  them 
directed  him  to  encourage  the  Eoyal  African 
Company,  of  which  company  James  II,  as 
Duke  of  York,  but  a  few  years  before  had  been 


28  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

president.  It  was  desired  that,  through  the  in- 
strumentality of  the  Royal  African  Company, 
there  should  be  "a  constant  and  sufficient  supply, 
of  merchantable  negroes,  at  moderate  rates,"  to 
be  had  in  New  Jersey.  In  this  matter  the  govern- 
or was  instructed  to  prevent  any  encroachments 
which  might  be  made  by  citizens  of  New  Jersey 
upon  the  trading  privileges  of  the  company,  the 
Royal  African  Company  being  practically  a 
"trust"  engaged  in  kidnapping  negroes  and  sell- 
ing them  to  the  colonists,  and  thus  to  a  degree 
regulating  the  supply  of  labor  on  the  American 
continent.  Governor  Cornbury  was  further  di- 
rected to  report  annually  the  number  and  value 
of  slaves  in  the  province.  It  was  in  1714  that  an 
act  was  passed  laying  a  duty  of  ten  pounds  upon 
every  slave  for  sale  imported  to  New  Jersey, 
which  law  remained  in  force  until  1721.  This  re- 
strictive legislation,  following  a  Pennsylvania 
precedent,  was  needful  to  stimulate  the  plan  of 
populating  the  colony  by  white  servants.  From 
this  act  may  be  traced  two  lines  of  anti-slavery 
agitation— one  ethical,  whose  leading  exponent 
was  Woolman;  the  other  economic,  based  upon 
the  consideration  that  slavery  in  New  Jersey, 
owing  to  a  variety  of  causes,  was  in  itself  com- 
mercially unprofitable.  What  may  be  termed  a 
political  view,  that  a  race  of  whites  partially  en- 
dowed with  the  right  of  suffrage  must  eventually 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  29 

come  into  conflict  with  an  alien  race— either  In- 
dian or  negro— having  no  political  rights,  had  not 
yet  arisen. 

With  the  expiration  in  1721  of  the  act  laying  a 
duty  of  ten  pounds  upon  imported  negroes  there 
came  nearly  a  half  century  of  conflict  between  the 
House  of  Assembly  and  the  Council  concerning  the 
question  of  regulation  of  the  slave  trade.  In  1739 
and  1744  the  Assembly  passed  bills  the  tendency 
of  which  was  toward  an  entire  prohibition  of  im- 
portation of  slaves  from  abroad.  The  act  of  1744 
laid  a  duty  of  ten  pounds  upon  West  India  slaves 
and  five  pounds  upon  those  from  Africa.  The 
West  Indian  expedition,  the  allurements  of  priva- 
teering, the  establishment  of  linen  industries  in 
Ireland,  and  the  Silesian  War  had  in  various  ways 
caused  high  wages  and  a  lack  of  labor,  both  do- 
mestic and  foreign.  Once  more,  in  1761,  the  As- 
sembly passed  a  bill  fixing  duties  upon  slaves, 
which  Governor  Hardy,  when  the  measure 
reached  Council,  refused  to  sign  in  accordance 
with  the  tenor  of  his  "Instructions."  In  1762  the 
Assembly  succeeded  in  securing  the  consent  of 
Council  to  an  act  levying  upon  negroes  an  im- 
port duty  of  forty  shillings  in  the  eastern  division 
and  six  pounds  in  the  western  division  of  New 
Jersey,  a  form  of  legislation  apparently  discrimi- 
native, but  which  was  necessitated  by  the  fact 
that  in  New  York  a  duty  of  two  pounds  was  laid 


30 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


rv~ 


and  in  Pennsylvania  ten  pounds.  But  the  meas- 
ure never  reached  the  King  for  his  approval,  be- 
cause the  Lords  of  Trade,  disclaiming  ' '  any  oppo- 
sition to  the  policy  of  an  import  duty, ' '  discovered 
some  " technical  faults"  in  the  measure. 

The  desire  on  the  part  of  the  House  of  Assembly 
to  secure  the  regulation  of  slave  trade  by  prohibit- 
ive duties  was  an  expression  of  both  the  commer- 
cial and  the  ethical  sentiment  of  the  time.  In  1761 
the  House  of  Assembly  had  been  partially  influ- 
enced in  its  action  by  the  desire  to  secure  revenue 
from  slaves  whe  were  "landed"  in  New  Jersey 
and  then  "run  into"  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 
for  the  purpose  of  escaping  duties  laid  by  those 
provinces.  Experience  had  taught  the  colonists 
that  many  parts  of  New  Jersey  were  not  fitted  for 
the  employment  of  slaves,  particularly  in  the  new- 
ly settled  regions  of  the  northern  central  and 
northwestern  parts  of  the  State,  where  the  winters 
were  too  severe  for  unacclimated  Africans.  Be- 
sides the  plantations  of  the  Hollanders  of  the  Rari- 
tan  Valley  and  of  Bergen  County,  as  well  as  the 
farms  of  Monmouth  County  and  South  Jersey, 
were  ' '  overstocked. ' ' 

Added  to  this  the  doctrines  of  John  Woolman, 
while  not  essentially  novel,  were  at  least  so  vig- 
orously and  convincingly  presented  that  he  had 
won  over  many  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends 
to  an  unqualified  support  of  an  anti-slavery  senti- 


„.*»' 


■Xii&b&£ 


J  NEW   YORK   IN   THB    EIGHTEENTH   CENTURT  £ 


§m 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  31 

ment.  Although  the  Society  in  America,  in  Eng- 
land and  in  Ireland,  had  repeatedly  declared  itself 
as  opposed  to  human  slavery  in  any  form  its  in- 
junctions had  rested  lightly  upon  some  of  its  most 
influential  members  —  the  wealthy  plantation 
owners  of  West  Jersey.  This  ethical  influence 
was  already  being  felt  in  the  House  of  Assembly, 
and  unquestionably  had  crept  into  Council. 

From  1769  until  the  close  of  the  colonial  period 
an  act  was  in  force  imposing  a  uniform  duty  for 
the  entire  province.  The  preamble  of  the  law  in- 
dicates that  its  spirit  was  both  commercial  and 
political.  New  Jersey  took  action  under  the  stimu- 
lus of  other  colonies,  which  provinces  had  found 
such  duties  were  beneficial  in  leading  to  the  emi- 
gration of  ' '  sober,  industrious  foreigners, ' '  in  pro- 
moting a  general  spirit  of  industry,  and  in  com- 
pelling those  who  purchased  slaves  to  "contribute 
some  equitable  proportion  of  the  public  burdens. ' ' 
Fifteen  pounds  was  laid  upon  the  purchaser  of 
every  slave  who  had  not  been  in  the  colony  a  year, 
or  whose  duty  had  not  been  paid. 

The  last  quarter  of  the  century  may  well  be 
designated  as  the  period  of  agitation  concerning 
the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 
The  movement  had  grown  slowly,  and  was  un- 
questionably inaugurated  as  early  as  1696,  when 
the  yearly  meetings  of  the  Societies  of  Friends  in 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  recommended  their 


32  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

members  cease  from  further  importation  of  slaves. 
J.  W.  Dally,  in  his  "Woodbridge  and  Vicinity," 
says  that  one  of  the  monthly  meetings  of  Friends 
in  Woodbridge,  held  in  1738,  reported  slavery 
practically  abolished  among  Quakers  in  that  re- 
gion. For  several  years  no  negro  had  been  im- 
ported or  purchased  by  Friends.  This  may  have 
grown  out  of  a  recommendation  made  by  the 
yearly  meeting  of  1716,  when  it  was  desired  "that 
Friends  generally  do  as  much  as  may  be  to  avoid 
buying  such  negroes  as  shall  hereafter  be  brought 
in  *  *  *  .  Yet  this  is  only  caution,  not  cen- 
sure." In  1758  the  Philadelphia  yearly  meeting 
endeavored  to  induce  Friends  to  set  their  slaves 
at  liberty,  "making  a  Christian  provision  for 
them."  This  fell  hard  upon  some  masters,  under 
the  colonial  manumission  law,  which  required 
owners  to  enter  into  security  to  provide  for  their 
manumitted  negroes  in  case  the  former  slaves 
needed  aid.  Under  such  circumstances  those  de- 
siring to  manumit  slaves  held  them  until  the  ne- 
groes had  reached  thirty  years  of  age,  compelling 
them  to  work  without  wages. 

The  rising  wave  of  democracy  which  swept  over 
the  colonies  previous  to  the  Revolution  brought  a 
sentiment  in  favor  of  restriction  of  slavery  by  the 
prohibition  of  importation  and  the  regulation  of 
manumission.  In  1773  the  Counties  of  Cumber- 
land, Burlington,  Monmouth,  Middlesex,  Hunter- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  33 

don,  and  Essex  presented  eight  petitions  to  the 
House  of  Assembly,  "all  setting  forth  the  evils 
arising  from  human  slavery."  In  1775  fifty-two 
inhabitants  of  the  township  of  Chesterfield  in  the 
County  of  Burlington,  many  of  whom  were  mem- 
bers of  the  Society  of  Friends,  prayed  that  the 
Legislature  "pass  an  act  to  set  free  all  the  slaves 
now  in  the  Colony."  Again,  in  1778,  Governor 
William  Livingston  urged  the  House  of  Assembly 
to  make  provision  for  the  manumission  of  slaves, 
and  that  in  a  time  when  some  negroes  deserting 
their  masters  were  joining  Tory  raiders  in  their 
devilish  deeds  committed  among  the  farmers  of 
the  tidewater  regions  of  the  State.  Governor  Liv- 
ingston, who  could  not  be  said  to  be  in  religious 
sympathy  with  the  Society  of  Friends,  was  "con- 
vinced" that  the  practice  of  slavery  was  inconsist- 
ent "with  the  principles  of  Christianity  and  hu- 
manity, and  in  Americans,  who  have  almost  idol- 
ized liberty,  particularly  odious  and  disgraceful." 
During  the  Revolution  the  vast  and  momentous 
questions  of  self-preservation,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  those  national  and  State  governments  so 
auspiciously  inaugurated,  were  so  continuously 
present  as  to  cast  into  secondary  importance  any 
more  or  less  theoretical  proposition  such  as  the 
restriction  or  abolition  of  slavery.  But  in  1785, 
with  the  return  of  peace,  a  monster  petition  from 
the  inhabitants  of  New  Jersey  reached  the  House 

[Vol.  4] 


34  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  OOL 

of  Assembly  urging  gradual  abolition  and  pre- 
vention of  importation.  During  the  following 
year,  in  a  preamble  to  an  act  passed  to  restrain 
slave  importations,  the  ethical  phase  of  the  ques- 
tion appeared,  when  the  statute  openly  declared 
that  the  custom  of  bringing  "unoffending  Afri- 
cans" from  their  native  country  into  a  condition 
of  slavery  was  "barbarous."  The  act  itself  im- 
posed a  penalty  of  fifty  pounds  for  bringing  slaves 
into  New  Jersey  imported  from  Africa  since  1776, 
and  a  penalty  of  twenty  pounds  for  all  others  im- 
ported. Those  having  but  a  transient  residence  in 
New  Jersey  were  permitted  to  bring  slaves  into 
the  State,  but  were  not  allowed  to  sell  them  in 
New  Jersey.  In  1788  the  fitting  out  of  slave  ships 
was  prohibited  by  forfeiture  of  vessels,  cargoes, 
and  appurtenances,  while  the  export  trade  was  ab- 
solutely forbidden,  but  the  act  did  not  apply  to 
those  emigrating  from  the  State  accompanied  by 
their  slaves. 

In  1798  the  subject  was  embraced  in  a  general 
slave  law.  In  1812  and  in  1818  there  was  addi- 
tional legislation,  the  act  of  the  latter  year  being 
directed  against  kidnapping  of  blacks.  The  stat- 
ute imposed  fine  and  imprisonment  for  those  who 
illegally  exported  life  or  "term"  slaves  or  serv- 
ants of  color.  Those  having  resided  in  New  Jer- 
sey for  five  years  and  then  removing  from  the 
State  might  take  away  any  slave  which  had  been 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  35 

his  property  for  five  years  preceding  the  date  of 
removal.  To  this  removal  the  consent  of  the  slave, 
who  must  be  of  full  age,  was  required.  A  license 
from  the  county  court  of  common  pleas  was  also 
required.  Any  inhabitant  of  New  Jersey  might 
be  accompanied  by  his  slave  on  a  journey  to  any 
part  of  the  United  States,  but  if  the  slave  was  not 
returned  by  his  master  the  owner  was  subjected 
to  a  heavy  penalty. 

Of  all  slave  legislation  in  the  State  of  New  Jer- 
sey the  " gradual  abolition"  act  of  1804  was  by  far 
the  most  important  as  well  as  the  most  interest- 
ing. It  was  the  culmination  of  an  organized  move- 
ment to  abolish  slavery,  which  in  1786,  according 
to  Henry  Scofield  Cooley,  led  to  the  establishment 
of  the  New  Jersey  Abolition  Society  for  that  pur- 
pose. This  society  was  formed  in  Trenton,  and 
embraced  a  small  but  influential  membership, 
largely  drawn  from  the  Society  of  Friends.  In  the 
constitution  adopted  at  Burlington,  "27th  of  2d 
month,"  1793,  the  society  declared  its  abhorrence 
of  "that  inconsiderate,  illiberal,  and  interested 
policy  which  withholds  those  rights  from  an  un- 
fortunate and  degraded  class  of  our  fellow 
creatures. ' ' 

But  a  few  years  before  the  founding  of  the  New 
Jersey  Abolition  Society  Ehode  Island  had  taken 
like  action  in  1789  and  Connecticut  in  1790,  while 
a  proslavery  movement  was   influencing  public 


36  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

thought  in  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  In 
1794  ten  States  were  represented  in  the  Philadel- 
phia convention  of  anti-slavery  societies,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  convention  being  Governor  Joseph 
Bloomfield.  This  body  recommended  the  institu- 
tion of  annual  discourses  on  the  subject  of  slavery, 
says  Henry  Wilson  in  his  "  History  of  the  Rise 
and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power  in  America,"  and  sent 
forth  an  address  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  from  the  pen  of  the  philanthropist,  phy- 
sician, and  statesman,  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of 
Philadelphia.  Governor  Bloomfield  signed  a  me- 
morial of  the  convention  praying  that  Congress 
pass  a  law  to  prohibit  the  traffic  carried  on  by 
American  citizens  to  supply  slaves  to  foreign  na- 
tions and  to  prevent  foreigners  from  fitting  out 
vessels  in  this  country  for  the  African  slave  trade. 
Local  societies  also  existed  in  Trenton,  Salem 
City,  and  probably  in  other  places,  all  seeking  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  slaves  by  constitu- 
tional and  honorable  means.  Thus  the  Trenton 
society's  standing  committee  was  charged  with 
superintending  the  morals  and  general  conduct  of 
the  free  blacks,  and  with  advising,  instructing, 
and  protecting  them.  Their  children  were  to  be 
instructed,  properly  apprenticed,  and  encouraged 
in  good  morals  and  habits  of  temperance  and  in- 
dustry, while  men  and  women  of  color  were  en- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  37 

couraged  to  work  and  to  bind  themselves  out  to  a 
trade. 

The  "gradual  abolition "  act  of  1804  had  for 
two  years  been  before  the  Legislature,  and  when 
passed  was  signed  by  Governor  Joseph  Bloom- 
field,  president  of  the  New  Jersey  Abolition  So- 
ciety. The  act  provided  that  every  child  born  of 
a  slave  after  the  Fourth  of  July,  1804,  should  be 
free,  remaining  the  servant  of  the  owner  of  the 
mother  until  the  age  of  twenty-five  if  a  male,  of 
twenty-one  if  a  female.  A  similar  provision  had 
been  defeated  by  a  bare  majority  in  the  general 
slave  law  of  1798.  The  right  to  the  services  of 
such  child  could  be  assigned  or  transferred,  be- 
coming a  species  of  personal  property  according 
to  an  opinion  rendered  by  the  Supreme  Court  of 
New  Jersey  in  1827.  A  certificate  of  the  birth  of 
a  child  of  a  slave  was  required  from  all  masters, 
such  certificate  being  filed  with  the  county  clerk, 
while  after  a  year  the  owner  of  the  mother  of  a 
child  might  abandon  it  upon  giving  proper  notice. 
Such  a  negro  or  mulatto  child  became  a  township 
or  county  charge,  and  was  bound  out  to  service  by 
the  overseers  of  the  poor.  This  latter  provision 
led  to  fraud,  and  by  1807  the  disbursements  from 
the  State  treasury  for  abandoned  negro  children 
"amounted  to  half  as  much  as  all  other  disburse- 
ments whatever."     In  1811,  after  much  supple- 


38  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

mentary  legislation,  this  door  to  treasury  raiding 
was  closed  by  the  repeal  of  the  provision. 

Under  the  first  section  of  the  first  article  of 
New  Jersey's  constitution  of  1844  the  State  de- 
clared that  all  men  are  by  nature  "free  and  inde- 
pendent," that  their  natural  and  inalienable 
rights  include,  among  others,  "those  of  enjoying 
and  defending  life  and  liberty,  acquiring,  possess- 
ing, and  protecting  property,  and  of  pursuing  and 
obtaining  safety  and  happiness."  Under  a  similar 
provision  of  the  Massachusetts  constitution  of 
1780  the  courts  of  that  State  held  that  slavery  in 
that  commonwealth  was  abolished.  Not  so  in 
New  Jersey.  The  New  Jersey  Supreme  Court  held 
that  the  section  was  a  "general  proposition,"  and 
"did  not  apply  to  man  in  his  private,  individual, 
or  domestic  capacity. ' '  Slavery,  in  name  and  large- 
ly in  fact,  was  abolished  in  New  Jersey  during 
the  year  1846,  and  marks  another  manifestation 
of  that  period  of  social  unrest  characteristic  of 
the  Jacksonian  era.  The  abolition  law  turned  ev- 
ery slave  into  an  apprentice,  without  manumis- 
sion, being  bound  to  service  to  his  owner,  execu- 
tors, or  administrators  until  properly  discharged. 
Much  of  the  old  slave  legislation  was  reenacted, 
particularly  as  to  the  imposition  for  harboring 
such  apprentices,  or  their  sale  to  non-residents. 
Absolute  freedom  from  birth  was  given  to  chil- 
dren born  of  such  negro  apprentices,  the  children 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  39 

to  be  supported  by  their  masters  for  six  years 
after  birth. 

During  the  decade  preceding  the  adoption  of  the 
abolition  law  the  Anti-Slavery  or  Liberty  party 
had  grown  in  strength.  In  Philadelphia  during 
the  year  1833  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society 
had  been  formed.  The  constitution,  as  Professor 
McMaster  shows,  declared  that  each  State  had  the 
exclusive  right  to  regulate  slavery  within  its  bor- 
ders, that  the  society  endeavored  to  persuade 
Congress  to  stop  the  inter-State  slave  trade,  to 
abolish  slavery  in  the  territories  and  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  to  admit  no  more  slave  States 
into  the  Union.  Instantly  there  was  an  effort  made 
by  the  South  to  suppress  the  society.  The  aboli- 
tionists began  a  "campaign  of  education,"  which 
the  federal  administration  attempted  to  suppress 
by  permitting  postmasters  to  remove  newspapers, 
pamphlets,  monographs,  and  other  printed  docu- 
ments from  the  mails.  Mobs  attacked  abolition 
meetings,  insulted  the  speakers,  destroyed  news- 
papers, while  Congress,  from  1836  to  1844,  en- 
forced a  "gag"  rule  forbidding  any  paper  relat- 
ing to  slavery  or  its  abolition  to  be  received.  In 
April,  1840,  driven  to  extremes,  yet  not  deviating 
from  a  path  so  rugged  and  tortuous,  the  Anti- 
Slavery  men  met  and  nominated  a  presidential 
ticket,  and  in  1844  the  new  organization  was 
named  the  "Liberty  party." 


40  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Then  the  spirit  of  John  Woolman  appeared 
among  the  " travelling  Friends."  In  their  jour- 
neys to  preach  among  the  meetings  of  the  Society 
in  New  Jersey  many  Quakers  refused  to  drink 
sugar  in  their  tea  or  coffee,  because  such  sugar 
came  from  plantations  where  slave  labor  was  em- 
ployed. 

As  to  the  number  of  slaves  held  in  New  Jersey 
until  the  taking  of  the  census  of  1737  there  is  no 
definite  information.  A  customs  house  report 
made  from  Perth  Amboy  in  1726  states  that  from 
1698  to  1717  none  was  imported,  and  only  one  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  from  1718  to  1726,  yet  in  1737, 
according  to  Gordon's  "Gazetteer  of  New  Jersey," 
there  were  four  thousand  slaves  in  the  province, 
forming  eight  and  four-tenths  per  cent,  of  a  total 
population  of  forty-seven  thousand  four  hundred 
and  two.  In  1745  the  number  of  slaves  had  in- 
creased to  four  thousand  six  hundred,  or  seven 
and  five-tenths  per  cent,  of  the  total  population 
of  sixty-one  thousand  four  hundred.  Until  1790 
figures  are  by  no  means  accurate.  Some  idea  of 
the  prevalence  of  slave  labor  may  be  gained  from 
a  statement  made  by  the  late  William  A.  White- 
head, who  preserved  a  report  that  in  1776  only  one 
house  in  Perth  Amboy  was  "served  by  hired  free 
white  domestics." 

The  census  of  1790  shows  that  there  were  in  New 
Jersey  about  eleven  thousand  five  hundred  slaves, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  41 

or  six  and  two-tenths  per  cent,  of  the  total  popu- 
lation. Although  in  1800  the  number  of  slaves  in- 
creased to  about  twelve  thousand  five  hundred 
the  percentage  was  only  five  and  eight-tenths. 
This  gave  New  Jersey  a  larger  slave  population 
than  any  slave  State  north  of  Mason  and  Dixon's 
line  except  New  York.  During  the  year  1790  the 
distribution  of  slaves  among  the  counties  of  the 
State  may  be  of  interest  and  is  herewith  presented. 
The  County  of  Bergen,  with  twelve  thousand 
six  hundred  people,  contained  twenty-three  hun- 
dred slaves,  or  one-sixth  of  its  population,  practi- 
cally the  same  ratio  being  held  by  Somerset  Coun- 
ty. One  twenty-fifth  of  the  sixteen  thousand  two 
hundred  inhabitants  of  Morris  County  were  slaves. 
In  Middlesex  County  the  number  was  one-twelfth, 
in  Essex  and  Hunterdon  Counties  one-fifteenth, 
and  in  Monmouth  one-tenth.  In  Cape  May  County 
the  ratio  was  one-twentieth,  in  Sussex  County  one- 
forty-fifth.  The  influence  of  the  Quaker  sentiment 
is  apparent  in  the  large  South  Jersey  counties, 
where  the  Society  of  Friends  was  most  influential. 
In  Gloucester  County,  with  a  population  of  thirteen 
thousand  three  hundred,  there  were  only  three 
hundred  slaves ;  in  Burlington  County,  with  eight- 
een thousand  people,  there  were  but  two  hundred 
and  twenty-five  slaves;  and  in  Cumberland,  with 
eight  thousand  inhabitants,  but  one  hundred  and 
twenty  slaves. 


42 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


AN  OLD  FOOT  STOVE. 


In  1810,  owing  to  the  operation  of  the  ' '  gradual 
emancipation"  law,  the  number  of  slaves  had 
been  reduced  to  about  ten  thousand  nine  hundred, 
and  in  1820  to  seven  thousand  five  hundred,  form- 
ing in  the  latter  year  but  two  and  seven-tenths 
per  cent,  of  the  population.  By  1830,  with  a  gen- 
eral State  population  of  321,000,  there  were  still 
twenty-two  hundred  slaves  in  New  Jersey,  more 
than  were  owned  in  all  New  England,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan,  and 
Ohio.  In  1840  there  were  but  six  hundred  and 
seventy-four.  The  year  1850  found  two  hundred 
and  thirty-six  slaves,  legally  apprentices  for  life 
under  the  " abolition"  act  of  1846,  and  in  1860 
this  number  had  been  reduced  to  eighteen  out  of  a 
population  of  672,000.  It  is  the  presence  of  these 
eighteen  "slaves,"  or  apprentices,  that  has  given 
rise  to  the  oft-repeated  tale  that  New  Jersey  held 
her  slaves  until  the  thirteenth  amendment  was 
adopted. 

Especially  throughout  the  colonial  period,  and 
even  until  the  early  decades  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  the  government  and  social  condition  of 
slaves  in  New  Jersey  is  a  matter  worthy  of  consid- 
eration. From  the  trend  of  legislation  before  the 
"Union  of  1702"  it  was  evident  that  slaves  were 
not  allowed  to  travel  from  plantation  to  planta- 
tion without  passes.  In  1675  "ten  shillings  for  ev- 
ery day's  entertainment  and  concealment"  was 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  43 

the  penalty  imposed  upon  those  who  wilfully  har- 
bored slaves  who  ran  away,  not  only  to  friends, 
but  to  nearby  Indians,  with  whom  the  negroes 
associated  and  established  more  or  less  regular 
domestic  relations.  This  legislation  in  1694  was 
made  more  stringent.  In  1714  slaves  from  an- 
other province  travelling  without  a  license  were 
"taken  up"  and  whipped,  and  as  the  years  went 
by  the  laws  became  more  rigid.  Escape  from 
masters  was  not  the  only  subject  of  early 
police  regulations.  In  East  Jersey  as  early  as 
1682  all  traffic  with  slaves  was  forbidden;  an  act 
to  prevent  larceny.  In  1694  no  slave  was  per- 
mitted to  carry  a  gun  or  pistol,  or  to  take  a  dog 
into  the  woods  or  plantations  unless  his  master 
also  hunted  with  him.  In  1685  the  sale  of  rum  to 
slaves  was  prohibited  by  "West  Jersey  legislation. 
As  early  as  1751,  and  by  similar  legislation  in 
1798,  large  or  disorderly  meetings  of  slaves  were 
prohibited,  and  in  the  same  years  certain  hours 
of  the  night  were  designated  at  which  time  all 
slaves  must  be  at  home.  On  Sunday  slaves  might 
bury  their  dead,  attend  places  of  worship,  or  do 
any  other  reasonable  act  with  their  master's  con- 
sent, but  they  could  not  hunt  or  carry  a  gun.  Nor 
was  begging  permitted.  In  1754  a  special  law 
applicable  to  the  borough  of  Elizabethtown  pro- 
vided that  slaves  and  servants  committing  mis- 
demeanors, or  indulging  in  "rude  or  disorderly 


44  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

behavior,"  could  be  committed  to  the  workhouse 
or  receive  corporal  punishment  not  exceeding 
thirty  stripes.  In  1799  this  act  was  made  applica- 
ble to  the  entire  State. 

Through  the  operation  of  criminal  laws  it  was 
early  apparent  that  racial  prejudices  and  lack  of 
trustfulness  had  created  a  barrier  between  whites 
and  blacks.  In  1695  East  Jersey  passed  an  act 
creating  a  special  court  for  the  trial  of  crime-com- 
mitting slaves  constituted  by  a  statute,  a  prac- 
tice in  use  until  1768;  nor  was  it  until  1788  that 
special  punishments  inflicted  upon  slaves  were 
abolished.  Andrew  D.  Mellick,  in  his  "Story  of 
An  Old  Farm,"  instances  a  death  sentence  pro- 
nounced in  Monmouth  County  sessions,  where  a 
justice  condemned  a  negro  to  having  his  hand 
cut  off  and  burned  before  his  eyes,  to  being  hung, 
and  his  body  burned  to  ashes.  There  are  a  large 
number  of  references  in  the  unpublished  records 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  as  well  as  in  contemporary 
newspapers,  to  death  and  lesser  penalties  inflicted 
upon  slaves  who  had  committed  arson,  rape,  may- 
hem, and  grand  larceny,  and  attempting  to  encom- 
pass the  life  of  their  masters  by  the  use  of  poison. 
When  slaves  were  executed  their  owners  were 
recompensed  by  a  payment  of  certain  sums  raised 
by  a  poll-tax  upon  all  slaves  in  the  county  between 
the  ages  of  fourteen  and  fifty.  Burning  at  the 
stake  as  punishment  for  murder  committed  by  a 


OXY  AND  AS  A  STATE  45 

slave  was  a  form  of  execution,  instances  occur- 
ring in  Perth  Amboy  in  1730  and  1751,  in  Somer- 
set County  in  1739,  and  in  Hackensack  in  1741. 

The  severity  of  all  this  legislation  was  un- 
doubtedly due  to  the  constant  fear  of  "negro 
plots."  As  early  as  1734  an  attempted  insurrec- 
tion in  the  vicinity  of  Somerville  was  quelled,  and 
of  thirty  negroes  apprehended  one  was  hanged, 
some  had  their  ears  cropped,  and  others  were 
lashed.  The  plan  was  said  to  have  included  mas- 
sacre, arson,  and  flight  to  the  Indians  and  the 
French.  As  a  result  of  the  "Negro  Conspiracy' ' 
which  so  alarmed  New  York  in  1741  two  negroes 
were  burned  in  Essex  County  after  a  large  part 
of  the  population  of  the  vicinity  was  under  arms. 
Other  plots  were  unearthed  or  supposed  to  be  un- 
earthed in  1772,  1779,  and  1796. 

The  subject  of  manumission  was  a  troublesome 
one  to  the  colonial  Legislatures.  Fearing  that 
free  negroes  would  become  "idle  and  slothful, " 
a  law  of  1714  provided  that  every  master  manu- 
mitting a  slave  must  pay,  under  bonds  of  two  hun- 
dred pounds,  an  annuity  of  twenty  pounds  to  such 
negro.  This  legislation,  in  spite  of  petitions,  prac- 
tically remained  long  in  force,  and  all  slaves 
sound  in  mind  and  body,  between  twenty-one  and 
thirty-five  years  of  age,  could  be  emancipated  in 
legal  form  without  security  being  given.  All  other 
cases  required  security.     To  this  act  as  well  as 


46  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

to  more  liberal  emancipation  legislation  the 
courts  of  New  Jersey  gave  a  broad  construction, 
the  Supreme  Court  in  1794  going  to  the  point  of 
holding  that  mere  general  declarations  of  an  in- 
tention to  set  negroes  free,  unaccompanied  by  any 
express  promise  or  understanding,  were  sufficient 
authority  for  the  court  to  declare  the  negroes 
free. 

Although  the  rights  and  privileges  extended  to 
slaves  were  few,  in  1682  owners  of  negroes  in 
East  Jersey  were  required  to  allow  them  victuals 
and  clothing,  while  Lord  Cornbury  was  instructed 
to  secure  the  passage  of  a  law  providing  capital 
punishment  for  those  who  wilfully  killed  Indians 
and  negroes.  In  1786  and  in  1798  "  inhumanly 
treating  and  abusing"  a  slave  on  the  part  of  a 
master  could  lead  to  the  owner's  indictment  by 
grand  jury  and  the  infliction  of  a  fine.  Masters 
were  compelled  to  support  their  slaves,  and  any 
one  selling  by  fraud  "an  aged  or  decrepit  slave  to 
a  poor  person  unable  to  support  him"  was  liable 
to  a  fine.  In  1788  a  statute  directed,  under  fine, 
that  all  slaves  for  life  or  years  born  after  the  pub- 
lication of  the  act,  be  taught  to  read  before  attain- 
ing the  age  of  twenty-one  years.  A  slave  was  al- 
lowed by  the  acts  of  1714  and  1798  to  testify  in 
criminal  cases  where  his  evidence  was  for  or 
against  another  slave.  By  reason  of  color  he  was 
presumed  to  be  a  slave,  and  the  burden  of  proof 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


47 


lay  upon  him.  "Free  negroes  were  commonly  re- 
ceived as  witnesses,"  says  Cooley,  although  in  the 
colonial  period  freedmen  were  denied  the  right  of 
holding  real  estate. 

In  religious  matters,  with  the  help  of  the 
whites,  the  negroes  of  New  Jersey  endeavored  to 
secure  for  themselves  separate  places  for  worship. 
This  effort  was  largely  the  outgrowth  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  movement,  and  began  to 
take  form  as  early  as  1810.  In  that  year  a  negro 
congregation  was  organized  in  Salem  City,  and 
thereafter  in  West  Jersey  other  churches  were  es- 
tablished. Trenton  followed  in  1817,  Gouldtown, 
near  Bridgeton,  in  1818,  with  Evesham  and  Mount 
Holly  in  1826.  In  the  thirties  Bridgeton,  Allen- 
town,  Burlington,  Camden,  and  Port  Elizabeth 
were  made  centers  for  worship.  The  presence  of 
many  students  in  Princeton  college,  registering 
from  the  Southern  States,  accompanied  by  their 
body-servants,  was  one  of  the  elements  which  led 
to  the  formation  of  a  negro  congregation  in 
Princeton  in  1832.  By  1827  the  negroes  had  built 
a  church  in  New  Brunswick,  which  was  followed 
in  1836  by  a  similar  edifice  in  Railway. 

Yet  in  spite  of  religious  liberty,  and  the  fact 
that  the  slaves  sometimes  voted  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  State  constitution  of  1776,  their  ad- 
vantages even  in  New  Jersey  were  limited.  As 
to  racial  co-independence  public  opinion  was  an 


JOHN  MACLEAN. 


Joha    Maclean,    D.D.,    LL.D.,    tenth    president    of 
Princeton  College,  1853-6S  ;  son  of  Dr.  John  M 
first  professor  of  chemistry  In  the  collet 
Balnbrldge;  b.  Princeton,  N.  J.  ;  grad.  Pi 
tutor  of  Greek  there  1818 ;  later  professor  of  mathe- 
matics   and    ancient    languages;    publi 
works  ;  d.  at  Princeton,  Aug.  10,  '. 


48  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

unwritten  constitution,  a  sentiment  nowhere  bet- 
ter expressed  than  by  Francis  Newton  Thorpe  in 
his  "Constitutional  History  of  the  American  Peo- 
ple, 1776-1850,"  when  speaking  of  the  slave  he 
said  of  the  negro  in  bondage : 

He  was  an  outcast,  overlooked  by  the  tax  gatherers,  refused 
admission  to  the  schools,  denied  entrance  to  the  trades,  dwelling 
on  the  thorny  edge  of  village  life,  doctored  by  charity,  watched  by 
a  slave-holding  democracy,  rejected  from  the  society  of  the  white 
men,  and  forbidden  to  mingle  freely  with  his  own. 


CHAPTER  II 

The  Underground  Railroad. 


£VoL  4] 


IT  WAS  the  passage  of  the  "Fugitive  Slave 
Law"  in  September,  1850,  that  brought  to 
the  fore  an  institution  which,  during  the 
next  decade,  gained  a  peculiar  national 
prominence.  The  stringent  fugitive  slave 
law  of  1793,  and  the  abortive  attempt  to  give 
greater  effectiveness  to  the  measure  by  the  legisla- 
tion of  1818,  had  become  a  dead  letter.  This  was 
owing  to  the  attitude  of  many  of  the  free-labor 
States,  which  passed  acts  forbidding  their  magis- 
trates, under  severe  penalties,  from  assuming  any 
part  in  carrying  the  law  into  effect.  New  Jersey, 
however,  took  no  action,  as  she  deemed  existent 
legislation  sufficient  to  cover  all  cases. 

The  law  of  1850  was  originally  a  part  of  Clay's 
famous  "Omnibus  Bill,"  and  later  passed  as  a 
separate  measure.  In  its  terms,  very  briefly 
stated,  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Law"  provided  that 
United  States  commissioners  could  surrender  a  col- 
ored man  or  woman  to  anyone  who  claimed  the 
negro  as  a  slave;  that  the  negro  could  not  give 
testimony;  "commanded"  citizens  to  aid  the 
"slave  hunters"  somewhat  as  a  sheriff's  posse 
would  search  for  an  escaped  murderer;  and 
sought  to  destroy  the  "underground  railroad"  by 
prescribing  fine  and  punishment  for  those  who 
harbored  runaway  slaves  or  prevented  their  re- 
capture. 

To  the  people  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  this 


52  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

act  was  of  more  than  passing  interest.  Five  per 
cent,  of  the  total  population  of  the  State  was  of 
negro  blood,  free  or  slave.  Many  of  these  negroes 
were  resident  in  West  Jersey,  their  homes  being 
upon  the  plantations  or  in  the  villages  where  their 
ancestors  had  formerly  been  slaves.  It  was  into 
this  portion  of  the  State  that  the  escaping  negro 
from  the  South,  particularly  from  Maryland, 
Northern  Virginia,  and  the  "Eastern  Shore,"  en- 
tered upon  his  way  to  New  England  or  Canada. 
Safe  out  of  Dover  or  Philadelphia,  he  caught  his 
first  breath  of  personal  freedom. 

In  its  defiance  of  the  federal  statute  the  opera- 
tion of  the  "underground  railroad"  was  of  course 
unlawful.  Yet  among  those  members  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends  who  were  most  active  in  sending 
the  slave  to  a  place  of  security  there  was  a  special 
construction  placed  upon  William  H.  Seward's 
declaration  of  the  "higher  law,"  a  construction 
that  negatived  the  show  of  force  presented  by  the 
armed  parties  of  slave  hunters  who  searched  for 
escaping  negroes  along  the  valleys  of  Delaware 
Bay  and  River  or  along  the  Hudson  and  the  Rari- 
tan  Rivers. 

The  "underground  railroad,"  as  operated  in 
New  Jersey,  like  the  "Topsies,"  who  travelled 
Over  it,  "just  growed."  Traces  of  the  system  may 
be  found  early  in  the  century,  but  it  was  not  un- 
til the  measure  of  Clay  brought  slavery  to  the 


WILLIAM  H.   SEWARD. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  53 


front  as  the  paramount  issue  that  the  "railroad" 
was  generally  considered.  For  escaping  negroes 
Philadelphia  was  ever  a  great  center,  and  here 
converged  a  number  of  routes  which  led  to 
Quaker  farm  houses  along  the  Maryland  border. 
Thence  across  the  Delaware  into  New  Jersey  the 
slaves  were  sent  under  the  care  of  trusted  agents, 
whose  most  active  supporters  were  members  of 
the  Society  of  Friends.  Who  were  the  "officials" 
of  this  corporation,  and  how  funds  were  secured, 
is  even  now  largely  a  matter  of  conjecture,  for  as 
a  recent  contributor  to  popular  literature  upon 
this  subject  says:  "It  was  an  enterprise  where 
statistics  were  considered  heretical  and  where 
know-nothingism  was  a  religion." 

In  its  operation,  however,  the  "underground 
railroad"  presented  no  difficult  problems  for  the 
slave  except  that  of  fear  of  detection.  For  this 
reason  the  "trains"  of  slaves  were  generally  sent 
through  New  Jersey  at  night,  resting  by  day  in 
barns,  in  the  recesses  of  the  woods,  in  cellars,  or 
even  in  the  kitchens  of  the  most  enthusiastic  mem- 
bers of  the  cause.  With  but  few  exceptions  the 
negroes  of  the  State  assisted  the  members  of  their 
race  in  thus  escaping  from  their  masters,  for 
which  work  the  trusted  colored  people  of  New 
Jersey  were  liberally  supplied  with  food,  clothes, 
and  money. 

As  a  broad  statement  it  may  be  said  that  the 


54  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

routes  were  numbered,  and  the  stations  designated 
by  letters  of  the  alphabet.  A  number  of  houses 
used  for  this  purpose  still  stand. 

It  is  further  stated  as  a  fact  that  there  were 
twelve  different  routes  across  the  State,  and  three 
of  them  were  principal  routes,  over  which  at  least 
forty  thousand  slaves  were  secretly  conducted. 

Of  all  the  routes  that  known  as  Number  1  was 
probably  the  most  conspicuous.  Under  the  general 
charge  of  Jacob  Bigelow,  the  southern  part  of  the 
route  extended  from  Philadelphia  to  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  Crossing  the  Delaware,  it 
entered  New  Jersey  in  the  northern  part  of  Cam- 
den County,  at  Morris  station  on  the  Camden  and 
Amboy  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad. 
Thence  the  route  extended  to  Bordentown,  to 
Princeton,  and  at  points  north  and  south  of  New 
Brunswick.  In  the  words  of  a  modern  writer, 
agents  of  the  " railroad' '  were  engaged  in  ferry- 
ing the  escaping  slaves  ' '  across  the  Raritan  River, 
for  the  bridges  were  never  trusted.  It  was  here 
that  the  slave  chasers  made  their  raids  and  caught 
in  their  drag  nets  many  poor  wretches.  These 
raiders  were  paid  well  for  every  re-captured 
slave,  and  many  unscrupulous  men  went  into  the 
business.  Great  precaution  became  necessary  at 
these  points,  on  the  Raritan,  so  a  secret  service 
plan  was  put  in  operation.  Friends  of  the  cause, 
when  they  found  the  chasers  too  numerous,  sent 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  55 

out  couriers  to  warn  the  approaching  ' trains'  of 
danger.  A  turn  was  then  made  toward  Amboy 
and  across  to  Staten  Island,  but  a  blockade  was 
soon  placed  there.  It  then  became  necessary  for 
each  train  as  it  approached  the  Earitan  to  wait 
until  it  received  orders  which  way  to  seek  the 
safest  place  for  crossing.  After  crossing  the  Eari- 
tan those  who  did  not  go  by  Staten  Island  kept 
to  the  small  roads  until  Jersey  City  was  reached, 
where  the  smartest  of  the  New  York  guides  were 
on  hand  to  direct  the  route  across  the  State  to 
Canada.  Principal  among  these  was  John  Ever- 
ett. The  routes  across  New  York  were  numer- 
ous. ' ' 

A  second  route  across  New  Jersey  was  one  said 
to  have  been  organized  by  the  Eev.  Thomas  Clem- 
ent Oliver,  of  Salem  City.  Thither,  across  the 
head  of  Delaware  Bay,  fresh  from  the  plantations 
of  Maryland,  came  fugitive  slaves  to  seek  a  few 
hours '  asylum  in  their  dash  for  freedom.  In  Salem 
City  and  its  vicinity  were  many  negroes  who  acted 
as  guides  from  the  State  of  Delaware.  Boats  car- 
rying blue  and  yellow  signal  lights  would  be  met 
on  the  Jersey  shore,  frequently  at  Greenwich, 
Cumberland  County,  by  such  negroes  as  the  slave- 
born  Harriet  Tubman,  of  whom  it  was  said  she  fed 
the  black  babies  on  paregoric  and  carried  them 
in  closed  baskets  like  puppies,  or  John  Mason,  who 
claimed  to  have  helped  eighteen  hundred  slaves 


56  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

to  freedom.  From  Greenwich  the  route  lay 
through  Swedesboro,  Woodbury,  and  Camden,  fre- 
quently around  by  Mount  Holly,  and  by  the  way 
of  Bordentown  to  Princeton.  This  route  became 
popular  because  of  the  favorable  conditions,  for 
there  was  a  continuous  chain  of  Quaker  families, 
many  free  negroes,  swampy  lands,  and  pine  for- 
ests. 

Another  route  crossed  the  Delaware  from  Bris- 
tol to  Burlington,  and  then  by  way  of  Trenton  and 
Princeton  to  New  Brunswick.  Further  up  the 
Delaware  Valley  there  was  a  route  that  started 
at  Phillipsburg,  thence  to  Somerville,  to  Elizabeth, 
and  then  across  to  Staten  Island.  This  same  route 
took  a  turn  toward  Morristown  and  then  around 
Newark  to  Jersey  City. 

North  of  the  Raritan  River  the  system  of  the 
"  underground  railroad"  was  diversified.  Of 
minor  routes  some  passed  around  Metuchen  and 
Rahway,  leading  to  Elizabethport.  However,  aft- 
er the  slave  chasers  gathered  there  so  thickly,  the 
extension  went  around  Newark  and  thence  to 
New  York. 

From  time  to  time  slave  chasers,  by  no  means 
Southern  owners,  but  men  from  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, and  the  State  of  New  Jersey  itself,  tn- 
gaged,  for  hire  and  bounty,  to  attempt  the  secur- 
ing of  the  bodies  of  escaping  negroes.  These  ex- 
peditions were  largely  unsuccessful  owing  to  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  57 

vigilance  of  the  managers  of  the  "railroad"  and 
the  alertness  of  rescuing  parties.  Probably  the 
most  celebrated  instance  in  which  New  Jersey 
chasers  were  involved  was  an  attempt  made  to 
capture  a  fugitive  which  occurred  as  early  as  1833. 
A  lawsuit,  under  the  title  of  Johnson  v.  Tomkins, 
finally  brought  the  matter  to  the  United  States 
District  Court.  According  to  the  presentation  of 
facts  a  slave  owner  located  a  slave  in  the  under- 
ground railroad  station  of  John  Kenderline,  liv- 
ing in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania.  The 
owner  and  a  party  from  New  Jersey  attempted  to 
get  the  slave  over  the  river,  but  a  rescuing  party 
overtook  them.  Resultant  physical  violence  was 
the  basis  of  a  suit  for  damages.  Sustained  by  the 
United  States  Circuit  Court,  these  damages  were 
assessed  at  four  thousand  dollars,  the  judge  re- 
marking the  fact  that  the  defendants  were  all 
Quakers  and  found  it  difficult  to  imagine  the  mo- 
tives of  persons  who  were  members  of  the  Society 
so  distinguished  for  their  obedience  to  the  laws. 

It  has  been  frequently  alleged  that  many  of  the 
New  Jersey  negroes  are  descendants  of  those 
slaves  who  escaped  to  the  North  during  the  ex- 
istence of  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Law."  Such,  how- 
ever, is  far  from  true.  While  it  may  be  said  that 
an  occasional  fugitive  negro  remained  in  a  settle- 
ment of  his  race,  such  as  Gouldtown  near  Bridge- 
ton,  Topetoy  Hill  on  the  edge  of  Mount  Holly,  or 


58  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

in  Princeton,  the  number  was  most  limited.  There 
is  sufficient  reason  for  this  statement.  The  eyes 
of  the  slave  were  turned  toward  New  England 
and  Canada;  New  Jersey  was  too  near  his  old 
home.  Unused  to  the  manners,  customs,  and  hab- 
its of  the  large  towns  of  the  North,  and  only  par- 
tially acquainted  with  methods  employed  upon 
New  Jersey  farms,  the  "corn-field  negro"— for  it 
was  he  who  most  frequently  ran  away— betrayed 
himself  at  every  step.  Plunged  from  slavery  into 
the  hope  of  freedom,  his  inquisitiveness  and  his 
general  lack  of  familiarity  with  his  environment 
showed  unmistakably  that  he  had  but  recently 
"travelled  on  the  railroad."  For  this  reason  he 
was  hurried  forward  to  comparative  safety,  and 
not  left  to  linger  in  a  State  where  spies  dotted  the 
highways,  and  where  sympathy  was  not  always 
as  ready  for  his  cause  as  it  was  in  the  Quaker 
farm  houses. 

Such  were  some  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
"underground  railroad,"  which  aimed  to  give  aid 
and  comfort  to  those  of  a  race  who  sought  free- 
dom through  strange  gates,  until  at  last  the  end 
was  attained  through  the  ensanguined  portal  of  a 
civil  war. 


CHAPTER   III 

The  Nation  in  1860 


OF  ALL  famous  years  in  the  history  of 
the  republic,  that  of  1860,  with  its 
mighty  whirl  of  sentiment,  of  polit- 
ical and  military  activity,  of  hop- 
ing against  hope,  of  seeking  for  re- 
lief, and  of  finding  shifting  sands,  was  in  truth 
the  most  remarkable.  Within  twenty  years  the 
United  States  had  acquired  a  vast,  unknown 
region  in  the  far  West,  snatched  from  Mexico. 
Then  had  followed  the  controversy  circling 
around  the  one  topic:  "As  Mexico,  in  1827,  had 
abolished  slavery  from  this  territory,  shall  the 
institution  be  reestablished?"  From  this  empire 
the  States  of  California,  New  Mexico,  Nevada, 
Arizona,  Utah,  and  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyom- 
ing have  been  formed.  Upon  its  acquisition  the 
"Free-Soil"  party  demanded  that  it  be  kept  in- 
violate. The  pro-slavery  element  urged  that  the 
new  land  should  be  "open  to  slavery  and  that 
any  slaveholder  should  be  allowed  to  emigrate 
with  his  slaves,  and  not  have  them  set  free."  And 
while  the  great  leaders  of  the  day  presented  their 
arguments,  based  upon  the  construction  of  the 
constitution,  Marshall,  of  New  Jersey,  in  the  win- 
ter of  1848,  found  gold  in  California.  Then  came 
the  "  '49ers"  to  a  "free"  State. 

A  period  of  most  intense  excitement  followed 
the  "gold  fever."  The  "compromise"  by  Clay, 
the  marvelous  congressional  debate  led  by  Clay, 


frfpfoMU* 


James  Wilson  Marshall,  6.  Hope  Township,  Huc- 
terdon  County,  N.  J.,  1812 ;  wagon  builder ;  emigrated 
to  Missouri ;  went  to  Pacific  coast  1844 ;  discovered 
gold  at  Culmua,  near  Sacramento,  Cal.,  Jan.  24,  1848 ; 
d.  there,  unmarried,  Aug.  8,  1865. 


62  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Calhoun,  Seward,  and  Webster,  the  recommenda- 
tions of  the  "Committee  of  thirteen,"  and  the  in- 
troduction of  the  "Omnibus  Bill,"  the  District  of 
Columbia  slave  law,  and  the  "Fugitive  slave 
law,"  together  with  the  death  of  President  Taylor, 
served  still  further  to  complicate  the  situation. 

In  the  meantime  the  sentiment  in  the  South 
and  in  the  North  upon  the  question  of  slavery- 
had  assumed  positive  shape,  and  the  issues  pre- 
sented at  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  were  clear- 
ly denned.  The  South  contended  that  Northern 
voters  refused  to  recognize  the  domestic  institu- 
tion of  slavery,  which  pre-existed  the  formation  of 
the  Union— their  slave  property  which  was  guar- 
anteed by  the  federal  constitution.  The  "per- 
sonal liberty  laws"  of  some  of  the  free  States 
constituted  a  cause  for  separation,  and  as  a  broad 
and  then  unwarranted  assumption  the  Southern 
people  believed  the  election  of  President  Lincoln 
meant  the  abolition  of  slavery.  The  Southern 
Democrats,  as  well  as  Whigs,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Calhoun  complained  that  it  was  with  diffi- 
culty slaves  could  be  recaptured  when  they  had 
made  good  their  escape  to  free  States;  that  the 
constant  agitation  of  the  abolitionists  tended  to 
cause  internal  dissension;  and  demanded  that  the 
territories  should  be  open  to  slavery. 

The  power  of  the  South  lay  in  the  fact  that,  act- 
ing politically  upon  the  defensive,  she  was  also  a 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  63 

unit  in  sentiment.  Into  the  vortex  of  Southern 
enthusiasm,  of  mistaken  though  sincere  convic- 
tion, were  drawn  both  the  apathetic  and  luke- 
warm. While  the  North  vainly  essayed  compro- 
mises the  South  was  preparing,  unconsciously 
perhaps,  for  that  struggle  which  she  knew  was 
inevitable. 

The  North  held  that  two  or  more  republics  could 
not  exist  upon  federal  soil,  for  if  the  logical  se- 
quence of  the  doctrine  of  secession  was  recog- 
nized States  could  secede  until  each  common- 
wealth became  a  republic.  The  fundamental  prin- 
ciple of  all  democratic  forms  of  government,  rule 
by  will  of  the  majority,  would  thus  become  a  mere 
fiction,  and  the  coercive  power  of  society  become 
lost.  Yet  judged  by  the  modern  industrial  stand- 
ards agreement  must  be  had  with  a  recent  mono- 
graphist,  who  says : 

The  South,  unquestionably,  in  the  realization  of  her  possibilities 
had  been  greatly  retarded  by  the  plan  of  slave  ownership.  While 
the  North  and  Northwest  had  prospered,  the  Southern  States  had 
failed  to  develop  their  mines,  clear  their  forests,  or  multiply  their 
lines  of  transportation.  Plantation  life  had  led  to  static  social 
conditions.  The  census  of  1860  showed  4,000,000  negro  slaves 
and  8,000,000  free  whites  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Dela- 
ware. In  the  North  there  were  but  sixty-four  slaves,  of  whom 
eighteen  were  in  New  Jersey,  the  remainder  being  in  Kansas,  Ne- 
braska and  Utah.  Upon  the  other  hand  the  white  population  in 
the  Northern  States  amounted  to  16,800,000,  with  226,000  free 
blacks. 

The  North  had  learned  to  dignify  labor;  the  South  had  relied 
upon  those  who  were  held  in  bondage. 


64  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

And  it  was  thus,  says  one  of  the  students  of  the 
period,  that  the  close  of  the  year  1860  found  senti- 
ment in  New  Jersey  divided  upon  questions  of 
public  policy.    He  continues : 

The  Republican  party  in  the  State,  embracing  every  element  of 
the  older,  disorganized  political  associations,  together  with  some 
disaffected  Democrats,  leaned  toward  war.  But  the  party  did  not 
present  an  even  front.  Some  01  its  Whig  adherents  had  themselves 
been  slave  owners  in  New  Jersey,  while  yet  practically  every  other 
Northern  State  was  "  free  soil."  Others  who  were  largely  of  the 
Society  c.  Friends  deprecated  the  resort  to  arms,  and  urged  com- 
promises or  gradual  abolition. 

The  Democrats  embraced  many  men  who  were  ready  to  fight  and 
did  fight,  as  the  rosters  of  the  New  Jersey  regiments  show,  but  who, 
in  1860,  considered  that  a  solution  of  the  problem  was  yet  probable. 
It  was  believed  that  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe's  novel,  "  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,"  overestimated  the  true  situation  for  the  sake  of  dramatic 
effect.  Some  who  were  inclined  to  take  a  philosophical  view  of 
the  situation  quoted  the  opinions  found  in  Claiborne's  "  Life  "  of 
General  Quitman.  Herein  it  was  contended  that  racial  hatred 
having  died  out  in  the  South,  the  slave  as  a  permanent  fixture,  as 
an  hereditary  heirloom,  and  as  a  human  being  with  an  immortal 
soul  occupied  a  relation  to  his  owner  approximating  that  of  guar- 
dian and  ward.  Public  opinion  more  powerful  than  war  would 
condemn  to  execration  and  infamy  a  cruel  master,  as  interest 
taught  the  slaveholder  it  would  be  wise  to  cherish  what  was  to  be 
the  permanent  means  of  production  and  profit,  while  religion  ex- 
acted the  humane  and  judicious  employment  of  the  "  talent " 
committed  to  the  care  of  the  South. 

There  were  in  the  State  a  small  unorganized  minority  party 
which  openly  sympathized  with  the  South.  This  element  was  by 
no  means  confined  to  the  Democrats,  who,  as  a  party,  charged 
with  the  responsibility  of  trie  acts  and  utterances  of  this  minority, 
were  roundly  abused  by  the  "  Opposition "  press  for  alleged 
disloyalty. 


57    >£.    ^><^£^. 

(From  an  engraving  by  J.  C.  Bnttre.l 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


65 


The  year  1860  found  four  national  tickets  in  the 
presidential  field.  In  April  the  Democrats  as- 
sembled in  convention  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  where  immediately  a  division  occurred 
between  the  Northern  and  Southern  elements  of 
the  party.  The  Northern  delegates,  being  in  con- 
trol of  the  convention,  at  once  proposed  that  ques- 
tions regarding  the  rights  of  property  arising  un- 
der the  federal  constitution  in  States  or  territories 
were  judicial,  and  that  the  Democratic  party 
pledged  itself  to  abide  by  and  carry  out  the  de- 
termination of  these  questions  made  or  to  be  made 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  This 
proposition  was  immediately  rejected  by  the  ex- 
tremists of  the  Southern  minority,  who  declared 
that  neither  Congress  nor  territorial  legislatures 
had  power  to  abolish  slavery  in  the  territories, 
nor  to  prohibit  the  introduction  of  slaves  therein, 
and  that  the  federal  government  must  protect 
slavery  wherever  "its  constitutional  authority  ex- 
tends. " 

The  extreme  Southern  element  withdrew  from 
the  convention,  while  the  Northern  majority  and 
a  few  of  the  Southern  adherents  adjourned  to 
Baltimore.  Here  in  convention  the  so-called 
" regulars' '  placed  in  nomination  for  President 
and  Vice-President  Stephen  A.  Douglas  and  Her- 
schel  V.  Johnson.  But  from  the  Baltimore  con- 
vention there  had  been  seceders,  both  Northern- 

[Vol.  4] 


STEPHEN   A.   DOUGLAS. 


66 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


JOHN  C.  BRECKINRIDGE. 


ers  and  Southerners,  who  nominated  John  C. 
Breckinridge  for  President  and  Joseph  Lane  for 
Vice-President. 

Then  came  the  National  Constitutional  Union 
party,  composed  of  "old  line"  Whigs,  Native 
Americans,  and  disaffected  Democrats.  These 
partisans  nominated  John  Bell  for  President  and 
Edward  Everett  for  Vice-President.  This  party 
declared  for  the  federal  constitution,  union  of  the 
tates,  and  enforcement  of  the  laws,  and,  having 
secured  brief  recognition,  dissolved  at  the  close  of 
the  campaign,  Bell  joining  the  Confederacy  and 
Everett  becoming  a  Eepublican  leader  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  Republican  party  met  in  Chicago  in  May 
and  placed  in  nomination  Abraham  Lincoln  for 
President  and  Hannibal  Hamlin  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. The  party  platform  insisted  upon  free  soil 
for  the  territories,  declared  for  the  admission  of 
Kansas  as  a  free  State,  repudiated  the  Dred  Scott 
decision,  stated  that  the  party  had  no  sympathy 
with  any  policy  that  interfered  with  slavery  in 
the  States,  and  concurred  in  the  Democratic  de- 
mand that  a  railroad  be  built  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

With  the  Democratic  party  thus  rent  into  three 
factions  the  result  was  inevitable.  The  Republic- 
ans carried  their  national  ticket;  and  even  New 
Jersey,  for  the  first  time  in  twelve  years,  wavered 
in  her  Democratic  allegiance,  giving  four  electoral 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  67 

votes  for  Lincoln  and  Hamlin  and  three  for  Doug- 
las and  Johnson— the  only  instance  where  the 
State  has  ever  divided  its  electoral  votes. 

Scarce  had  Abraham  Lincoln  secured  his  elec- 
tion when  South  Carolina,  upon  the  20th  of  De- 
cember, precipitated  the  crisis  by  the  passage  of 
her  ' '  Ordinance  of  Secession. ' '  But  a  few  months 
remained  ere  Anderson  should  cut  the  flagstaff  on 
Fort  Moultrie,  but  in  those  few  months,  with  cries 
of  "Compromise"  and  "Peace,"  the  nation 
plunged  headlong  into  war.  Soon  were  to  be 
stifled  the  sophistries  of  constitutional  construc- 
tion, and  the  arguments  that  if  the  slave-holding 
States  desired  to  perpetuate  their  policy  they  were 
at  liberty  to  do  so,  provided  they  did  not  attempt 
the  extension  of  the  institution  into  embryo  com- 
monwealths where  the  settlers  desired  "free  soil." 

In  a  recent  contribution  to  State  history  the 
writer  says  it  was  in  vain  that  Maryland  and  Ohio 
accepted  an  amendment  to  the  federal  constitu- 
tion, which  provided  that  Congress  should  have  no 
power  to  abolish  or  interfere  within  any  State, 
with  the  domestic  institutions  thereof,  including 
that  of  persons  held  to  labor  or  service  by  the  laws 
of  said  States.  Temporizing  had  but  delayed  the 
declaration  of  hostilities  between  the  North  and 
South.  Argument,  persuasion,  threat,  and  com- 
promise had  all  been  tried  and  found  wanting. 
No  futile  attempts  to  adjust,  by  congressional  ac- 


68  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

tion,  the  differences  between  the  States  would 
avail,  for  beneath  all  superficialities  lay  economic 
and  ethical  considerations,  which  were  by  no 
means  the  outgrowth  of  environment,  but  which 
were  inherited  from  those  generations  who  lay 
sleeping  in  the  dust. 


KAHAM  LINCOLN. 
(Sixteenth  President  of  the  United  States;  b.  F 
19;  d.  April  15,  1866.) 


CHAPTER    1 

The  Position  of  New  Jei 
AVar. 


IT  WAS  upon  the  4th  of  March,  1861,  in  his 
inaugural  address,  that  Abraham  Lincoln, 
newly-elected  President  of  the  United 
States,  denned  the  attitude  of  the  Re- 
publican party,  and  set  forth  what  may  be 
termed  "the  consensus  of  conservative  opinion  in 
the  North."  In  brief  he  pledged  himself  and  the 
party  he  represented  not  to  interfere  with  the  in- 
stitution of  slavery  in  the  States  where  it  existed, 
that  there  would  be  no  violence  or  bloodshed  un- 
less forced  upon  national  authority,  and  that  the 
power  of  his  office  would  be  used  to  hold,  occupy, 
and  possess  the  property  and  places  belonging  to 
the  federal  government. 

In  New  Jersey  many  there  were  who  believed 
that,  in  spite  of  all  the  "war  talk,"  an  amicable 
adjustment  between  the  conflicting  interests 
would  be  made,  and  that  if  war  came  it  would  be 
a  ' '  nine  days '  wonder. ' '  This  belief  was  shared  by 
Democrats  and  Eepublicans  alike,  men  who  could 
not  see  that  the  "inevitable  conflict"  was  so  close 
at  hand  that  no  human  effort  could  change  the 
course  of  destiny. 

But  the  war  had  come,  and  upon  the  12th  of 
April,  1861,  General  Beauregard  opened  his  bat- 
teries upon  Fort  Sumter,  one  of  those  federal 
"places"  to  which  President  Lincoln  had  alluded. 
Instantly,  in  spite  of  differences  of  opinion,  Demo- 
crats and  Republicans  prepared  for  the  conflict. 


72  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

To  the  presidential  call  of  April  15,  1861,  which 
gave  New  Jersey's  quota  as  three  thousand  one 
hundred  and  twenty-three  men  out  of  nearly  one 
hundred  thousand  liable  for  military  duty,  ten 
thousand  signified  their  willingness  to  take  up 
arms  in  defense  of  the  national  government.  Near- 
ly a  half  million  dollars,  beside  munificent  private 
contributions,  were  offered  to  New  Jersey  by  the 
banks  of  the  State.  In  fifteen  days  the  four  New 
Jersey  regiments  were  ready  for  duty  on  the  field 
of  battle. 

The  somewhat  intimate  relations  of  a  social  and 
financial  character  existing  between  the  southern 
part  of  the  State  and  the  eastern  shore  of  Mary- 
land, as  well  as  Delaware,  led  to  the  belief  among 
State  authorities  that  a  " Southern  feeling"  might 
exist  in  the  New  Jersey  counties  bordering  upon 
the  lower  Delaware  River  and  Bay.  But  certain 
it  was  that  Delaware  Bay  was  open  to  attack, 
and  that  Philadelphia,  with  its  stores  of  wealth, 
was  greatly  exposed  to  invasion  by  sea.  A  small 
but  powerful  naval  force,  owing  to  the  inefficiency 
of  the  navy  of  the  United  States,  could  have  easily 
put  the  city  under  tribute,  a  course  which  the  Con- 
federacy would  have  adopted  had  it  been  able 
so  to  do.  As  an  essential  means  of  protection  for 
South  Jersey  and  to  aid  Philadelphia  Governor 
Olden  directed  the  telegraph  line  to  Cape  May  to 
be  put  in  working  order,  prepared  for  the  organiza- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  73 

tion  of  a  maritime  guard  along  the  coast,  and 
urged  the  patrol  of  the  shore  by  armed  vessels.  To 
keep  the  Delaware  River  open,  and  establish  com- 
munication with  Philadelphia,  Fort  Delaware, 
near  Salem,  was  regarrisoned  and  rehabilitated. 

In  1861  the  Republicans  had  secured  the  elec- 
tion of  a  Senate.  A  governor  representing  the 
principles  of  that  party  had  been  elected  in  1859. 
The  House  of  Assembly  was  Democratic.  But  in 
spite  of  political  differences  the  executive  and  the 
Legislature  were  in  accord.  A  special  session  of 
the  two  houses  was  called  upon  the  30th  of  April. 
Acts  were  passed  authorizing  the  cities  of  New- 
ark, Trenton,  Jersey  City,  Rahway,  Camden,  and 
Bordentown  to  issue  bonds,  the  proceeds  of  the 
sales  thereof  to  be  devoted  to  the  support  of  fam- 
ilies of  volunteers.  A  State  loan  of  two  million 
dollars  was  created,  provision  was  made  for  new 
regiments,  for  river  and  coast  defenses,  and  for  the 
purchase  of  arms  and  military  stores.  Under  this 
act  for  supporting  families  of  volunteers  there 
were  expended  during  the  war  two  million  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 

In  the  gubernatorial  election  of  the  autumn  of 
1862  the  political  control  of  the  State  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Democratic  party,  where  it  re- 
mained until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  With 
the  elevation  of  Joel  Parker  to  the  executive  chair 
the  Democratic  party  became  responsible  for  the 


74  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

position  the  State  occupied  before  the  nation,  as 
it  had  been  in  the  winter  of  1862,  when  the  two 
houses  had  been  Democratic  in  joint  ballot  by  a 
majority  of  three. 

The  election  of  a  Democratic  governor,  the 
place  held  by  a  Republican  predecessor,  was  due 
largely  to  his  great  personal  popularity,  and  was 
not,  as  stated  by  some  writers,  due  to  any  waver- 
ing in  loyalty  to  the  Northern  cause  on  the  part  of 
New  Jersey.  In  policy  Governor  Parker  followed 
close  upon  the  lines  laid  down  by  Governor  Olden. 
Both  may  be  said  to  have  been  opposed  to  sudden 
emancipation  of  the  slaves,  but  both  looked  with 
disfavor  upon  arbitrary  arrests,  both  were  re- 
garded by  President  Lincoln  as  stanch  supporters 
of  the  national  administration.  True  Governor 
Parker,  in  some  respects,  had  differed  from  the 
presidential  policy,  and  continued  to  differ,  per- 
sonally and  officially,  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
But  Governor  Parker  buried  all  personal  consid- 
erations and  held  close  to  the  doing  of  his  duty. 
His  administration  is  replete  with  acts  indicating 
his  loyalty  to  the  Union,  among  them  being  the 
many  bounty  laws,  an  act  increasing  the  war  loan 
by  one  million  dollars,  and  a  statute  providing  for 
a  commission  to  report  as  to  legislative  provision 
for  wounded  and  disabled  Jerseymen  received  his 
signature.  He  was  also  deeply  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  "United  States  Sanitary  Commission 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  75 

for  New  Jersey,"  and  gave,  by  day  and  night,  au- 
diences to  the  municipal  and  ecclesiastical  com- 
mittees which  called  upon  him.  In  the  movements 
upon  Philadelphia  in  1863  and  upon  Washington 
in  1864  Governor  Parker  personally  directed  the 
transportation  of  the  New  Jersey  troops,  and  fre- 
quently visited  Washington  upon  missions  of  the 
highest  political  importance  as  well  as  of  mercy. 

In  1863,  during  the  month  of  March,  there  was 
introduced  in  the  New  Jersey  Legislature  a  reso- 
lution which  reflected  the  opinion  of  many  citi- 
zens of  the  State,  who  were  by  no  means  sympa- 
thizers with  the  South,  and  yet  who  wished  to  see 
the  return  of  peace.  This  resolution,  which  was 
adopted,  urged  Congress  to  appoint  commission- 
ers to  meet  commissioners  of  the  Confederacy 
"for  the  purpose  of  considering  whether  any,  and 
if  any,  what  plan  may  be  adopted,  consistent  with 
the  dignity  and  he  nor  of  the  national  government, 
by  which  the  Civil  War  may  be  brought  to  a 
close. ' ' 

This  attitude  of  the  State  was  due  largely  to  the 
stand  taken  by  President  Lincoln  after  the  battle 
of  Antietam,  which  occurred  upon  September  17, 
1862.  The  President,  in  accordance  with  his  vow 
taken  before  the  defeat  of  Lee,  issued  the  prelimi- 
nary "emancipation  proclamation"  of  September 
22,  1862.  Its  terms  provided  that  if  the  Confed- 
erate States  did  not  return  to  their  allegiance  be- 


% 


76  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

fore  the  1st  of  January,  1863,  all  slaves  within 
the  Confederate  lines  should  be  forever  free.  The 
second  proclamation  of  emancipation  followed 
January  1,  1863.  It  was  held  by  men  of  influence 
in  New  Jersey  that  the  war  was  undertaken  to 
restrain  the  extension  of  slavery,  not  for  its  abo- 
lition, and  that,  should  the  South  be  content  to 
confine  the  " peculiar  institution'*  within  certain 
bounds,  it  would  be  well  for  the  struggle  to  cease. 
The  presidential  election  of  1864  brought  for- 
ward the  name  of  General  George  B.  McClellan  as 
Democratic  candidate  for  the  suffrages  of  the  peo- 
ple. In  New  Jersey,  as  in  other  States,  the  policy 
of  President  Lincoln  had  won  him  both  praise  and 
blame.  The  administration  Republicans  had  at- 
tracted to  the  Eepublican  party  some  of  the  "war 
Democrats.' '  These,  meeting  on  common  ground, 
united  upon  Lincoln  and  Andrew  Johnson  as 
presidential  and  vice-presidential  candidates.  But 
the  extreme  wing  of  the  Republican  party,  which 
accused  President  Lincoln  of  lack  of  severity  to- 
ward the  seceding  States,  and  whose  platform 
embraced  congressional  reconstruction  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  confiscation  of  land  belonging  to 
those  who  had  supported  the  Southern  cause,  and 
the  absolute  destruction  of  the  principle  of  slav- 
ery, opposed  the  nomination,  and  named  as  their 
candidates  John  C.  Fremont  for  President  and 


George  Brlnton  McClellan,  b.  Philadelphia,  Dec.  3, 
1826 ;  grad.  University  of  Pennsylvania  1842  and  West 
Point  1848 ;  served  in  Mexican  War ;  resigned  from 
the  army  18*7;  served  in  the  Civil  War  1861-64; 
general-in-chief  1861;  settled  in  New  Jersey  1868; 
elected  governor  1877 ;  d.  Oct  ».  188S. 


GEORGE  B.  M'CLELLAN. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  77 

General  John  Cochrane  for  Vice-President.  These 
candidates  later  withdrew. 

A  portion  of  the  Democrats,  urging  that  the  war 
had  been  a  failure,  and  desirous  of  peace,  carried 
influence  in  the  counsels  of  their  party. 

With  a  popular  majority  among  the  States  bal- 
loting for  him  of  nearly  half  a  million  votes  Lin- 
coln was  inaugurated  in  1865,  only  to  fall  by  the 
hand  of  an  assassin.  By  reason  of  his  policy  of 
amnesty,  and  the  fairness  of  those  methods  with 
which  he  hoped  to  "reconstruct"  the  South,  the 
peace  sentiment  in  New  Jersey,  in  fact  through- 
out the  entire  North,  was  rapidly  gaining  ground. 
Everywhere  the  question  was  asked:  "The  South 
is  practically  crushed;  why  continue  the  strug- 
gle f "— a  question  which  brought  its  own  answer 
in  the  surrender  of  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court 
House  and  of  Johnson  near  Baleigh.  Jefferson 
Davis,  President  of  the  Confederacy,  was  soon  cap- 
tured at  Irwinsville,  Georgia,  and  in  a  few  short 
days  the  Confederacy  itself,  in  form  and  substance 
at  least,  became  the  "Lost  Cause.' ' 

During  this  wonderful  struggle,  while  New 
Jersey  had  been  free  from  engagements  upon  her 
soil,  she  had  none  the  less  given  of  her  treasure 
and  of  the  lives  of  her  men  to  sustain  the  cause 
of  the  Union.  For  four  long  years  her  industrial 
activity  had  halted,  her  energies  bent  upon  meas- 
ures of  war.    To  the  citizens  of  the  State,  those 


78  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

who  had  remained  at  home  or  had  returned  from 
the  "front,"  peace  was  most  welcome.  To  the 
few  who  were  still  inclined  to  sympathize  with  the 
South  the  collapse  of  the  war  was  proof  of  the 
utter  futility  of  arguments  designed  to  further  se- 
cession policy.  To  the  mass  of  the  people  the  re- 
turn of  peace  meant  the  return  of  prosperity.  It 
was  the  beginning  of  a  new  era  characterized  "as 
a  time  when  those  vast  and  indefinable  forces 
which  make  for  intellectual  activity  and  material 
prosperity,  and  which  mark  the  termination  of 
great  wars,  were  gathering.  Everywhere  there 
were  indications  of  growth,  in  the  chartering  of 
railroads  and  manufacturing  corporations,  in  the 
extension  of  the  powers  of  municipalities,  in  the 
dissemination  of  new  ideas  and  theories  concern- 
ing economic  relations,  and  in  the  zeal  with  which 
men  applied  themselves  to  the  rehabilitation  of 
affairs  so  long  neglected." 


CHAPTER  V 

New  Jersey  Troops  in  the  Civil  War 


1,T  WAS  upon  the  15th  day  of  April,  1861, 
that  the  proclamation  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States  was  published  calling 
for  seventy-five  thousand  of  the  militia  of 
the  several  States.  In  obedience  to  the 
proclamation  Governor  Charles  S.  Olden  instantly 
issued  a  proclamation  and  order  to  detach  one 
regiment  from  each  of  the  then  existing  four  mili- 
tary divisions  of  New  Jersey.  The  first  company, 
known  as  the  Olden  Guard  of  Trenton,  reported 
April  23,  1861,  and  in  seven  days  the  four  regi- 
ments were  completed.  These  regiments,  being 
organized  into  a  brigade,  were  mustered  into  the 
United  States  service  at  Trenton,  May  1,  1861. 
New  Jersey  possesses  the  distinction  of  sending 
the  first  fully  organized  brigade  arriving  for  the 
defense  of  the  City  of  Washington.  Of  this  bri- 
gade Theodore  Runyon  was  brigadier-general,  th 
first  regiment  being  commanded  by  Adolphus  J 
Johnson,  the  second  regiment  by  Henry  M.  Baker, 
the  third  regiment  by  William  Napton,  and  the 
fourth  regiment  by  Matthew  Miller,  Jr.  Having 
been  held  in  reserve  during  the  first  battle  of  Bull 
Bun,  these  "three  months'  men"  were  discharged 
from  the  United  States  service  at  Newark  and 
Trenton,  July  31,  1861. 

In  response  to  the  second  presidential  call  for 
troops,  issued  upon  the  3d  of  May,  1861,  a  requi- 
sition was  made  upon  New  Jersey  for  three  regi- 

[Vol.   4] 


Theodore  Runyon,  LL.D.,  b.  Somerrllle,  N.  J.,  Oct 
tf ,  1822 ;  grad.  Yale  College  1842  ;  lawyer  1846  ;  presi- 
dential elector  1860 ;  mayor  of  Newark  1864-66 ;  en- 
listed in  the  Clrll  War  1861 ;  chancellor  of  New  Jer- 
■ey  1871-87;  ambassador  to  Germany  1893-96;  d.  Jan. 
17,  1896. 


82  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

ments  of  volunteer  infantry  to  serve  for  three 
years,  or  during  the  war.  Anticipating  the  call, 
Governor  Olden  informed  the  secretary  of  war 
upon  the  18th  of  May  that  the  three  regiments 
were  ready  for  muster.  The  organizations  were 
designated  as  the  First,  Second,  and  Third  Regi- 
ments, while  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Congress, 
approved  July  22,  1861,  the  Fourth  Regiment  and 
Battery  A  were  organized  and  assigned  to  duty 
with  the  three  regiments  already  raised  and  in 
the  field.  These  five  regiments  were  generally 
known  as  the  First  Brigade  New  Jersey  Volun- 
teers. 

These  regiments  continued  in  service  through- 
out the  war,  participating  in  many  prominent  en- 
gagements in  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  colonels  of  the  regiments  were :  First, 
William  R.  Montgomery,  Alfred  T.  A.  Torbert; 
Second,  George  W.  McLain,  Isaac  M.  Tucker, 
Samuel  L.  Buck,  William  H.  Penrose;  Third, 
George  W.  Taylor,  Henry  W.  Brown;  Fourth, 
James  H.  Simpson,  William  B.  Hatch,  William 
Birney,  and  Edward  C.  Campbell. 

The  Second  Brigade  of  New  Jersey  Volunteers 
was  composed  of  the  Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  and 
Eighth  Regiments  of  Infantry  and  Battery  B. 
These  regiments  were  raised  under  the  third 
call  for  troops,  July  24,  1861,  and,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  regiments  of  the  First  Brigade,  saw  active 


&£fa/ 


(  From  a  steel  plate  engraved  by  Emily  Sartain  ) 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  83 

service  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  colonels  of  these  regiments  were:  Fifth, 
Samuel  H.  Starr,  William  J.  Sewell ;  Sixth,  James 
T.  Hatfield,  Gershom  Mott,  George  C.  Burling; 
Seventh,  Joseph  W.  Revere,  Louis  R.  Francine, 
Francis  Price,  Jr. ;  Eighth,  Adolphus  J.  Johnson, 
John  Ramsey. 

The  Ninth  Regiment  was  organized  under  an 
act  of  Congress  approved  July  22,  1861,  leaving 
the  State  December  4,  1861.  The  regiment  was  in 
active  fighting  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 
The  colonels  of  the  regiment  were  Joseph  W.  Al- 
len, Charles  A.  Heckman,  Abram  Zabriskie,  and 
James  Stewart,  Jr. 

The  Tenth  Regiment,  organized  independently 
of  State  authority  and  known  as  the  "Olden  Le- 
gion, ' '  had  been  formed  under  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  July  22, 1861.  On  January  29,  1862,  the 
regiment  was  transferred  to  the  authorities  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey.  Its  service  was  entirely  in 
the  State  of  Virginia.  Its  colonels  were  William 
Bryan,  William  R.  Murphy,  and  Henry  0.  Ryer- 
son. 

Upon  July  7,  1862,  President  Lincoln  issued  a 
call  for  three  hundred  thousand  additional  volun- 
teers to  serve  for  three  years  or  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  Of  this  call  New  Jersey's  quota  was 
five  regiments.  For  some  time  a  regiment  had 
been  recruiting  in  the  State,  and  this,  the  Elev- 


84 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


enth,  was  sent  upon  August  25  to  Washington. 
The  colonel  was  Robert  McAllister,  the  State  of 
Virginia  being  the  scene  of  its  active  service.  The 
other  four  regiments  furnished  under  the  presiden- 
tial call,  and  known  as  the  Twelfth,  Thirteenth, 
Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth,  were  recruited  rapidly 
from  the  organized,  equipped,  and  drilled  militia 
of  the  State.  The  Twelfth  participated  in  the 
prominent  battles  in  the  State  of  Virginia,  the 
colonels  of  the  regiment  being  Robert  C.  Johnson, 
J.  Howard  Willetts,  and  John  Willian. 

The  Thirteenth  served  in  Maryland,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Virginia,  Georgia,  and  North  Carolina,  its 
colonel  being  Ezra  A.  Carman.  The  Fourteenth 
and  Fifteenth  Regiments  participated  in  battles 
upon  the  soil  of  Virginia.  William  S.  Truex  was 
colonel  of  the  Fourteenth  Regiment,  while  the 
colonels  of  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  were  Samuel 
Fowler,  Alexander  C.  M.  Pennington,  Jr.,  and 
William  H.  Penrose. 

The  Sixteenth  Regiment,  the  First  Regiment  of 
Cavalry,  was  organized  under  the  provisions  of 
an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  22,  1861,  and 
was  not  under  the  control  of  the  State  authorities. 
Designated  as  Halsted's  Cavalry,  the  regiment 
reached  Washington  about  September  1,  1861,  and 
served  in  Virginia  with  great  distinction  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  The  colonels  of  the  regiment 
were  William  Halsted,  Percy  Wyndham,  John  W. 


ERICSSON'S  "  MONITOR.' 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  85 

Kester,  Hugh  H.  Janeway,  and  Myron  H.  Beau- 
mont. 

The  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth,  Nineteenth,  and 
Twentieth  Regiments  were  organized  from  the 
First,  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth  Regiments  upon 
the  completion  of  the  three  months  for  which  they 
had  enlisted  in  1861. 

The  State  of  New  Jersey,  by  its  patriotic  enrol- 
ment of  volunteers,  escaped  the  necessity  of  a 
draft  of  three  hundred  thousand  men,  to  serve  for 
nine  months,  ordered  by  the  President  upon  Au- 
gust 4,  1862.  The  quota  of  the  State  under  that 
draft  was  ten  thousand  four  hundred  and  seventy- 
eight  men,  which  was  filled  by  the  organization  of 
the  Twenty-first,  Twenty-second,  Twenty-third, 
Twenty-fourth,  Twenty-fifth,  Twenty-sixth,  Twen- 
ty-seventh, Twenty-eighth,  Twenty-ninth,  Thir- 
tieth, and  Thirty-first  Regiments.  The  service  of 
these  regiments  was  almost  wholly  in  the  State  of 
Virginia.  The  colonel  of  the  Twenty-first  Regi- 
ment was  Gilliam  Van  Houten;  of  the  Twenty- 
second,  Abraham  Demarest,  Cornelius  Fornet;  of 
the  Twenty-third,  John  S.  Cox,  Henry  0.  Ryerson, 
Edward  Burd  Grubb;  of  the  Twenty-fourth, 
William  B.  Robertson;  of  the  Twenty-fifth,  An- 
drew Derrom;  of  the  Twenty-sixth,  Andrew  J. 
Morrison ;  of  the  Twenty-seventh,  George  W.  Min- 
dil ;  of  the  Twenty-eighth,  Moses  N.  Wisewell ;  of 
the  Twenty-ninth,  Edwin  F.  Applegate,  William 


86  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

R.  Taylor ;  of  the  Thirtieth,  Alexander  E.  Donald- 
son, John  J.  Cladek ;  of  the  Thirty-first,  Alexander 
P.  Berthoud. 

The  Thirty-second  Regiment,  known  as  the  Sec- 
ond Regiment  of  Cavalry,  was  organized  under 
authority  and  instructions  from  the  federal  war 
department  dated  June  30,  1863.  The  regiment 
took  part  in  engagements  in  Virginia,  Mississippi, 
Tennessee,  Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  Ala- 
bama.   Its  colonel  was  Joseph  Karge\ 

Under  authority  of  the  war  department  dated 
June  30, 1863,  the  Thirty-third,  Thirty-fourth,  and 
Thirty-fifth  Regiments  were  organized.  The  Thir- 
ty-third served  in  Tennessee,  Georgia,  and  North 
Carolina,  its  colonel  being  George  W.  Mendil. 
The  Thirty-fourth  was  in  battles  in  Kentucky, 
Tennessee,  and  Alabama,  its  colonels  being  Will- 
iam H.  Lawrence  and  Timothy  C.  Moore.  The 
Thirty-fifth  took  part  in  engagements  in  Missis- 
sippi, Georgia,  and  South  Carolina.  The  colonel 
of  the  regiment  was  John  J.  Cladek. 

The  Thirty-sixth  Regiment,  Third  Regiment 
Cavalry  Volunteers,  also  known  as  the  First 
Regiment  United  States  Hussars,  was  organized 
under  a  proclamation  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  dated  October  17, 1863.  The  service 
of  this  cavalry  regiment  was  entirely  in  the  State 
of  Virginia.  Its  colonels  were  Andrew  J.  Morri- 
son and  Alexander  C.  M.  Pennington,  Jr. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  87 

The  Thirty-seventh  Regiment  came  into  exist- 
ence under  a  presidential  call  for  troops  to  serve 
one  hundred  days.  The  details  of  the  call  were 
fully  set  forth  by  the  proclamation  of  the  governor 
of  New  Jersey,  under  date  of  May  16,  1864.  The 
colonel  of  the  regiment  was  Edward  Burd  Grubb. 

Under  an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  4, 1864, 
the  Thirty-eighth  and  Thirty-ninth  Regiments 
were  organized.  The  service  of  both  regiments 
was  confined  to  Virginia.  The  colonel  of  the  Thir- 
ty-eighth was  "William  J.  Sewell;  the  colonel  of 
the  Thirty-ninth  was  Abram  C.  Wildrick. 

The  Fortieth  Regiment  was  organized  under  the 
last  mentioned  act,  the  regiment  taking  part  in 
the  Virginia  campaign  of  1865,  its  colonel  being 
Stephen  R.  Gilkyson. 

The  Forty-first  Regiment  was  commenced,  but 
owing  to  the  termination  of  hostilities  was  discon- 
tinued and  consolidated  with  the  Thirty-ninth 
Regiment. 

Of  the  batteries  of  artillery  that  of  the  First 
Regiment,  known  as  Battery  A,  was  a  part  of  the 
militia  force  of  the  State,  and  was  attached  to  the 
Third  Regiment,  Hudson  Brigade.  Although  the 
tender  was  made  the  governor  of  New  Jersey  he 
was  unable  to  accept  the  services  of  this  battery 
until  permitted  to  do  so  by  the  provisions  of  an  act 
of  Congress  approved  July  22,  1861.  The  battery 
served  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  its  captains 


88  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

being  William  Hexamer  and  Augustine  N.  Par- 
sons. 

In  September,  1861,  Battery  B,  First  Regiment, 
formerly  known  as  Company  F,  First  Regiment, 
Independent  Essex  Brigade,  tendered  its  services 
to  the  State.  Its  participation  in  battles  was  con- 
fined to  Virginia.  The  captains  of  Battery  B  were 
John  E.  Beam  and  A.  Judson  Clark. 

Batteries  C,  D,  and  E,  First  Regiment,  were  or- 
ganized under  instructions  from  the  federal  war 
department  dated  June  30,  1863,  serving  in  Vir- 
ginia. The  captain  of  Battery  C  was  Christian 
Woerner,  of  Battery  D,  George  T.  Woodbury  and 
Charles  K.  Doane,  and  of  Battery  E,  Zenas  C. 
Warren. 

A  notable  military  organization  in  New  Jersey 
was  Trenton's  Company  A,  of  the  State  militia. 
Thoroughly  drilled  and  disciplined,  on  the  16th  of 
April,  1861,  a  meeting  of  the  company  was  called 
for  the  purpose  of  responding  to  President  Lin- 
coln's call  for  seventy-five  thousand  militia.  Be- 
fore action  could  be  taken  Company  A  was 
sent  to  the  southern  part  of  the  city  of 
Trenton  to  guard  a  large  amount  of  mili- 
tary stores  there  collected  in  the  State  ar- 
senal. This  was  the  first  company  in  the 
North  to  perform  military  duty  under  arms.  The 
company  later  volunteered  as  Company  A,  First 
Battalion,  Pennsylvania  Emergency.    The  boast 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  89 

of  the  company  remained  unchallenged  that  it 
sent  more  men  to  the  war  than  any  other  organi- 
zation in  the  North,  while  serving  as  a  school  for 
officers.  The  captain  of  the  company  was  Will- 
iam R.  Murphy.  Following  the  appeal  made  by 
Governor  Curtin,  of  Pennsylvania,  upon  the  15th 
of  June,  1863,  that  neighboring  States  come  to 
the  relief  of  Pennsylvania  and  ward  off  the  in- 
vasion contemplated  by  the  confederate  general, 
Robert  E.  Lee,  upon  the  17th  of  June,  Governor 
Parker  called  for  volunteers,  particularly  from 
among  the  nine  months'  regiments.  The  Twenty- 
third  and  Twenty-seventh  volunteered  for  the 
service,  as  did  four  companies  from  Trenton,  two 
from  Newark,  and  one  each  from  Lambertville, 
Morristown,  Mount  Holly,  and  Camden,  and  a 
light  battery  from  Rahway.  These  ten  companies 
were  organized  into  two  battalions,  one  of  which 
was  commanded  by  Captain  William  R.  Murphy, 
of  Trenton,  the  other  by  Captain  J.  Fred  Laumas- 
ter,  of  Mount  Holly.  At  the  end  of  thirty  days' 
service  at  and  near  Harrisburg  the  companies  re- 
turned to  New  Jersey  and  were  discharged. 

The  Maryland  Emergency  Company,  mustered 
into  service  for  thirty  days  upon  July  12,  1864, 
was  called  out  for  service  in  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land, or  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  company, 
under  the  captaincy  of  Richard  H.  Lee,  was  sta- 
tioned near  Baltimore. 


FARRAGUT'S  FLAGSHIP  "  HARTFORD. 


90  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

From  time  to  time  New  Jersey  men  enlisted  in 
the  regiments  of  other  States.  Thus  there  were 
soldiers  from  this  State  in  the  regiments  of  Con- 
necticut, Delaware,  District  of  Columbia,  Illinois 
(cavalry),  Maryland,  Michigan,  Missouri,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania  (artillery,  infantry,  and  caval- 
ry), and  Wisconsin  (heavy  artillery). 

New  Jersey  men  also  found  representation  in 
the  Veteran  Reserve  Corps,  instituted  April  28, 
1863,  and  in  Hancock's  corps,  established  Novem- 
ber 28,  1864.  There  were  no  regiments  of  colored 
troops  in  New  Jersey,  such  as  enlisted  being  sent 
to  the  general  rendezvous  in  Philadelphia. 

In  facilitating  the  mustering  of  troops  rendez- 
vous were  established  in  August,  1862,  at  Tren- 
ton, Beverly,  Freehold,  Newark,  and  Flemington, 
while  post  commandants  and  disbursing  officers 
were  located  in  1862  at  Camp  Perrine,  Trenton; 
Camp  Stockton,  Woodbury;  Camp  Vredenburgh, 
Freehold;  Camp  Fair  Oaks,  Flemington;  and 
Camp  Frelinghuysen,  Newark.  In  1863  an  agent 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  was  sent  to  Washing- 
ton to  care  for  the  troops  going  to  the  front  as 
well  as  those  in  the  hospitals  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  capital.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  said  that 
during  the  Civil  War  hospitals  were  established 
in  Jersey  City,  in  Newark  "Ward"  or  "Center 
Street"   in  Beverly,   and  at  Trenton  Barracks, 


\ 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  91 

while  there  are  two  national  cemeteries  in  the 
State— one  in  Beverly,  the  other  in  Newark. 

In  the  call  for  troops  whose  service  ranged  from 
four  years  to  one  hundred  days,  New  Jersey  fur- 
nished 79,348,  with  8,957  additional  men  not  cred- 
ited to  her.  The  total  call  was  78,248,  whereas  the 
total  number  furnished  was  88,305,  being  10,057 
in  excess  of  the  number  required.  The  State  paid 
no  bounties,  but  county,  township,  and  municipal 
authorities  offered  bounties  amounting,  it  is  be- 
lieved, to  twenty-three  million  dollars. 


CHAPTER   VI 

New  Jebset  and  the  Post-Bellum  Amend- 
ments to  the  Federal  Constitution 


jA  LTHOUGH  by  an  appeal  to  arms  and  the 
/^L  defeat  of  the  Confederacy  slavery 

I  ^^  had  been  extinguished  within  the 
±  J^    limits  of  the  United  States,  no  guar- 

antee existed  in  the  federal  consti- 
tution that  at  some  future  time  the  "peculiar 
institution  ' '  might  not  be  reestablished  within  the 
limits  of  the  nation.  To  provide  against  such  a 
possibility  the  thirteenth  amendment  to  the  or- 
ganic law  of  the  United  States  was  sent  to  the 
several  States  for  their  ratification. 

During  the  legislative  session  of  1866  the 
amendment  appeared  before  the  House  of  Assem- 
bly and  Senate,  both  of  which  were  Democratic, 
in  the  form  of  Assembly  Joint  Eesolution  No.  2, 
which  was  adopted  by  the  house  January  17th, 
the  vote  being  forty-two  to  ten.  Like  action  was 
taken  by  the  Senate  January  23d,  the  vote  stand- 
ing thirteen  to  eight.  The  resolution  was  ap- 
proved by  the  Governor  January  23d. 

When  news  of  the  approval  reached  the  house 
that  body,  upon  the  same  day,  by  a  vote  of  thirty- 
three  to  fourteen,  adopted  a  further  resolution  as 
expressive  of  its  sentiments.  This  resolution 
stated  that  "New  Jersey  is  gloriously  redeemed 
in  her  political  and  moral  history  from  the  dis- 
graceful stigma  of  being  in  sympathy,  through 
her  legislators,  with  the  'sum  of  all  villainies, '  " 
and  that  the  course  of  New  Jersey  "will  be  hailed 


96  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

with  sincere  joy  and  shouts  of  praise  by  all  the 
freedom-loving  people  of  New  Jersey,  as  well  as 
by  the  people  of  her  sister  States." 

The  attitude  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  toward 
slavery  as  a  national  issue  is  of  interest.  So  far 
had  the  then  prevalent  theories  of  colonization 
affected  New  Jersey  that  the  Legislature,  by  a  reso- 
lution of  December  3,  1824,  considered  a  system 
of  foreign  colonization  feasible  in  effecting  entire 
emancipation.  This  plan,  it  was  claimed,  made 
convenient  provision  for  free  blacks,  and  cast  upon 
the  United  States  the  duties  and  burdens  incident 
to  the  evil  of  slavery.  But  colonization  had  been  a 
failure.  As  an  instance  the  project  of  inducing 
free  negroes  to  emigrate  to  Hayti,  in  the  year  1824, 
drew  a  number  of  New  Jersey  negroes  to  that 
island.  This  party  of  blacks,  going  from  Port 
Elizabeth  in  the  County  of  Cumberland,  returned 
disgusted  in  a  short  time  to  their  former  homes, 
and  to  the  employment  of  those  in  the  village  who 
had  aided  them  in  their  efforts  to  locate  in  a  new 
land. 

Following  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1846,  abol- 
ishing slavery  by  name  in  New  Jersey,  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  State  in  1847  resolved  "that  the  New 
Jersey  delegation  in  Congress  be  requested  to  use 
its  best  efforts  to  secure  the  exclusion  forever  of 
slavery  or  involuntary  servitude  from  any  terri- 
tory to  be  annexed  to  the  United  States,  except  as 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


97 


a  punishment  for  crime. ' '  In  1849  the  subject  mat- 
ter of  the  resolutions  was  repeated,  and  the  speedy 
abolition  of  the  slave  trade  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia was  urged. 

As  late  as  the  practical  beginning  of  hostilities 
there  assembled  in  Washington,  in  February, 
1861,  in  response  to  the  call  of  Virginia,  which 
was  trying  the  part  of  peacemaker,  one  hundred 
and  thirty-three  delegates  of  twenty- one  States, 
who  met  for  the  purpose  of  proposing  a  remedy 
for  the  ' '  unhappy  controversies ' '  which  threat- 
ened to  disrupt  the  nation.  This  was  the  Peace 
Conference,  composed  of  men  of  national  reputa- 
tion. New  Jersey  sent  as  her  representatives  at 
this  congress  on  the  29th  of  January,  1861,  by 
virtue  of  a  joint  resolution  of  the  House  of  Assem- 
bly and  Senate,  Governor  Charles  S.  Olden,  Peter 
D.  Vroom,  Robert  F.  Stockton,  Benjamin  Will-  rf.-7.  x^u^ 
iamson,  Joseph  F.  Randolph,  Frederick  T.  Freling- 
huysen,  Rodman  M.  Price,  William  C.  Alexander, 
and  Thomas  J.  Stryker. 

The  New  Jersey  resolutions  accompanying  the 
appointment  of  these  representatives  were  no- 
table. The  preamble  recognized  that  the  people  of 
the  State  "consider  the  unity  of  the  government 
*  *  *  a  main  pillar  in  the  edifice  of  their  in- 
dependence," declaring  that  the  government  of 
the  United  States  is  a  national  government,  that 
the  Union  is  not  a  "mere  compact  or  league,"  and 

[Vol.  4] 


T~> 


«Tc* 


98  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

that  the  constitution  "was  adopted  in  a  spirit  of 
mutual  compromise  and  concession  by  the  people 
of  the  United  States,  and  can  only  be  preserved 
by  a  constant  recognition  of  that  spirit."  While 
the  right  of  the  general  government  to  maintain 
its  authority  and  enforce  its  laws  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  was  undoubted  the  resolutions  held 
that  "forbearance  and  compromise  are  indispen- 
sable at  this  crisis  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  Union, 
and  that  it  is  the  dictate  of  reason,  wisdom,  and 
patriotism  peacefully  to  adjust  whatever  differ- 
ences exist  between  the  different  sections  of  our 
country."  It  was  further  held  that  the  Critten- 
den resolutions,  or  any  other  constitutional  meth- 
od that,  by  compromise,  "will  permanently  set- 
tle the  question  of  slavery,"  would  be  acceptable 
to  the  people  of  New  Jersey. 

"As  a  last  resort,"  continued  the  resolutions, 
Congress  was  urged  to  call  a  convention  of  the 
States  to  propose  amendments  to  the  federal  con- 
stitution, and  States  having  in  force  laws  which 
interfered  with  the  constitutional  rights  of  citizens 
of  other  States  were  urged  to  repeal  such  legisla- 
tion. 

The  governor,  upon  the  30th  day  of  August, 
1866,  called  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey  in  spe- 
cial session  to  meet  in  Trenton  upon  the  10th  of 
September,  to  accept  or  reject  the  fourteenth 
amendment    to    the    federal    constitution.    This 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


99 


amendment  dealt  with  citizens  and  their  rights, 
the  apportionment  of  representatives,  the  disabil- 
ity of  persons  engaged  in  the  Civil  War,  and  the 
validity  of  the  public  debt.  These  matters,  sec- 
ond only  in  importance  to  the  question  of  slavery, 
gave  to  New  Jersey  a  marked  prominence  in  the 
political  history  of  the  day.  Although  according 
to  the  view  of  the  Republican  governor,  Marcus 
L.  Ward,  the  fourteenth  amendment  was  the 
"most  lenient  amnesty  ever  offered  to  treason, 
it  was  quite  evident  that  to  many  members  of  the 
two  houses  the  amendment  was  highly  unsatisfac- 
tory. 

In  the  Senate  there  were  ten  Democrats  who 
refused  to  vote.  Eleven  Republican  senators  cast 
their  votes  in  the  affirmative,  thus  insuring  the 
affirmative  action  of  the  upper  house  upon  the  11th 
of  September.  In  the  House  of  Assembly  upon 
the  same  day  the  vote  was  thirty-four  ayes  to 
twenty-four  noes.  With  the  approval  of  the  gov- 
ernor from  this  hour  the  fourteenth  amendment 
became  to  the  State  of  New  Jersey  a  cause  for 
political  strife. 

The  session  of  the  Legislature  of  1868  was  made 
memorable  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  consent  on 
the  part  of  New  Jersey  of  her  ratification  of  the 
much  discussed  amendment.  Upon  the  20th  of 
February,  1868,  the  house  passed  a  joint  resolution 
rescinding  New  Jersey's  previous  action  by  a  vote 


\Mmum«CMJ™(K 


Marcus  Lawrence  Ward,  6.  Newark,  N.  J.,  Not.  9. 
1812;  merchant;  known  In  the  Civil  War  as  to* 
"  •©Idlers'  friend  " ;  founder  of  the  "  Ward  "  U.  8. 
general  hospital,  which  became  the  New  Jersey 
Home  for  Disabled  Soldiers  ;  governor  of  the  State 
1866-69;  chairman  National  Republican  Committee 
1866 ;  member  of  Congress  1873-76 ;  d.  Newark,  April 
26,  1884. 


100  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

of  forty-four  to  eleven,  the  Senate  having  taken 
a  like  action  on  the  19th  of  the  same  month  by  a 
vote  of  eleven  to  eight.  In  adopting  such  a  course 
the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey,  in  a  series  of  reso- 
lutions of  national  interest,  declared  that  the  basis 
of  all  government  is  the  consent  of  the  governed, 
and  that  all  constitutions  are  contracts  between 
the  parties  bound  thereby.  It  was  further  held 
that  any  State  assenting  to  a  proposition  to  alter 
the  fundamental  law  might  withdraw  before  such 
number  of  States  as  might  be  necessary  to  bind  the 
amendment  had  consented,  which  withdrawal  be- 
comes a  duty,  when,  after  consideration,  it  seems 
best  for  the  safety  and  happiness  of  all  that  such 
action  be  taken.  Three-fourths  of  the  States  not 
having  yet  consented,  the  "natural  and  constitu- 
tional right"  of  New  Jersey  "to  withdraw  its  as- 
sent was  undeniable. ' ' 

In  further  discussion  of  this  subject  the  New 
Jersey  Legislature  asserted  that  the  authors  of  the 
fourteenth  amendment  excluded  from  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  Senate  eighty  representa- 
tives of  eleven  States  in  the  Union  ' l  upon  the  pre- 
tence that  there  were  no  such  States  in  the  Union. ' ' 
This  was  to  attain  the  end  of  securing  the  two- 
thirds  of  both  houses  of  Congress  necessary  to  pro- 
pose an  amendment.  Furthermore,  finding  that 
the  remaining  two-thirds  could  not  be  brought  to 
assent  to  the  amendment,  the  "authors"  of  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  101 

amendment  "deliberately  formed  and  carried  out 
the  design  of  mutilating  the  integrity  of  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  without  any  pretext  or 
justification  other  than  the  possession  of  the  pow- 
er *  *  *  ejected  a  member  of  their  own  body 
representing  this  State,  and  thus  practically  de- 
nied to  New  Jersey  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  Sen- 
ate, and  thereby  nominally  secured  the  vote  of 
two-thirds  of  the  said  houses. ' ' 

"The  object  of  dismembering  the  highest  rep- 
resentative assembly  in  the  nation  and  humiliat- 
ing a  State  in  the  Union  faithful  at  all  times  to 
its  obligations"  was  "to  place  new  and  unheard 
of  powers  in  the  hands  of  a  faction,  that  it  might 
absorb  to  itself  all  executive,  judicial,  and  legis- 
lative power  necessary  to  secure  for  itself  im- 
munity for  the  unconstitutional  acts  it  had  al- 
ready committed,  and  those  it  had  inflicted  on  a 
too  patient  people. ' ' 

Denouncing  the  exercise  of  military  law  in  the 
Southern  States,  and  the  errors  of  the  plan  of 
"Reconstruction,' 'the  New  Jersey  Legislature  con- 
demned the  fourteenth  amendment  for  a  variety 
of  other  reasons,  none  of  which,  however,  has  been 
successfully  maintained  in  the  highest  tribunals 
of  the  nation.  The  absurd  and  incoherent  pro- 
visions are  as  follows: 

It  absurdly  declares  naturalized  citizens  of  the 


102  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

United  States  shall  be  citizens  of  the  several 
States. 

It  lodges  with  the  Legislature  the  executive 
power  of  pardon. 

It  adopts  the  principle  of  ex-post  facto  legisla- 
tion. 

It  gives  to  the  people  in  their  sovereign  capac- 
ity the  judicial  power  of  punishment. 

It  degrades  the  honesty  and  morality  of  the 
nation. 

It  alarms  public  creditors  by  placing  "consti- 
tutional guards  against  the  repudiation  of  the 
public  debt"— a  libel  on  the  American  people  and 
a  stigma  upon  the  present  generation. 

It  prohibits  the  States  from  passing  laws  inter- 
dicting the  execution  of  such  parts  of  the  com- 
mon law  as  the  national  judiciary  shall  deem  in- 
consistent with  the  vague  provisions  of  the  amend- 
ment. 

It  brings  State  and  common  law,  relating  to 
life,  liberty,  and  property,  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  federal  tribunals. 

It  "gerrymanders"  representation  to  secure  to 
a  faction  "a  sufficient  number  of  the  votes  of  a 
servile  and  ignorant  race  to  outweigh  the  intelli- 
gent votes"  of  whites. 

It  sets  up  a  standard  of  suffrage  dependent  en- 
tirely upon  citizenship,  majority,  inhabitancy,  and 
manhood,  and  any  "interference  whatever  by  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  103 

State"  imposing  ''reasonable  qualifications 
*  *  *  causes  a  reduction  of  the  State's  repre- 
sentation. ' ' 

The  claim  of  the  supporters  of  the  amendment 
that  Congress  could  compel  New  Jersey  to  adopt 
" impartial  suffrage"  would  transfer  to  the  fed- 
eral Legislature  the  right  of  a  State  to  regulate 
suffrage  within  its  own  limits,  a  power  fundamen- 
tally reserved  to  the  States,  a  vital  principle  of 
self-government. 

The  New  Jersey  Legislature  finally  declared 
that  the  amendment  was  designed  to  overthrow 
self-government  by  conferring  the  elective  fran- 
chise "upon  a  race  which  has  never  given  the 
slightest  evidence  at  any  time  or  in  any  quarter 
of  the  globe  of  its  capacity  for  self-government." 
The  erecting  of  "an  impracticable  standard  of 
suffrage,  which  will  render  the  right  valueless  to 
any  portion  of  the  people,"  made  the  amendment 
"unfit  to  be  incorporated  in  the  fundamental  law 
of  a  free  people. ' ' 

This  resolution,  passed  upon  March  27,  1868, 
was  presented  to  the  House  of  Representatives  on 
the  30th  of  the  same  month.  By  a  vote  in  the  na- 
tional Legislature  of  eighty  to  seventeen,  there 
being  ninety-two  members  not  voting,  the  House 
of  Representatives  ordered  that  the  New  Jersey 
resolutions  should  be  returned  to  the  State,  that 
only  their  title  should  be  referred  to  in  official 


104  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

publications,  and  that  the  house  denied  the  con- 
stitutional right  of  any  State  Legislature  to 
withdraw  its  assent  to  the  amendment.  New  Jer- 
sey, with  Ohio,  which  State  had  also  withdrawn 
its  assent,  were  included  in  the  joint  resolution  of 
Congress  in  the  list  of  ratifying  States,  and  their 
acts  withdrawing  their  assent  were  treated  as 
null  and  void.  This  attitude  of  Congress  has  never 
been  successfully  questioned  in  the  Supreme 
Court. 

The  State  election  of  1867  had  been  one  of  in- 
tense political  struggle.  The  Republican  party 
had  pledged  itself  to  remove  the  word  "white" 
from  Article  II,  Section  I,  of  the  State  constitu- 
tion of  1844,  throwing  down  any  racial  barriers 
to  suffrage.  The  Democratic  party  in  New  Jersey 
was  politically  opposed  to  the  extension  of  negro 
suffrage,  and  in  consequence  the  Democrats  ob- 
tained control  of  the  Legislature.  The  contention 
that  each  State  had  the  exclusive  right  to  regulate 
the  qualifications  of  its  own  voters,  and  the  un- 
seating of  United  States  Senator  John  P.  Stock- 
ton, whose  seat  was  declared  vacant  by  the  Senate 
March  27,  1866,  by  a  vote  of  twenty-three  to  twen- 
ty, were  the  two  elements  that  led  New  Jersey  to 
pass  her  famous  resolutions  of  withdrawal  of  as- 
sent. Mr.  Stockton  had  been  ousted  upon  the 
grounds  that  he  had  been  elected  by  less  than  a 
majority  of  all  the  votes  in  the  New  Jersey  Legis- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  105 

lature.  It  was  in  consequence  of  the  questions 
raised  on  this  contest  that  the  present  federal 
statute  was  enacted  regulating  the  manner  of 
electing  United  States  senators. 

The  fifteenth  amendment  to  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States  had  been  rejected  by  New  Jer- 
sey in  1870,  in  the  House  of  Assembly  on  the  1st 
of  February,  by  a  vote  of  thirty-three  to  twenty- 
seven.  Like  action  was  taken  by  the  Senate  on 
the  27th  of  February  by  a  vote  of  thirteen  to  eight. 
The  joint  resolution  of  rejection  was  approved  on 
February  15th. 

This  amendment  to  the  constitution,  which  de- 
clared that  the  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  to  vote  should  not  be  abridged  ' '  on  account 
of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude, ' ' 
later  received  the  assent  of  a  Republican  House 
of  Assembly  and  Senate,  being  approved  by 
a  Democratic  governor.  The  amendment  ap- 
peared in  the  form  of  Joint  Resolution  No.  2, 
which  was  passed  by  the  House  of  Assembly  by 
a  vote  of  thirty-four  to  twenty-four  upon  February 
8,  1871.  The  Senate  passed  the  joint  resolution 
by  a  vote  of  twelve  to  seven  on  February  15,  and 
it  was  approved  by  the  governor  upon  February 
21,  1871,  so  rapidly  had  events  moved  since  1867. 


CHAPTER  VII 
The  Paitco  of  1873 


FKOM  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  until 
the  fateful  "Black  Friday"  of  1873 
New  Jersey  was  the  theater  of  an  in- 
tense industrial  activity.  "Within 
those  few  short  years  the  State  was 
almost  revolutionized.  Everywhere  the  signs  of 
that  intensity  of  thought  and  action  characteris- 
tic of  the  close  of  a  war  were  apparent.  It  was  the 
beginning  of  the  period  of  consolidation,  when 
capital  more  than  ever  wielded  an  all-potent  in- 
fluence; when  the  great  captains  of  industry 
forged  to  the  front,  and  struggled  for  political  con- 
trol ;  when  cities  grew ;  when  population  from  New 
York  and  Philadelphia  overflowed  the  constricted 
boundaries  of  those  great  cities  and  built  their 
homes  in  the  counties  bordering  the  Hudson  and 
the  lower  Delaware;  when  men  strove  passion- 
ately, not  for  the  ideals  of  the  period  of  unrest  of 
the  days  of  Jackson,  but  for  the  more  material 
ideals  that  come  with  the  sudden  acquisition  of 
personal  wealth. 

It  was  the  commencement  of  that  phase  of  in- 
dustrial life  that  marked  the  close  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  These  were  the  vast  consolida- 
tions of  capital,  the  concentration  of  utilities,  the 
formation  of  the  ' '  trusts. ' '  That  plan  of  organiza- 
tion which  made  the  later  "trust"  a  possibility 
was  shaping  throughout  the  State.  New  Jersey, 
from  1866  to  1873,  became  the  home  of  corpora- 


110  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

tions,  not  of  a  few  great  industrial  organizations, 
but  of  a  host  of  smaller  ones.  These,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  special  legislation  then  character- 
izing the  method  of  incorporating  companies  in 
New  Jersey,  forced  hundreds  of  charters  through 
the  House  of  Assembly  and  Senate,  stimulated  by 
the  influence  of  a  powerful  ''lobby."  It  was  in 
those  days  of  special  privileges,  says  a  recent 
prominent  State  historian,  that  intense  rivalry 
for  precedence  and  enthusiastic  exploitation 
brought  men  into  every  field  of  enterprise.  Thou- 
sands of  discharged  soldiers  returning  to  their 
homes  from  the  Civil  War  sought  and  secured 
peaceful  occupation,  while  the  ever  increas- 
ing torrent  of  immigration  swept  over  the  cities 
and  into  the  country  districts.  The  province  of 
labor  became  more  and  more  divided;  capital,  as 
represented  in  individuals,  was  vastly  increased. 
The  Civil  War,  largely  through  the  operation  of 
government  contracts,  had  made  capitalists 
enormously  wealthy,  and  with  labor  seeking  em- 
ployment and  capital  seeking  investment  the  cor- 
poration, in  the  modern  sense,  became  a  necessity. 
In  the  corporation  men  avoided  the  dangers  inci- 
dent to  the  laws  regulating  copartnerships,  and 
gave  to  their  enterprises  far  wider  scope. 

It  was  in  truth  a  period  of  speculation.  As  in 
the  days  of  the  confederation,  and  in  the  few  years 
following  the  second  war  with  England,  so  in  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  111 

period  following  the  Civil  War  men  must  needs 
find  outlet  for  their  energies  and  their  dollars. 
The  outward  swing  of  the  pendulum  from  the 
strain  and  stress  of  bloodshed  and  sororw  carried 
people  to  strange  excesses.  All  the  old  issues  had 
been  settled,  and  those  that  came  to  the  front 
were  new  ones  of  an  economic  character,  except 
that  of  the  demand  for  "general  amnesty"  for  the 
late  secessionists.  Money,  or  rather  fiat  money, 
was  plentiful,  and  every  project,  no  matter  how 
chimerical,  found  supporters,  both  moral  and 
financial. 

To  incorporators  New  Jersey,  by  reason  of  its 
nearness  to  the  great  financial  centers  and  the 
favorable  conditions  underlying  the  securing  of 
charters,  was  a  chosen  resort  for  those  engaged  in 
"floating"  a  variety  of  "schemes,"  good,  bad,  and 
indifferent.  The  special  laws  grew  in  volume  day 
by  day.  Companies  were  promoted  to  exploit  the 
oil  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  perfect  various  pro- 
cesses for  canning  and  preserving  fruits  and 
vegetables,  the  construction  of  patent  pavements, 
improvements  in  locomotives  and  passenger 
coaches,  the  development  of  the  iron  and  glass  in- 
terests, the  establishment  of  the  brick  and  pottery 
industry,  these  being  but  a  few  of  a  hundred  mani- 
festations of  activity. 

Two  of  New  Jersey's  products,  marl  and  cran- 
berries, proved  attractive,  if  later  disastrous,  ob- 


112  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

jects  for  "promotion."  In  the  case  of  marl,  from 
colonial  times  small  "pits"  had  been  dug  in  that 
fertile  portion  of  the  State  extending  from  Free- 
hold to  Salem  City.  As  early  as  1863,  owing  to 
the  need  of  fertilizers  and  the  demand  upon  New 
Jersey  farmers  for  food  supplies,  to  be  used  in  the 
Civil  War,  the  West  Jersey  Marl  and  Transporta- 
tion Company  had  opened  large  and  profitable 
"pits"  near  Woodbury.  In  less  than  a  decade 
eleven  competing  companies  had  been  organized. 
Even  the  prosaic  and  neglected  cranberry  was 
subjected  to  capitalistic  influence,  for  within  ten 
years  no  less  than  thirty-two  companies  were  in- 
corporated for  its  development  in  New  Jersey.  In 
1869  an  extreme  was  reached,  when  an  oyster  and 
stock  raising  company  was  formed  under  one  and 
the  same  charter. 

From  these  minor  indications  of  the  spirit  of 
development  and  speculation  the  incorporators  of 
companies  turned  to  more  attractive  fields  of  en- 
terprise. As  early  as  1864  a  party  of  New  York 
capitalists,  chartered  as  the  American  Dock  and 
Improvement  Company,  had  endeavored  to  secure 
from  the  Legislature  a  free  grant  to  the  Hudson 
County  water  front,  extending  from  South  Cove 
to  Cavan  Point.  It  was  then  that  men  of  influence 
associated  with  the  free  public  school  movement 
offered  the  State  of  New  Jersey  one  million  dol- 
lars for  the  riparian  lands  which  the  American 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  113 

Company  wished  to  obtain  without  payment  of 
money.  Thence  arose,  from  legal  opinions  which 
were  naturally  incident  to  the  contention,  two 
essential  conditions :  first,  that  the  American  Com- 
pany must  pay  for  so  great  a  privilege,  and,  sec- 
ondly, that  the  State  must  determine,  in  view  of 
her  valuable  water  front  privileges,  what  rights 
she  possessed  in  her  riparian  lands  and  what 
methods  should  be  used  in  the  disposal  of  such 
rights.  Hence,  upon  the  occasion  of  the  creation 
of  a  riparian  commission,  began  a  long  period 
of  discussion  as  to  the  relation  the  State  bore  to 
railroads  seeking  terminal  facilities,  and  indus- 
trial corporations  desiring  locations  upon  tide- 
water fronts. 

The  disposal  of  the  case  of  the  American  Com- 
pany in  no  manner  cooled  the  ardor  of  those  seek- 
ing privileges  for  warehouses,  docks,  and  ferries. 
Then  with  the  transfer  of  an  urban  population  to 
New  Jersey,  and  the  influence  of  the  " commuter,' ' 
came  the  incorporation  of  land  and  improvement 
companies.  In  Burlington,  Camden,  and  Glouces- 
ter counties  enterprises  which  had  felt  the  blight- 
ing effects  of  the  Civil  War  were  rejuvenated,  and 
new  projects  launched  in  the  quiet  river  towns 
contiguous  to  Philadelphia.  From  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Paterson  the  real  estate  speculators  ''laid 
out"  thousands  of  acres  contiguous  to  the  grow- 
ing cities,  and  in  attractive  advertisements  in  the 

[Vol.   4] 


114  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

local  and  metropolitan  press  set  out  the  merits 
of  new  homes,  free  from  taxes,  from  malaria,  from 
city  noise  and  heat,  free  from  everything— except 
mortgages. 

In  the  cities  new  market  houses  were  being  con- 
structed, streets  were  in  process  of  pavement  and 
extension,  public  buildings  were  being  erected, 
general  municipal  improvements  were  being  insti- 
tuted. In  this  period  of  inflation  the  desire  for 
betterment  led  to  later  disaster.  Smaller  towns, 
notably  Elizabeth  and  Rahway,  possessed  nat- 
ural advantages  and  desiring  to  emulate  the  prog- 
ress of  their  greater  rivals,  plunged  into  ill-fated 
plans  of  improvements.  Streets  were  paved  with 
wooden  blocks,  not  only  in  the  congested  portions 
of  the  towns,  but  far  into  the  country,  making  pro- 
vision for  a  population  which  would  not  occupy 
the  territory  for  at  least  a  future  half  century. 

It  was  in  the  incorporation  of  railroads  and  the 
union  of  existing  smaller  lines,  bringing  minor 
towns  into  direct  communication  with  the  great 
cities,  that  the  period  of  development  was  strik- 
ingly marked.  The  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad, 
by  securing  control  of  the  stock  of  lesser  lines,  or 
by  a  practical  system  of  absorption,  had  extended 
its  sphere  of  influence  throughout  Central  New 
Jersey.  The  West  Jersey  Railroad  virtually 
reached  every  town  of  importance  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State.    Under  the  influence  of  direct 


-  -  ■-•  1 


- 


« 


=  US 


a.u'L  -  ■    _ 


VIEW     OF     OLI>     NKWAKK. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  115 

communication  the  old  towns  of  Woodbury, 
Salem,  Bridgeton,  Cape  May,  and  the  new- 
er Atlantic  City  had  been  stimulated,  while  the 
remarkable  growth  of  the  New  England  settle- 
ment in  Vineland  attracted  much  attention  to  a 
long  neglected  portion  of  the  State.  In  North  Jer- 
sey during  1869  the  Legislature  passed  an  act 
validating  and  confirming  the  lease  of  the  Morris 
and  Essex  Eailroad  to  the  Delaware,  Lackawanna 
and  Western  Eailroad,  while  the  New  York,  Lake 
Erie  and  Western  and  the  Central  of  New  Jersey 
became  possessed  of  those  interests  which,  under 
their  care,  have  tended  so  largely  to  develop  the 
towns  and  cities  in  the  northern  and  eastern  parts 
of  the  State. 

As  to  the  general  character  of  industrial  cor- 
porations it  may  be  said  that  many  of  these  pro- 
jects were  exploited  in  the  best  of  faith,  and  it 
would  be  as  senseless  as  it  would  be  unjust  to 
charge  aginst  this  vast  body  of  incorporators  sin- 
ister motives.  They  were  overzealous  and  misled, 
capital  became  diffused  through  too  many  barren 
channels,  and  labor  soon  felt  the  evil  effects.  Thus 
when  the  crash  came  it  was  quite  as  much  by  rea- 
son of  a  mistaken  policy  of  overproduction  as  it 
was  by  wilful  and  persistent  stock  jobbing. 

The  period  from  1866  to  1875  showed  political 
changes  quite  in  keeping  with  this  newer  period  of 
unrest.    From  1850  to  1866  the  Senate  had  re- 


SCHUYLER   COLFAX. 


116  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

mained  Democratic,  with,  the  exception  of  1861, 
when  the  Republicans  had  control  of  the  upper 
house,  and  in  1862,  when  there  was  a  tie.  The 
House  of  Assembly  since  1850  had  been  Demo- 
cratic, with  the  exception  of  but  a  few  years.  In 
1865  there  was  a  tie  vote  in  the  House  of  Assem- 
bly. Thence  until  1873  there  was  almost  constant 
change.  In  1866  and  1867  both  houses  were  Re- 
publican. In  1868,  1869,  and  1870  both  houses 
were  Democratic ;  and  in  1871,  1872,  and  1873  both 
houses  were  again  Republican.  In  1865  a  Repub- 
lican governor,  Marcus  L.  Ward,  had  been  elected, 
but  in  1868  the  governorship  was  wrested  from 
the  Republican  party  by  Theodore  F.  Eandolph, 
whose  successor,  in  1871,  was  the  former  governor, 
Joel  Parker,  whose  great  popularity  remained  un- 
shaken. 

The  presidential  contest  of  1868  found  the  Re- 
publicans with  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant  and 
Schuyler  Colfax  as  their  nominees,  and  a  platform 
declaring  in  favor  of  a  reduction  of  the  national 
debt,  tlie  encouragement  of  immigration,  and  the 
use  of  coin  in  the  payment  of  bonds.  The  Demo- 
crats nominated  Horatio  Seymour  and  Francis  P. 
Blair,  and  declared  for  universal  amnesty,  a  uni- 
form paper  currency,  the  payment  of  the  national 
debt  in  irredeemable  paper  currency  ("green- 
backs"), and  the  abolition  of  the  system  of  land 
grants  to  railroads.    As  in  1864,  so  in  1868,  New 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  317 

Jersey  declared  herself  in  favor  of  the  Democratic 
candidate. 

It  was  in  1872,  during  the  presidential  contest, 
that  a  resident  of  New  Jersey  was  brought  for- 
ward as  a  vice-presidential  candidate.  Among 
minor  political  organizations  which  had  sprung 
into  existence  was  the  National  Labor  party,  de- 
claring for  paper  money,  an  eight-hour  law,  Chi- 
nese exclusion,  and  the  abolition  of  land  grants  to 
corporations.  This  party  had  nominated  Joel 
Parker  for  the  vice-presidency.  While  he  declined 
the  honor  the  very  use  of  his  name  gave  the  party 
some  local  strength.  Besides  this  movement  the 
"Greenback"  or  "Ohio"  idea  had  swept  in  from 
the  Middle  West;  from  1865  to  1870  National  La- 
bor congresses  had  met,  the  restriction  of  immi- 
gration of  the  Chinese  agitated  the  Pacific  slope, 
while  the  moral  question  of  prohibition  of  the 
liquor  traffic  assumed  formidable  proportions. 
Added  to  this  the  Republican  and  Democratic 
parties  were  divided.  The  death  of  Lincoln  and 
the  failure  to  carry  out  his  plan  of  reconstruction 
upon  broad  and  permanent  lines  had  produced 
much  bitterness  in  the  South.  The  schemes 
adopted  by  professional  politicians  had  split  the 
Republicans  in  Missouri,  from  which  arose  a  new 
party  called  the  "Liberal  Republicans,"  owing  to 
its  doctrine  of  more  generous  consideration  for  the 
Southern  States.    In  the  national  convention  of 


118 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


HENRY   WTLSOV. 


the  party  in  1872  Horace  Greeley,  of  New  York, 
and  B.  Gratz  Brown,  of  Missouri,  were  nominated 
for  President  and  Vice-President  on  a  platform 
which  for  the  first  time  in  the  politics  of  the  repub- 
lic declared  for  civil  service  reform.  The  "regu- 
lar" Republicans,  unaffected  by  this  movement, 
nominated  General  Grant  and  Henry  Wilson.  The 
nomination  of  Greeley  and  Brown  was  endorsed 
by  the  Democrats,  but  to  many  of  the  "old  line" 
Democrats  of  New  Jersey  this  endorsement  was 
most  distasteful,  in  that  Horace  Greeley,  as  "war 
editor"  of  the  New  York  Tribune,  had  but  recently 
accused  many  of  his  new  political  associates  in 
New  Jersey  of  disloyalty  and  even  treason.  The 
breach  in  the  party  widened,  and  General  Ulysses 
S.  Grant  was  elected  President,  the  State  of  New 
rsey  giving  him  that  remarkable  majority  of 
teen  thousand  two  hundred,  a  majority  since 
unequaled  in  a  presidential  contest,  until  1896, 
when  McKinley  and  Hobart,  Republicans,  received 
a  plurality  of  87,692. 

The  distinctive  type  of  social  development  dur- 
ing the  period  preceding  the  panic  of  1873  was 
different  from  that  during  the  Jacks  onian  period 
of  unrest.  Then  it  was  the  betterment  of  human- 
ity ;  later  it  tended  more  toward  the  personal  com- 
fort of  the  individual.  But  with  newly-acquired 
wealth  there  was  much  ostentatious  display,  and 
attempts  to  attain  a  superlative  degree  of  ele- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  119 

gance  in  dress  and  house  furnishing.  New  men 
had  come  to  the  front  with  new  ideas  as  to  a  stand- 
ard of  living,  with  new  plans  to  spend  their  own 
—and  other  people's— money. 

Upon  the  wide  acres  of  New  Jersey's  farms 
which  had  been  cut  up  into  building  lots  new 
homes  could  be  found,  often  with  no  apparent 
thought  as  to  a  desirable  location.  Square  masses 
of  brick  or  wood,  with  mansard  roofs,  treeless  and 
forlorn,  indicated  a  too  common  type  of  the  "mod- 
ern" house,  while  smaller  residences,  fearfully 
and  wonderfully  designed  by  ambitious  archi- 
tects, were  to  be  found  on  country  roads. 

In  the  family  homes  by  peaceful  country  sides, 
with  all  their  associations,  the  old  gave  place  to 
the  new.  Mahogany  was  supplanted  by  gaudily 
decorated  "cottage  sets,"  while  more  ambitious 
housewives  painted,  in  gorgeous  blues  and  greens, 
antique  bird's-eye  maple  chests.  Old  silver,  with 
its  graceful  shapes,  was  packed  away,  and 
"plated"  ware,  with  a  wealth  of  flowers  and 
scrolls  and  fanciful  designs,  appeared  upon  the 
tables.  "Art,"  struggling  for  existence,  found  its 
expression  in  hanging  baskets  made  of  pine  cones, 
and  in  bunches  of  dried  grasses  and  autumn 
leaves  dipped  in  alum  water  to  produce  a  "frost 
effect."  Mottoes  and  chromos  were  to  be  found 
on  the  walls,  and  family  portraits  were  hung  in 
the  garrets. 


120  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

In  the  cities  there  were  like  crudities.  Men 
sought  great  hotels  and  their  ornate  "bars," 
where  the  common  parlors,  dazzling  in  red  and 
yellow  silk,  walnut  furniture,  and  cheap  paintings, 
attracted  attention  and  called  forth  praise.  In 
the  summer  there  was  an  exodus  to  "fashionable 
watering  places"— to  Saratoga,  Lake  George,  and 
various  springs,  but  notably  to  Long  Branch. 
Gambling  and  drinking  were  common,— much 
more  common  than  at  present,— and  wealth,  so 
quickly  gained,  was  lavishly  displayed.  It  was, 
indeed,  an  era  of  false  taste,  of  striving  for  an 
artistic  effect  with  little  or  no  knowledge  of  how 
that  effect  should  be  obtained. 

Even  the  railroad  trains  were  not  exempt.  The 
engines  were  gay  with  color  and  brasswork,  the 
coaches  were  paneled  with  mirrors,  or  decorated 
between  the  windows  with  scenes  of  tropical  life 
—these,  by  the  way,  being  often  more  artistic  than 
more  pretentious  efforts.  Newspaper  advertising 
type  felt  the  effect  of  this  spirit  and  lacked  both 
dignity  and  grace. 

From  the  midst  of  this  whirl  of  color,  excite- 
ment, and  money-spending  the  country  was 
plunged  into  a  short  period  of  financial  disturb- 
ance and  then  into  the  panic  of  1873.  This  was 
largely  caused  by  over-production,  as  that  of  1857 
by  a  lack  of  capital  preceding  the  failure 
of   the   Ohio   Land   and   Trust   Company.    That 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  121 

of  1873  was  due  to  altered  industrial  condi- 
tions. It  was  the  over-development  of  the  new 
West  that  was  largely  responsible.  It  has  been 
most  truthfully  said  that,  while  the  spirit  of  specu- 
lation had  been  rampant  in  New  Jersey,  and  ten 
companies  had  been  engaged  in  exploiting  a  given 
industry  when  one  would  have  sufficed,  the  condi- 
tion of  affairs  in  the  State,  bad  as  they  were,  had 
no  parallel  to  the  rioting  with  money  and  credit 
which  had  taken  place  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
That  over-stimulation  had  its  necessary  reaction 
was  well  proved.  Three  transcontinental  roads 
had  been  wholly  or  partly  contracted,  with  scores 
of  feeders  and  dependent  lines.  In  the  feverish 
markets  of  the  United  States  and  in  Europe  bonds 
and  stocks  of  these  corporations  had  met  with 
ready  sale  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  none  of  them 
could  show  permanent  earnings  within  a  decade. 
There  were  constant  defaults  in  interest,  and  at 
last  the  capitalists,  gorged  with  unremunerative 
securities,  refused  to  take  more.  Devastating  fires 
in  Boston  and  Chicago  demanded  money  for  muni- 
cipal rehabilitation,  and  to  add  to  the  discontent 
a  contest  between  the  farmers  and  the  common 
carriers  arose. 

In  New  Jersey,  land  speculations  had  become 
topheavy.  The  mortgages  fell  due,  taxes  were  un- 
paid, improvement  assessments  had  been  neg- 
lected by  property  owners.    Local  banks,  to  aid 


122 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 


their  depositors,  withdrew  their  money  from  city 
institutions,  which  also  demanded  their  loans. 
Then  came  rumors  of  the  end,  and  upon  that 
"Black  Friday"  of  September,  1873,  the  crash 
came.  Men,  plunged  from  affluence  to  poverty,  be- 
came wrecks  of  their  former  selves.  Their  indus- 
tries were  paralyzed,  their  workmen  beggars.  In 
1873  and  1874  there  were  nearly  eleven  thousand 
failures,  and  the  nation  learned  anew  that  old  les- 
son that  in  spite  of  political  conditions  he  who 
would  dance  must  pay  for  his  pleasure. 

The  effect  in  New  Jersey  was  disastrous.  Rail- 
roads, manufactures,  and  the  farmers  were  alike 
crippled.  There  were  but  few  who  did  not  feel  the 
evil  that  had  fallen  upon  the  nation.  Municipali- 
ties which  had  engaged  in  expensive  and  often 
useless  improvements  were  either  bankrupt  or 
were  closely  approaching  that  condition.  Every- 
where were  but  the  flotsam  of  personal  fortunes. 

From  these  conditions  the  State  and  the  nation 
emerged  to  once  more  enter  upon  a  career  of  pros- 
perity, and  to  see  the  world,  in  a  new  light,  in  the 
Centennial  Exposition  held  in  Philadelphia  in 
1876. 


. 


THE  NEW  JERSEY  BUILDING  AT  THR  CENTENNIAL 

EXPOSITION. 


CHAPTER  VIII 
The  Days  of  "Camden  and  Ambotj 


IT  WAS  upon  February  27,  1867,  that  the 
capital  stock  of  the  joint  companies,  con- 
sisting of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal 
Company,  incorporated  1830,  and  the  Cam- 
den and  Amboy  Railroad  and  Transporta- 
tion Company,  also  incorporated  in  1830,  was  con- 
solidated with  the  capital  stock  of  the  New  Jersey 
Railroad  and  Transportation  Company,  which  lat- 
ter corporation  was  chartered  in  1832.  Under  the 
inspiration  of  Dudley  S.  Gregory  and  Russell  H. 
Ivins  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  had  secured  from 
the  " Associates  of  the  Jersey  Company"  a  con- 
trol of  their  stock,  which  gave  to  the  railroad 
company  the  enjoyment  of  the  ferry  privileges,  the 
undeveloped  possibilities  of  which,  in  1804,  had 
proved  so  attractive  to  Alexander  Hamilton. 

Even  before  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury the  directors  of  the  joint  companies  had  real- 
ized that  neither  South  Amboy  nor  the  town  of 
Perth  Amboy,  about  whose  commercial  interests 
the  East  Jersey  proprietors  had  once  been  so  act- 
ive, would  ever  become  a  commercial  rival  to 
Jersey  City.  To  reach  the  then  heart  of  New  York 
City  a  new  and  more  convenient  spot  must  be 
chosen.  But  Jersey  City  held  the  key  to  the  situa- 
tion. 

In  addition  to  the  yearly  traffic  relations  be- 
tween the  joint  companies  and  the  New  Jer- 
sey Railroad  the  acquisition  of  the  bridge  across 


126  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

the  Delaware  River  at  Trenton,  and  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Railroad, 
extending  from  Morrisville  to  Kensington,  now 
the  northern  part  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  had 
given  to  the  Camden  and  Amboy  interests  an  all- 
rail  route  from  Philadelphia  to  New  Brunswick, 
while  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  controlled  the  one 
route  thence  to  Jersey  City  and  a  monopoly  of  the 
ferries  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  River. 

Thenceforth  until  the  passage  of  the  general 
railroad  law  of  1873  political  and  legislative  war- 
fare against  the  united  companies  was  constant 
and  bitter.  The  spirit  of  contest  permeated  every 
stratum  of  society.  Most  apparent  in  State  and 
municipal  affairs,  the  fight  against  "monopoly" 
seriously  affected  social  and  mercantile  relations, 
and  even  in  the  pulpit  the  wickedness  of  the  united 
companies  was  the  subject  of  discourses  by  the 
"sensational"  ministers  of  the  day. 

While  the  domination  of  the  Camden  and  Am- 
boy Railroad  over  Central  and  Southern  New  Jer- 
sey was  complete  other  railroads  had  been  pro- 
jected and  partly  constructed,  which  had  for  their 
object  the  development  of  all  that  portion  of  New 
Jersey  north  of  the  Raritan  River  not  contiguous 
to  the  New  Jersey  Railroad.  Of  these  railroads 
the  two  most  conspicuous  were  the  Morris  and 
Essex  Railroad,  chartered  in  1835,  now  a  part  of 
the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  system, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  127 

an  act  confirming  a  lease  having  been  passed  in 
1869,  and  the  Elizabethtown  and  Somerville,  char- 
tered in  1831,  long  since  absorbed  into  the  Central 
Railroad  of  New  Jersey.  Although  both  these  cor- 
porations with  subsequent  affiliations  had  entered 
and  developed  a  region  of  New  Jersey  rich  in 
mines  and  exceedingly  fertile,  neither  the  iron  or 
zinc  ores,  nor  the  freight  and  passengers,  carried 
by  these  railroads  could  reach  New  York  City  un- 
less tribute  was  paid  to  the  New  Jersey  Railroad. 
In  the  earliest  days  neither  the  Morris  and  Essex 
Railroad  nor  the  Elizabethtown  and  Somerville 
was  possessed  of  terminals  within  the  limits  of 
Hudson  County.  Thus  it  was  that  what  is  now 
the  Central  Railroad  ran  its  cars  over  the  New 
Jersey  Railroad  from  Elizabeth  to  Jersey  City, 
while  the  Morris  and  Essex  trains  were  drawn  by 
horses  from  its  station  in  Newark  to  the  Center 
Street  station  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad,  and 
there  attached  to  Jersey  City  trains. 

At  best  such  traffic  arrangements  were  unsatis- 
factory. There  were  disputes  concerning  mileage 
of  cars  and  fares  of  passengers  which  assumed 
both  corporate  and  personal  phases.  Later  came 
the  attempts  of  both  the  Morris  and  Essex  Rail- 
road and  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  to 
secure  frontage  upon  the  Hudson  River  and  inde- 
pendent access  to  New  York  City. 

In  its  control  of  the  lowlands  of  old  Paulus 


128 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Hook  nature  had  vastly  aided  the  plans  of  the 
New  Jersey  Railroad.  South  of  the  Hook 
lay  the  "Mud  Flats"  of  South  Cove,  while  to  the 
north,  in  Hoboken,  were  available  terminal  facil- 
ities, but  separated  from  the  Hackensack  Mead- 
ows by  the  rocky  heights  of  Bergen  Hill.  To 
overcome  such  natural  obstacles  and  to  compete 
with  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  Company  were  the 
problems  presented  to  the  Morris  and  Essex  Rail- 
road and  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey. 

Of  the  many  projects  advanced  by  Commodore 
Stevens,  of  Castle  Point,  none  was  closer  to  his 
heart  than  the  construction  of  the  Morris  and 
Essex  Railroad.  He  had  entered  into  traffic  ar- 
rangements with  the  "great  monopoly"  under  a 
protest,  and  had  long  been  engaged  in  an  endeavor 
to  solve  the  engineering  problem  of  constructing 
a  tunnel  through  Bergen  Hill.  By  this  means  his 
railroad  would  reach  the  Hudson  by  an  independ- 
ent line,  with  a  terminal  on  a  part  of  his  vast  Ho- 
boken estate.  He  had,  indeed,  compromised  with 
the  New  Jersey  Company  in  making  the  Newark- 
Jersey  City  traffic  agreement,  but  later  had  be- 
come identified  with  the  promoters  of  the  New 
York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  Railroad  Company 
when  they  endeavored  to  construct  a  tunnel. 
As  a  result  of  this  acomplishment  of  his  desire 
both  the  Morris  and  Essex  and  the  Erie  Railroads 
jointly    secured    an    outlet   to    New    York    City 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  129 


through  Bergen  Hill.  It  was  this  joint  use  of  the 
tunnel  that  led  to  the  still  famous  "Frog  War" 
between  the  two  companies,  when  Governor  Ran- 
dolph was  compelled  to  call  out  the  militia  in  or- 
der to  quell  the  rioters.  In  this  "war"  the  Erie 
forces  were  under  the  direction  of  the  magnate 
"Jim"  Fisk,  of  Long  Branch  fame.  Subsequent- 
ly the  Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western  Rail- 
road Company,  as  successor  to  the  Morris  and  Es- 
sex Company,  blasted  its  own  tunnel  through  Ber- 
gen Hill. 

As  an  engineering  enterprise  the  effort  of  the 
Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  to  gain  a  frontage 
upon  the  Hudson  Rier  was  of  equal  if  not  greater 
moment.  But  one  point  was  left  for  occupancy 
—the  South  Cove,— where  sluggish  tides,  sweep- 
ing inward  from  the  sea,  submerged  flats  long 
sacred  to  oyster  planters,  gunners,  and  masters  of 
river  craft.  To  fill  South  Cove  with  refuse  from 
New  York  City  was  the  task  undertaken  by  John 
Taylor  Johnson  and  his  associates  of  the  Central 
Railroad.  Years  of  toil,  the  expenditure  of  vast 
sums  of  money,  the  angry  protests  of  residents  of 
Jersey  City  justly  annoyed  by  foul  odors  and  con- 
sequent sickness,  resulted  in  the  reclamation  of 
this  tract.  Docks,  with  miles  of  tracks,  facilities 
for  storing  and  handling  coal  and  freight,  and  a 
terminal  station  erected  upon  ancient  fishing 
grounds  gave  the  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey 

[Vol.  4] 


130  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  OOL 

an  outlet  of  its  own,  where,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Lackawanna  and  Erie  Railroads,  ferryboats  plied 
between  the  terminals  in  New  Jersey  and  its  piers 
in  New  York  City. 

In  part  the  terminal  and  ferry  monopoly  of  the 
New  Jersey  Company  had  been  broken.  It 
is  necessary  to  thus  briefly  survey  the  physical 
condition  of  these  great  interests  preparatory  to  a 
review  of  the  passage  of  the  general  railroad  law 
ere  the  full  import  of  that  measure  be  understood. 
This  plan  was  necessarily  adopted  by  William  Ed- 
gar Sackett  in  his  "Modern  Battles  of  Trenton." 

With  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  the  great  in- 
crease of  business,  the  movement  of  population, 
the  rapid  growth  of  New  York  City,  and  the  metro- 
politan area  in  New  Jersey,  the  incorporation  of 
successful  industrial  companies,  the  rapid  flux 
of  money  and  the  overweening  spirit  of  specula- 
tion—the feeling  of  opposition  to  the  Camden  and 
Amboy  Railroad  assumed  a  new  phase.  Before 
the  great  struggle  between  the  North  and  the 
South  the  opposition  to  the  monopoly  had  been 
based  to  a  degree  upon  ethical  considerations.  It 
was  a  protest  against  a  monopoly  as  such,  and  its 
political  influence,  rather  than  against  its  commer- 
cial aspect.  By  1865  the  railroad  had  become 
the  dominant  feature  in  the  industrial  life  of  the 
United  States,  and  thenceforth  opposition  to  the 
assumption  that  its  monopoly  features  were  a  bar- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  131 

rier  to  the  natural  and  proper  development  of  the 
State.  The  company  was  conservative,  and  hesi- 
tated to  extend  its  lines;  at  the  same  time  it  ex- 
ercised its  legal  right  to  prevent  this  invasion  of 
its  territory  by  rival  companies,  and,  most  of  all, 
by  its  chief  competitor,  the  New  Jersey  Railroad 
and  Transportation  Company.  The  near  approach 
of  the  expiration  of  the  monopoly  feature  of  the 
charter  of  the  former  stimulated  new  competitors 
to  enter  the  field.  Chief  among  these  was  the  Cen- 
tral Railroad  of  New  Jersey,  which  was  looked 
upon  as  the  main  dependence  in  aid  of  a  series  of 
opposition  enterprises.  These,  under  various 
auspices  and  in  various  guises,  appeared  before 
the  New  Jersey  Legislature  as  applicants  for 
special  charters,  the  only  method  in  this  State  then 
employed  to  secure  incorporation  of  railroads. 

Before  the  Civil  War  a  plan  had  been  devised  to 
construct  a  railroad  in  opposition  to  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Company.  In  1854  a  charter  had  been 
secured  by  the  Torrey  interests  for  the  Raritan 
and  Delaware  Bay  Railroad,  designed  to  start  at 
Port  Monmouth  on  the  north  shore  of  Monmouth 
County,  and  thence  extending  in  a  general  south- 
easterly direction  to  Cape  May  City.  On  the  op- 
posite side  of  Delaware  Bay  the  railroad  was  pro- 
jected along  the  "Eastern  Shore"  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia  to  Norfolk,  and  a  branch  line  to  a 
point  opposite  Baltimore.    The  enthusiastic  pro- 


132  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  OOL 

jectors  of  this  railroad  hoped  to  capture  trade 
from  the  Southern  States,  with  powerful  steam- 
boats transferring  passengers  across  Delaware 
Bay  and  from  Port  Monmouth  to  New  York  City. 
In  New  Jersey  the  course  of  the  road  was  later  ex- 
tended through  the  heart  of  the  ' '  Pines, ' '  unculti- 
vated and  unsettled.  With  the  exception  of 
Bridgeton  no  town  of  importance  lay  upon  the 
route,  and  small  wonder  it  was  that  the  railroad 
was  ultimately  built  in  sections,  and  in  spite  of 
the  later  influence  of  Jay  Gould,  with  his  New 
Jersey  Southern  Railroad  of  1870,  never  realized 
any  of  the  bold  aims  of  its  promoters.  It  was  up- 
on this  railroad  scheme  that  the  Torrey  interest 
borrowed  nearly  a  half  million  dollars  from  the 
Bank  of  England,  and  the  foreclosure  of  the  mort- 
gage created  as  great  an  interest  in  European 
financial  circles  as  it  did  in  the  New  Jersey  court 
of  equity. 

The  plan  of  constructing  a  rival  railroad 
through  the  inhospitable  " Pines"  having  failed 
to  accomplish  its  purpose,  the  "  anti-monopolists ' ' 
turned  to  that  territory  lying  between  Trenton 
and  Bound  Brook.  The  Central  Railroad  of  New 
Jersey  in  its  road  from  Jersey  City  to  Easton  ex- 
tended southwesterly  from  the  Hudson  to  Bound 
Brook,  at  which  point  it  was  nearest  to  the  City 
of  Philadelphia.  In  the  meantime  the  so-called 
"National  Line,,  or  "Air  Line"  had  been  pro- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  133 


jected  from  Philadelphia  to  Yardley,  Pennsyl- 
vania, a  village  situated  on  the  Delaware  four 
miles  northwest  of  Trenton.  To  connect  Yardley 
with  Bound  Brook  was  the  problem  which  tore  the 
State  into  dissenting  factions  and  made  New  Jer- 
sey the  "battleground  of  railroad  giants."  Not 
only  New  Jersey  but  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
were  aroused.  The  press  of  the  great  cities  com- 
plained bitterly  of  the  policy  of  New  Jersey,  which 
required  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  to 
pay  transit  duties,  "taken  from  the  pockets  of  its 
New  York  and  Philadelphia  patrons,"  in  lieu  of 
taxes.  So  intensely  were  the  people  stirred  that 
Governor  Randolph,  in  a  special  message  sent  to 
the  Legislature  in  1869,  urged  the  principle  of  a 
just  and  uniform  rate  of  taxation  upon  all  rail- 
road and  canal  companies,  a  doctrine  later  ad- 
vocated under  different  conditions  by  Governor 
Leon  Abbett,  and  which  led  to  the  railroad  and 
canal  uniform  taxation  act  of  1884.  Under  the 
stimulus  of  the  governor's  recommendation  a  tax 
of  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  was  imposed  upon  the 
cost  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  and  other  com- 
panies, in  lieu  of  transit  duties,  to  remain  oper- 
ative until  a  general  railroad  tax  law  should  be 
passed.  The  session  of  1870  saw  the  introduction 
of  a  bill,  introduced  under  "anti-monopoly"  in- 
terests, designed  to  unite  the  Central  Railroad  and 
the  National  line.     This  legislation  was  rivalled 


134  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

by  an  act  incorporating  the  now  abandoned  ' '  Mer- 
oer  and  Somerset  Railroad  Company,"  which 
named  Camden  and  Amboy  men  as  directors. 
They  sought  to  construct  a  railroad  in  the  same 
location  designed  to  be  occupied  by  the  "anti- 
monopoly"  promoters.  The  contest  ended  with 
the  Camden  and  Amboy  Company  still  in  power. 
In  the  year  1871  the  united  companies  and  the 
Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Railroad  Company, 
with  all  their  vast  interests,  passed  by  lease  for 
nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine  years  into  the  hands 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company.  The 
transfer  of  these  properties  marked  the  culmina- 
tion of  the  political  power  of  the  old  "monopoly." 
Nearly  forty  years  had  passed  since  the  "John 
Bull,"  with  its  whisky  barrel  on  its  tender,  had 
steamed  over  the  bit  of  track  east  of  Bordentown. 
Under  the  stimulus  of  the  "monopoly"  the  State 
of  New  Jersey  south  of  the  Raritan  River  had  se- 
cured direct  methods  of  transportation.  Thus  by 
1869  there  had  been  absorbed  into  the  "Camden 
and  Amboy"  the  Camden  and  Burlington  County 
Railroad,  branch  lines  to  Vincentown,  to  Med- 
ford  and  Marlton,  with  connections  from  Kinkora 
to  New  Lisbon.  A  fertile  agricultural  county  be- 
tween Pemberton  and  Hightstown  had  been 
opened  to  the  world.  In  the  valley  of  the  Raritan 
the  Perth  Amboy  and  Woodbridge  Railroad  had 
been  built  in  1855,  a  branch  line  to  Rocky  Hill 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  135 

had  been  constructed,  while  as  early  as  1851  the 
Freehold  and  Jamesburg  Agricultural  Railroad 
had  been  chartered.  In  1836  the  Belvidere  and 
Delaware  Railroad  was  incorporated,  and  in  1849 
a  branch  from  Lambertville  to  Flemington  was  au- 
thorized. While  some  of  these  corporations  for 
years  retained  a  positive  identity  their  affiliations 
with  the  joint  companies  were  always  of  a  most 
intimate  character. 

To  Camden  and  Amboy  influences  were  due  the 
extension  of  that  system  of  roads  through  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  now  embraced  within 
the  West  Jersey  and  Seashore  system.  The  West 
Jersey  Railroad  was  incorporated  in  1853,  with 
power  to  construct  a  line  from  Camden  to  Cape 
May.  Allied  interests  built  the  Millville  and 
Glassboro,  chartered  in  1859,  the  Cape  May  and 
Millville,  incorporated  in  1863,  with  branches  later 
constructed  to  Salem,  Swedesboro,  and  Bridgeton. 
By  1869  the  system  was  complete,  while  a  single 
opposition  line,  the  Camden  and  Atlantic,  char- 
tered in  1852,  found  Atlantic  City's  business  so  un- 
profitable that  in  1858  the  Legislature  authorized 
the  sheriffs  of  those  two  counties  to  sell  the  road. 

In  the  central  and  northern  portions  of  the  State 
the  united  companies  had  acquired  other  valuable 
interests.  Under  its  direction  had  passed  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Orange  and  Newark,  the  Belleville  and 
Newark,  and  the  Trenton  horse  car  lines,  the 


136  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

bridges  used  by  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  Com- 
pany over  the  Passaic  and  Hackensack  Rivers, 
the  Newark  plank  road,  the  Newark  turnpike,  the 
Essex  and  Middlesex  turnpike,  and  the  Trenton 
and  New  Brunswick  turnpike,  with  the  Camden 
and  Philadelphia  and  the  West  Jersey  ferry  com- 
panies. Within  half  a  century  these  various  en- 
terprises had  been  instituted,  and  then  by  lease, 
by  control  of  stock,  or  by  representation  upon 
boards  of  direction  under  plans  for  what  has  later 
been  known  as  " community  of  interests"  the 
Camden  and  Amboy  and  New  Jersey  Raliroads 
grew  into  a  powerful,  vigorous  organization— an 
iron  link  between  the  two  most  influential  cities 
in  the  United  States. 

The  consolidation  of  capital  stock  of  the  joint 
companies  and  the  New  Jersey  Railroad  and 
Transportation  Company,  upon  February  27, 1867, 
led  to  a  change  of  name  of  these  allied  interests. 
The  new  corporation  was  henceforth  officially 
called  the  United  New  Jersey  Railroad  and  Canal 
Company.  These  three  companies,  together  with 
the  Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Railroad  Company, 
on  June  30,  1871,  executed  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Company  a  nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine 
year  lease,  which  lease  was  validated  upon  March 
27,  1873.  Thus  begins  the  history  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

The  advent  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Com- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  137 

pany  threw  that  corporation  into  the  midst  of  a 
political  strife  which  was  being  waged  between 
the  Democrats  and  the  Republicans.  In  1870  the 
Democrats  had  controlled  both  legislative  houses, 
and,  fearing  their  opponents,  had  prepared  a 
"gerrymander"  to  obtain  a  majority  of  the  sixty 
members  of  Assembly,  the  apportionment  being 
based  upon  the  returns  of  the  federal  census  of 
1870.  The  Democratic  Legislature,  owing  to  polit- 
ical causes,  having  failed  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
posed "gerrymander,"  the  Republican  party 
plunged  into  the  fight  for  immediate  political  con- 
trol, as  well  as  to  secure  a  successor  for  United 
States  Senator  Alexander  Gr.  Cattell.  Into  this 
contest  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company  en- 
tered, and  the  roll  call  of  the  House  of  Assembly 
and  Senate  in  1871  showed  a  majority  of  Repub- 
lican members. 

Owing  to  the  activities  of  partisan  legislation, 
of  which  the  creation  of  the  Hudson  County 
"Horseshoe"  was  a  notable  example,  the  "oppo- 
sition" railroad  interest  contented  itself  with  at- 
tacking the  Camden  and  Amboy-Pennsylvania 
lease,  and  boldly  but  hopelessly  demanded  a  char- 
ter for  a  line  connecting  Philadelphia  and  New 
York.  The  time-honored  policy  of  the  "National" 
influence,  that  of  securing  charters  for  piecemeal 
roads  and  finally  uniting  them  in  a  single  sys- 


138  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

tern,  was  forever  abandoned.  Thus  the  issue  was 
joined. 

The  session  of  1872  was  devoted  largely  to  rail- 
road legislation,  both  houses  being  Republican. 
At  the  outset  the  anti-Pennsylvania  Railroad  ele- 
ments relied  upon  filibustering  tactics.  The 
sentiment  of  the  State  was  drifting  toward  the  en- 
actment of  a  general  railroad  law  and  the  aboli- 
tion of  special  charters,  whether  granted  to  com- 
panies engaged  in  transportation  or  industrial  en- 
terprises. A  familiar  resolution  was  adopted  call- 
ing for  an  investigation  of  the  lease  entered  into 
between  the  united  companies  and  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Railroad  Company.  This  motion  was  with- 
drawn but  a  short  time  before  the  Philadelphia 
and  New  York  Railroad  rushed  through  the  House 
of  Assembly  its  charter  in  opposition  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  Company,  a  measure  which  met 
defeat  in  the  Senate,  during  the  month  of  March. 

Then  came  the  crucial  test.  The  session  of 
1873  was  made  memorable  by  the  contest  between 
great  corporations,  and  after  a  long  struggle  there 
was  finally  enacted,  upon  the  2d  of  April,  the 
general  railroad  law,  which  gave  to  the  competi- 
tors of  the  united  companies  the  right  to  cross  the 
State  and  construct  their  lines  between  the  Cities 
of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 


CHAPTER   IX 
Constitutional  Amendments  of  1875 


IT  HAD  become  evident  to  far-sighted  men 
as  early  as  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  that 
a  revision  of  the  then  existing  State  con- 
stitution was  necessary.  The  abolition  of 
special  privileges,  as  exemplified  in  the 
charter  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  Com- 
pany, was  the  main  object  to  be  secured,  although 
a  similar  objection  had  arisen  concerning  special 
legislation  authorizing  the  existence  of  industrial 
corporations.  Other  reforms  were  in  contempla- 
tion—collateral reforms  incident  to  any  period, 
when  a  people  seek  to  rid  themselves  of  a  single 
evil,  the  existence  of  which  is  either  real  or  as- 
sumed. 

Governor  Joel  Parker,  in  his  diplomatic  but 
resolute  way,  brought  the  subject  to  an  issue  in 
his  annual  message  submitted  to  the  Legislature 
during  the  session  of  1873.  He  briefly  stated  the 
gist  of  the  matter  when  he  wrote:  "The  State 
Constitution  should  require  general  laws  and  for- 
bid the  enactment  of  all  special  or  private  laws 
embracing  subjects  where  general  laws  can  be 
made  applicable. ' '  During  the  session  of  1872 
one  hundred  pages  of  the  pamphlet  laws  contained 
all  those  of  a  public  character,  while  the  special 
and  private  laws  occupied  over  twelve  hundred 
and  fifty  pages  of  the  same  book.  Equal  taxation 
and  general  laws  for  the  government  of  munici- 
pal corporations  were  also  recommended. 


142  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  OOL 

The  Republican  Legislature  of  that  year  so  far 
concurred  in  Governor  Parker's  suggestion  as  to 
provide  for  the  appointment  of  a  bipartisan  con- 
stitutional commission  by  the  governor.  Based 
upon  a  Democratic  precedent,  in  1870,  when  that 
party  had  created  a  police  commission  in  Newark, 
and  had  re-introduced  the  ancient  principle  of 
selection  of  municipal  officers  by  the  joint 
meeting,  the  Republicans  had  taken  a  like 
course  regarding  Jersey  City,  with  most  disastrous 
results.  From  the  maladministration  of  certain 
officials  the  municipal  affairs  of  Jersey  City  were 
becoming  a  scandal,  and  the  various  "Boards" 
governing  the  town  were  charged  with  corruption, 
fraud,  and  extravagance. 

The  advisory  constitutional  commission  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Parker,  under  a  resolution  of 
April  4,  1873,  consisted  of  fourteen  representative 
men,  two  from  each  of  the  congressional  districts. 
On  the  24th  of  that  month  the  governor  nominated 
these  members  of  the  commission:  Benjamin  F. 
Carter, Woodbury;  Samuel  H.  Grey, Camden;  Mer- 
cer Beasley,  Trenton;  John  C.  Ten  Eyck,  Mount 
Holly;  Robert  S.  Green,  Elizabeth;  John  F.  Bab- 
cock,  New  Brunswick;  Martin  Ryerson  and  Jacob 
L.  Swayze,  Newton;  Augustus  W.  Cutler,  Morris- 
town;  Benjamin  Buckley,  Paterson;  Theodore 
Runyon  and  John  W.  Taylor,  Newark;  Abraham 
O.  Zabriskie  and  Robert  Gilchrist,  Jersey  City. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  143 

From  the  commission  there  were  several  resigna- 
tions and  declinations.  Mercer  Beasley  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Philemon  Dickinson,  of  Trenton ;  Martin 
Ryerson  by  Joseph  Thompson,  of  Somerset ;  Theo- 
dore Runyon  by  George  J.  Ferry,  of  Orange ;  Rob- 
ert Gilchrist  by  William  Brinkerhoff,  of  Jersey 
City ;  and  John  W.  Taylor  by  Algernon  S.  Hubbell, 
of  Newark.  Ex-Chancellor  Abraham  0.  Zabriskie 
had  been  unanimously  chosen  as  president  of  the 
convention,  but,  his  death  occurring,  his  place  was 
filled  by  Dudley  S.  Gregory,  of  Jersey  City.  The 
secretaries  of  the  convention  were  Joseph  L.  Naar 
and  Edward  J.  Anderson,  both  of  Trenton.  The 
commission  sat  from  May  8  to  December  23d,  1873. 
Although  strongly  pressed  to  take  action  upon 
the  question  of  senatorial  representation  the  com- 
mission failed  to  act.  The  intense  conservatism  of 
the  rural  portions  of  the  State  had  developed  a 
spirit  of  "county  rights,"  which  had  found  expres- 
sion even  during  the  colonial  period,  when  the 
crown's  governors  recommended  the  distribution 
of  members  of  their  Councils,  as  equally  as  possi- 
ble, among  the  more  influential  counties.  With 
the  revolutionary  constitution  of  1776  each  county 
was  entitled  to  its  member  of  Council,  in  this  man- 
ner securing  an  equal  voting  privilege  for  every 
county  represented  in  the  Council,  a  custom  con- 
tinued by  the  constitution  of  1844.  There  were, 
however,  but  few  questions,  affecting  New  Jer- 


144  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

sey's  interests,  connected  with  constitutional  re- 
form that  the  commission  did  not  discuss.  A  sug- 
gestion favoring  biennial  sessions  of  the  Legisla- 
ture was  lost,  and  the  proposition  that  a  two- 
thirds  vote  should  override  the  governor's  veto 
was  killed  by  a  tie  vote.  The  school  question  also 
appeared  for  discussion.  Under  the  provisions  of 
the  statute  school  moneys  are  raised  by  tax  based 
on  valuations  returned  from  the  several  counties 
of  the  State,  and  are  redistributed  by  the  State 
among  the  various  counties,  the  children  of  the 
counties  forming  the  basis  of  computation.  Epi- 
grammatically  this  idea  was  well  expressed  by 
William  Edgar  Sackett  in  his  "  Modern  Battles  of 
Trenton,"  when  he  said  that  in  its  practical  oper- 
ation the  county  that  has  more  dollars  than  school 
children  contributes  to  the  maintenance  of  schools 
in  counties  that  have  more  children  than  dollars. 
Opposition  was  expressed  on  the  contention  that 
the  moneys,  having  been  raised  on  valuations, 
should  be  re-apportioned  on  valuations.  But  no 
recommendation  was  made. 

Although  an  amendment  authorizing  the  Legis- 
lature to  take  from  any  persons  and  corporations 
any  special  privileges  they  enjoyed  was  defeated, 
the  commission  recommended,  and  saw  adopted, 
an  amendment  forbidding  the  Legislature  to  pass 
any  private,  local,  or  special  laws  regulating  the 
internal  affairs  of  towns  and  counties.    An  amend- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  145 

ment  was  also  advocated,  and  later  adopted,  pro- 
hibiting the  appointment  of  local  officers  or  com- 
missions to  regulate  municipal  affairs,  concern- 
ing which  subjects  the  House  of  Assembly  and 
Senate  were  directed  to  pass  general  laws.  It  is 
upon  these  two  provisions  that  a  large  amount 
of  litigation  has  arisen,  every  word  and  phrase, 
as  well  as  the  spirit  of  these  provisions,  having 
been  subjected  to  judicial  determination. 

With  the  discussion  of  these  most  important 
and  many  minor  matters  the  constitutional  com- 
mission submitted  its  report  to  the  Legislature  of 
1874,  a  body,  on  joint  ballot,  overwhelmingly  Ee- 
publican.  The  commissioners,  said  Governor 
Parker  in  his  annual  message,  had  been  animated 
by  patriotism,  wisdom,  and  discretion,  and  were 
particularly  free  from  local  prejudice  and  par- 
tisanship. 

The  Legislature  rejected  a  number  of  the  com- 
mission's recommendations,  but  accepted  the  pro- 
visions prohibiting  special  legislation  for  munici- 
pal corporations,  directing  that  taxable  property 
shall  be  assessed  under  general  laws  and  by  uni- 
form rules,  according  to  its  true  value,  and  pro- 
hibiting State  grants  to  any  municipal  corpora- 
tion, society,  association,  or  industrial  corporation. 

Before  the  constitutional  amendments  reached 
the  Legislature  of  1875  the  State  was  plunged  into 
a  gubernatorial  contest,  and  in  spite  of  the  wealth 

[VOL  4] 


146 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


and  influence  of  the  Republican  nominee,  George 
A.  Halsey,  he  was  defeated  by  Joseph  D.  Bedle 
by  a  large  majority.  While  George  A.  Halsey  was 
unquestionably  opposed  to  the  methods  employed 
in  the  administration  of  Jersey  City's  affairs 
Joseph  D.  Bedle  presiding  in  the  Hudson  County 
courts  as  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
had  sent  many  of  the  participants  in  jobbery  to 
State  Prison.  As  a  result  the  excitement  caused 
by  political  misdeeds  in  Jersey  City,  and  subordi- 
nate issues,  led  to  the  election  of  a  Democratic 
House  of  Assembly,  the  Republicans  remaining  in 
control  of  the  Senate. 

The  subject  of  constitutional  revision  was  dis- 
cussed by  Governor  Bedle  in  his  inaugural  ad- 
dress. He  had  noticed  the  failure  of  legislative 
commissions  selected  by  the  States  of  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  for  the  purposes  of  governing 
municipalities,  and  summed  up  the  situation  in 
trite  phrase  by  hoping  to  see  the  day  when  every 
city  in  the  State  should  be  governed  by  a  general 
law,  guaranteeing  to  it  local  self-government. 
The  session  became  vastly  stirred  concerning  the 
so-called  ''Catholic  Protectory' '  bill  and  the  "Lib- 
erty of  Conscience"  act,  two  measures  which  later 
precipitated  a  violent  religious  controversy  and 
which,  reflected  at  the  special  election  held  Sep- 
tember 7,  1875,  led  to  the  adoption  of  every  con- 


Josepn  Oorsett  Bedle,  L.L.D.,  ft.  Middletown  Point 
(Matawan),  N.  J.,  Jan.  S,  1821;  lawyer  1863;  ap- 
pointed associate  Justice  New  Jersey  Supreme  Court 
1S«6;  governor  of  the  State  187S-78;  d.  Oct.  11,  1894 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  147 

stitutional  amendment  by  a  majority  of  forty  thou- 
sand. 

The  abolishment  of  special  legislation  and  the 
attempt  to  meet  the  situation  led  to  the  passage 
of  general  laws  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the 
constitution  and  the  needs  of  municipalities. 
"Poor,  afflicted  Jersey  City,"  said  one  of  those 
who  had  made  a  special  study  of  the  period, 
"found  herself  in  fresh  embarrassments.  There 
was  no  other  city  in  the  State  whose  affairs  were 
administered  by  legislative  commissions,  and 
any  act  intended  to  relieve  her  of  hers  was  neces- 
sarily special  and  local  and  consequently  re- 
pugnant to  the  new  constitutional  require- 
ments. ' '  Subsequently  relief  came  to  Jersey  City, 
when  an  act  was  passed  under  which,  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  principle  of  home  rule,  the  great 
municipality  upon  the  Hudson  River  became  freed 
from  those  political  conditions  to  which  her  citi- 
zens objected. 

The  line  between  general  and  special  legisla- 
tion, particularly  in  matters  affecting  municipal 
corporations,  was  at  first  broad  and  often  ill-de- 
fined. A  score  of  devices,  apparently  innocent,  so 
cleverly  were  they  formulated,  were  adopted  to 
secure  some  favored  locality  special  privileges 
under  the  guise  of  a  general  act.  The  matter  dis- 
turbed the  State,  and  was  presented  at  every  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  until,  under  legislative  an- 


148  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

thority,  provision  was  made  for  further  amend- 
ments to  the  constitution.  Commissioners  for  that 
purpose  were  appointed  in  1881;  Leon  Abbett  H. 
N.  Congar,  and  John  T.  Bird.  To  act  with  these 
commissioners  Barker  Gummere  and  Holmes  W. 
Murphy  had  been  selected  by  the  House  of  Assem- 
bly and  John  J.  Gardner  and  Thomas  S.  McKean 
had  been  chosen  by  the  Senate.  The  recommenda- 
tions of  the  commission  were  never  adopted. 

Three  acts,  the  outgrowth  of  the  work  of  the 
constitutional  convention  of  1873,  are  of  essential 
interest  and  importance.  These  are  a  series  of  stat- 
utes passed  for  the  classification  of  counties,  ap- 
proved February  7,1883 ;  of  cities,  approved  March 
4, 1882 ;  and  of  boroughs,  approved  March  23, 1883. 
Under  these  acts  groups  of  counties  are  classed  by 
population,  there  being  four  classes.  There  are 
four  classes  of  cities,  and  three  classes  of  bor- 
oughs. Thus  the  first  class  of  counties  are  those 
having  a  population  exceeding  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand,  Hudson  and  Essex  being  thus  in- 
cluded, as  Newark  and  Jersey  City  are  the  only 
municipal  corporations  represented  among  first- 
class  cities.  Legislation,  it  has  been  held  by  the 
courts,  may  affect  such  classes  without  being  un- 
constitutional. 


CHAPTER  X 
Recent  Changes  in  the  Constitution 


FOR  many  years  a  racetrack,  attracting 
fashionable  folk  and  their  money, 
had  been  established  near  Long 
Branch,  not  to  mention  minor  tracks 
which  from  time  to  time,  in  various 
parts  of  the  State,  had  experienced  transient  and 
sometimes  locally  brilliant  careers.  Although 
there  was  betting  upon  the  speed  of  horses  at  Mon- 
mouth racecourse,  nevertheless  the  laws  against 
gambling  were  but  lightly  enforced.  Monmouth 
racetrack  had  become  an  institution,  in  that  legis- 
lative protection  in  the  matters  of  pool  selling  and 
racetrack  betting  had  been  extended  to  these  mid- 
summer "  meets.* ' 

The  success  of  Monmouth  course  had  led,  before 
1891,  to  the  establishment  of  two  other  racetracks 
in  New  Jersey— one  at  Guttenberg,  with  a  large 
New  York  City  patronage,  the  other  at  Gloucester, 
which  attracted  the  attention  of  Philadelphians. 
The  two  tracks  became  extremely  profitable  ven- 
tures, so  much  so,  indeed,  that  they  were  politically 
powerful,  and  consequently  met  with  censure  from 
the  press  and  from  the  bench.  Moreover,  whereas 
the  racing  at  Monmouth  had  been  generally  re- 
garded as  " respectable' '  and  honest  contests  of 
horseflesh,  the  exhibitions  at  Guttenberg  and 
Gloucester  were  particularly  denounced  as  the 
merest  travesties  of  racing,  and  largely  as  acces- 
sories to  the  betting  at  pool-rooms  all  over  the 


152  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

country.  In  the  meantime  Monmouth  course  had 
been  deprived  of  such  legislation  as  had  been  bene- 
ficial, and  sought  to  reopen  its  gates  by  the  intro- 
duction, in  1891,  of  a  bill  removing  racecourse  bet- 
ting booths  from  the  category  of  disorderly  houses. 

Then  followed  a  movement  as  remarkable  as  it 
was  spontaneous.  The  act  which  would  exempt 
Monmouth  course  also  applied  to  a  racetrack  be- 
ing laid  out  at  Linden,  near  Elizabeth.  The  stat- 
ute of  1891  had  moved  quietly  through  both 
houses,  had  gone  to  Governor  Abbett  unopposed, 
and  was  ready  for  his  action.  In  Elizabeth  was 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Kempshall,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
actively  opposed  to  gambling,  who,  being  informed 
of  the  state  of  affairs,  within  three  days  organized 
the  Anti-Racetrack  League,  of  which  he  was  presi- 
dent, and  by  its  influence  persuaded  Governor  Ab- 
bett to  withhold  his  signature  from  the  measure. 

In  the  legislative  session  of  1893  there  was  a  ma- 
jority of  members  favorable  to  the  influences  of 
the  Guttenberg  and  Gloucester  racetracks.  To 
secure  permanency  of  gambling  at  horse  races  it 
was  necessary  that  effective  legislation  be  passed. 
First  an  offer  was  made  that  one  half  of  the  gate 
money  should  be  paid  to  the  State  for  racetrack 
licenses,  this  act  being  defeated  by  a  popular 
demonstration  made  in  the  capital.  Then  three 
bills  were  introduced— one  permitting  authorities 
of  a  county  or  town  to  license  a  racetrack  located 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  153 

within  its  limits,  another  which  declared  that  a 
racetrack  where  bets  were  made  was  not  a  disor- 
derly house,  and  a  third  imposing  light  fines  upon 
those  who  violated  the  anti-gambling  laws  of  New 
Jersey.  The  acts  had  been  passed,  with  great 
rapidity,  by  the  House  of  Assembly,  had  been  but 
slightly  delayed  by  the  Hoffman-Riddle  contest  in 
the  Senate,  and,  having  been  passed  by  that  body, 
went  to  Governor  George  T.  Werts  for  his  ac- 
tion. He  promptly  vetoed  the  bills.  But  before 
the  Anti-Racetrack  League  and  its  allied  kindred 
organizations  could  be  represented  en  masse  in 
Trenton  the  House  of  Assembly  and  Senate  passed 
the  three  bills  over  the  governor's  veto. 

Trenton  became  a  storm  center.  The  leaguers, 
early  in  March,  came  to  Trenton,  filled  the 
House  of  Assembly,  overflowed  to  a  local 
theater,  where  State  and  county  organization  was 
effected,  and  speeches  were  made  amid  intense  en- 
thusiasm, in  which  the  racetracks,  their  interests, 
and  their  legislation  were  subjected  to  the  bitter- 
est invective  and  denunciation.  As  a  result  of 
this  meeting  a  notable  committee  of  citizens  went- 
before  the  House  of  Assembly  to  urge  the  passage 
of  " repealer s"— acts  which  never  left  the  commit- 
tees to  which  they  had  been  committed.  Then 
came  disagreement,  so  it  is  said,  between  the  man- 
agements of  Guttenberg  and  Gloucester  courses, 
the  former  having  its  profitable  season  only  in 


154  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

the  winter,  owing  to  competition  in  spring,  sum- 
mer, and  autumn.  Thus  it  was  that  the  act  forbid- 
ding winter  racing  was  prepared,  on  the  authority 
of  Mr.  Sackett,  under  the  direction  of  the  Glouces- 
ter influences. 

But  temporarily  at  least  the  racetracks  had  won 
the  battle.  Attempts  were  being  made  to  open 
tracks  under  permission  from  town  and  county  au- 
thorities. Clifton,  in  Passaic  County,  the  old  Mon- 
mouth course,  Guttenberg,  Gloucester,  and  pos- 
sibly Linden  were  preparing  for  racing.  Then 
came  the  gubernatorial  election  of  1892,  resulting 
in  the  election  of  George  T.  Werts,  Democrat,  by 
a  plurality  of  7,625.  The  Democrats  had,  in  1891, 
ingeniously  redistricted  the  State  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  secure,  as  they  believed,  forty-four  of  the 
sixty  Assembly  districts,  but  the  Republican  party 
was  swept  into  power  in  the  session  of  1894  with 
a  popular  majority  of  nearly  thirty  thousand  and 
thirty-nine  members  of  the  Assembly.  Following 
the  election  came  a  decision  from  the  Supreme 
Court,  from  which  tribunal  an  opinion  con- 
cerning the  legality  of  the  redistricting  bill 
had  been  sought,  that  the  system  of  electing  as- 
semblymen within  district  lines  was  not  lawful, 
and  that  to  be  in  consonance  with  the  require- 
ments of  the  State  constitution  the  Assembly  dele- 
gations must  be  elected  on  a  "general  county 
ticket"— the  system  at  present  (1902)  in  use. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  155 

Now  came  a  contest  for  the  control  of  the  Sen- 
ate with  its  one  Republican  majority.  The  claim 
was  made  by  the  Democrats  that  the  Senate  was 
a  continuous  body,  that  the  nine  Democratic  and 
four  Republican  "hold  over,,  Senators  were  the 
constitutional  judges  of  the  qualifications  and  cre- 
dentials of  the  newly-elected  members  of  that 
body.  The  story  of  the  manner  in  which  the  Re- 
publicans obtained  control  of  the  Senate  is  but  re- 
cent history ;  of  how  physical  force  was  opposed  by 
physical  force  in  the  broad  entrance  to  the  Senate, 
and  how  eventually  eleven  Republican  senators, 
the  seven  newly-elected  and  the  four  "hold  overs," 
forced  their  way,  on  that  January  afternoon  in 
1894  to  their  seats.  Then  it  was  that,  organiza- 
tion having  been  effected,  by  both  " Senates" — 
Governor  George  T.  Werts  decided  to  recognize 
only  the  "Continuous  Senate,"  and  a  memorable 
deadlock  ensued.  Promptly  came  an  appeal  to 
the  Supreme  Court,  which  held  that  the  Senate 
of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  was  not  a  con- 
tinuous body,  that  the  credentials  of  the  newly- 
elected  members  constituted  a  title  to  their  seats, 
and  that  the  president  of  the  "Continuous  Sen- 
ate" was  not  president  of  that  body. 

It  was  under  such  political  conditions  that  a 
constitutional  commission  was  selected  by  Gov- 
ernor George  T.  Werts  in  the  early  summer  of 
1894.    The  Legislature  had  responded  to  a  call  for 


156  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

changes  in  the  organic  law,  the  demand  being 
made  for  an  altered  system  of  jurisprudence  and 
for  the  election  of  certain  officers  by  the  people. 
It  was  a  manifestation  of  that  constant  attempt 
to  democratize  the  bench,  and  remove  the  last 
vestiges  of  colonial  methods  of  centralizing  pow- 
er in  the  hands  of  the  governor.  In  pursuance  of 
a  joint  resolution  of  the  Legislature  approved 
May  17,  1894,  the  following  nominations  were  con- 
firmed by  the  Senate : 

At  Large— John  P.  Stockton,  Trenton;  Allan  L. 
McDermott,  Jersey  City;  Samuel  H.  Grey,  Cam- 
den; and  William  Walter  Phelps,  Englewood; 
while  from  the  eight  congressional  districts  were 
chosen  George  Hires,  Salem;  Howard  Carrow, 
Camden;  William  M.  Lanning,  Trenton;  Edward 
D.  Stokes,  Mount  Holly;  Henry  Mitchell,  Asbury 
Park;  George  C.  Ludlow,  New  Brunswick;  John 
Franklin  Fort,  East  Orange ;  Carman  F.  Randolph, 
Morristown;  Garret  A.  Hobart,  Paterson;  John 
D.  Probst,  Englewood ;  Edward  Balbach,  Jr.,  and 
Frederick  Frelinghuysen,  Newark;  Edwin  A. 
Stevens,  Hoboken;  Joseph  D.  Bedle,  Jersey  City; 
John  Kean,  Jr.,  Elizabeth;  John  McC.  Morrow, 
Newark.  Messrs.  Hobart  and  Balbach  declined 
to  serve  on  the  commission,  and  their  places  were 
filled  by  the  appointment  of  Eugene  Emley,  of 
Paterson,  and  E.  Cortlandt  Drake,  of  Newark. 

On  Tuesday,  June  5th,  the  commission  met  in 


William  Waiter  Phelps,  L.L.D.,  b.  New  York  CUy, 
Aug.  24,  1833 ;  grad.  Yale  College  1360  and  Columb'a 
Law  School  1SC3 ;  member  of  Congress  1873-75  jd 
18S2-88;  minister  to  Vienna  1881-82;  minister  to  J«r- 
many  1829-9?. ;  d.  June  17,  1894. 


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ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  157 

the  Senate  chamber  at  Trenton,  and  organized  by 
the  election  of  Samuel  H.  Grey  as  president; 
George  C.  Lndlow,  vice-president,  and  Joseph  L. 
Naar,  of  Trenton,  secretary.  The  last  session  of 
the  commission  was  held  on  September  25th.  Sev- 
eral amendments  were  suggested  by  the  commis- 
sion and  submitted,  through  the  governor,  to  the 
Legislature,  none  of  which  were  adopted  by  that 
body. 

The  anti-racetrack  agitation  found  its  final  ex- 
pression in  one  of  three  amendments  to  the  consti- 
tution adopted  at  a  special  election  held  in  Sep- 
tember 28,  1897.  Upon  that  day  by  a  vote  of 
70,443  to  69,642— a  majority  of  801,— the  follow- 
ing amendment  was  adopted: 

No  lottery  shall  be  authorized  by  the  legislature  or  otherwise  in 
this  State,  and  no  ticket  in  any  lottery  shall  be  bought  or  sold 
within  this  State,  nor  shall  pool-selling,  book-making  or  gambling 
of  any  kind  be  authorized  or  allowed  within  this  State,  nor  shall 
any  gambling  device,  practice  or  game  of  chance  now  prohibited 
by  law  be  legalized,  or  the  remedy,  penalty  or  punishment  now 
provided  therefor  be  in  any  way  diminished. 

To  restrain  the  appointing  power  of  the  gov- 
ernor another  amendment  was  adopted  the  same 
day  by  a  vote  of  73,722  to  66,296.  It  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

No  person  who  shall  have  been  nominated  to  the  Senate  by  the 
governor  for  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  government  of 
this  State,  and  shall  not  have  been  confirmed  before  the  recess  of 
the  legislature,  shall  be  eligible  for  appointment  to  such  office 
during  the  continuance  of  such  recess. 


158  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

The  same  election  also  disposed  of  the  question 
of  woman's  suffrage.  An  amendment  authorizing 
women  to  vote  at  any  school  meeting  held  in  any 
school  district  of  this  State,  in  which  she  might  re- 
side, for  members  of  boards  of  education  and  all 
other  school  officers  was  defeated,  the  affirmative 
vote  being  65,021  and  the  negative  75,170.  The 
amendments  adopted  became  a  part  of  the  consti- 
tution on  October  26,  1897,  the  date  of  the  gov- 
ernor's proclamation  to  that  effect. 


CHAPTER    XI 
A  State  Battle  of  Ballots— 1862-1885 


IN  THE  setting  forth,  of  the  general  yet 
salient  features  of  the  political  history  of 
New  Jersey  from  1862  to  1902— in  this 
and  the  following  chapter— it  must  be  rec- 
ognized that  platforms  presented  by  the 
Democratic  and  Republican  parties  during  guber- 
natorial contests  present  a  discussion  of  every 
subject  of  vital  State  interest.  To  trace  the  cur- 
rent of  political  thought,  to  note  the  intensity  of 
popular  feeling,  to  ascertain,  in  short,  the  "stand- 
ing" of  the  two  great  parties,  such  platforms  dur- 
ing a  period  of  forty  years  have  been  carefully  ex- 
amined. In  their  presentation,  which  has  been 
done  largely  in  abstract  and  partially  in  citation 
of  the  language  used,  the  thought  of  the  framers 
has  been  essentially  preserved.  The  result  is  an 
outline  of  twenty-eight  platforms  adopted  upon 
the  occasion  of  fourteen  gubernatorial  conven- 
tions. 

That  perfect  impartiality  might  be  secured  the 
files  of  the  Trenton  State  Gazette,  an  official  Re- 
publican organ,  and  the  Trenton  True  American, 
an  official  Democratic  organ,  were  consulted.  The 
files  of  these  old-established  daily  newspapers 
which  were  used  are  those  in  the  custody  of  Henry 
C.  Buchanan,  librarian  of  the  State  of  New  Jer- 
sey, in  the  capitol,  at  Trenton. 

Not  only  for  the  student  of  State  and  national 
history,  but  for  the  working  partisan,  these  plat- 
rvoi.  4] 


162  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

forms  contain  a  mass  of  data  not  elsewhere  com- 
piled. Therein  may  be  found  the  changes  of  atti- 
tude toward  questions  of  moment,  which  have  been 
taken  by  the  Republicans  and  Democrats;  therein 
are  presented  matters  once  of  pressing  interest, 
now  by  the  younger  generation  all  but  forgotten. 
Many  of  the  candidates  whose  names  are  men- 
tioned have  fought  their  last  political  battles,  and 
after  the  toil  and  conflict  incident  to  the  sustain- 
ing of  their  great  organizations  have  left  names  by 
which  future  adherents  to  their  principles  may 
conjure.  Many  remain  to  conduct  the  tests  of 
party  strength,  to  render  service,  until  they,  too, 
shall  pass  the  mantle  of  power  to  younger  and 
more  active  shoulders.  Thus  freed  from  the  spirit 
of  partisanship  the  story  of  New  Jersey's  political 
life  during  forty  years  is  mirrored  from  the  best 
documentary  evidence. 

1862:  Republican.— The  Republican  convention 
of  1862,  by  acclamation,  nominated  Marcus  L. 
Ward  for  governor  of  New  Jersey  after  the  names 
of  Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen,  Ephraim  Marsh, 
Joseph  T.  Crowell,  and  William  A.  Newell  had 
been  presented  and  withdrawn. 

The  platform  adopted  was  to  the  effect  that  the 
delegates  to  the  convention  had  met  pursuant  to 
a  general  public  call,  "at  a  crisis  in  our  history 
grave  and  momentous  beyond  expression.' '  The 
resolutions  in  scathing  terms  denounced  rebellion, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  163 

endorsed  the  previous  State  and  the  existing  Fed- 
eral administrations,  asserted  the  loyalty  of  New 
Jersey,  and  expressed  gratitude  to  the  Union  sol- 
diers for  their  services  on  Southern  battlefields, 
declaring  that  in  case  of  intervention  on  the  part 
of  foreign  governments  a  "persistent  and  uncom- 
promising war"  would  be  waged  against  such  na- 
tions. The  platform  was  devoid  of  reference  to 
State  issues. 

1862:  Democratic— The  Democratic  convention 
of  1862  had  no  dearth  of  candidates.  The  follow- 
ing nominations  were  made:  Peter  D.  Vroom, 
Moses  Bigelow,  Joel  Parker,  Charles  Skelton,  J. 
R.  Sickler,  Jacob  R.  Wortendyke,  Alexander 
Wurts,  Robert  Adrian,  R.  M.  Smith,  Joseph  N. 
Taylor,  Benjamin  Williamson,  and  Phineas  B. 
Kennedy.  Upon  the  fourth  and  intensely  exciting 
ballot  Joel  Parker  received  the  nomination. 

The  platform  of  the  party  deplored  "the  demor- 
alizing tendency  of  the  Higher  Law  teachings  of 
the  Republican  party, ' '  and  reiterated  the  faith  of 
the  Democracy  in  the  doctrine  that  "Constitu- 
tional Law"  is  the  only  true  basis  of  action.  A 
"plank"  extended  a  cordial  support  to  the  federal 
administration  in  its  efforts  to  overcome  rebellion. 
The  suppression  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  the 
restriction  of  freedom  of  speech  and  of  the  press, 
were  declared  to  be  dangerous  infringements  of 
constitutional  rights.     The  platform  contained  a 


164  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

protest  against  "reckless  extravagance,  infamous 
peculation,  and  political  outrages,  of  which  the 
party  in  power"  was  said  to  be  guilty  in  its  con- 
duct of  the  Civil  War.  The  idea  was  rejected  that 
an  object  of  the  war  should  be  the  "emancipa- 
tion of  the  slaves."  The  services  of  the  volun- 
teers were  applauded,  while  the  deaths  of  Major- 
General  Philip  Kearny  and  General  G.  W.  Taylor 
and  other  brave  men  were  mourned. 

Parker's  vote  was  61,307,  Ward's  46,710,  giving 
a  Democratic  majority  of  14,597. 

The  Democratic  party  in  New  Jersey  in  1862 
was  still  affected  by  the  complications  resulting 
from  the  presidential  election  of  1860.  Although 
the  Democratic  fusion  ticket,  with  a  State  vote 
of  62,869,  had  secured  a  majority  of  4,523  over  the 
58,346  votes  cast  for  the  Republican  ticket,  never- 
theless four  electoral  votes  of  New  Jersey  were 
cast  in  1861  for  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Hannibal 
Hamlin,  Republican  candidates  for  President  and 
Vice-President,  while  three  electoral  votes  of  the 
State  were  cast  for  the  fusion  Democratic  candi- 
dates, Stephen  A.  Douglas  and  Herchel  V.  John- 
son. At  the  same  time  56,237  votes  were  polled 
for  Breckinridge,  indicative  of  the  prevalence  of 
"Southern"  sentiment  in  New  Jersey.  But  by 
1864,  during  the  administration  of  Governor 
Parker,  the  State  of  New  Jersey  returned  to  her 
Democratic  affiliations,  being  the  only  State  north 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


165 


of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line  to  give  a  popular  ma- 
jority for  the  Democratic  candidate,  General 
George  B.  McClellan.  In  the  presidential  election 
of  1864  General  McClellan  opposed  Abraham  Lin- 
coln, New  Jersey's  vote  for  McClellan  being  68,- 
024,  for  Lincoln  60,723,  giving  the  Democratic 
nominee  a  majority  of  7,301. 

1865:  Republican.— Four  ballots  were  required 
in  the  Republican  or  "Union"  convention  of  1865 
before  Marcus  L.  Ward  received  his  party's  nomi- 
nation for  governor.  The  opposing  candidates 
were  Alexander  G.  Cattell  and  Major-General 
Judson  Kilpatrick.  The  platform,  in  general 
terms,  congratulated  the  country  upon  the  return 
of  peace,  deplored  the  death  of  Abraham  Lincoln, 
and  endorsed  the  administration  of  Andrew  John- 
son. 

Against  the  Democratic  "influential  leaders 
and  presses"  of  the  State  it  was  charged  that  the 
Democrats  had  issued  a  manifesto,  "through  an 
ex-governor  of  the  State, ' '  advising  that  New  Jer- 
sey should  cast  her  lot  with  the  South,  that  the 
Democratic  party  prolonged  the  war  by  ' '  evidences 
of  sympathy  with  treason,"  and  had  "discouraged 
volunteering,"  thus  contributing  to  the  burden  of 
large  bounties.  The  Democrats  were  accused  of 
opposing  as  unconstitutional  a  draft,  and  opposing 
also  the  enlistment  of  negro  troops.  They  were 
charged  with  exciting  popular  opposition  to  na- 


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Judson  Kllpatrlcb  (laiown  encycJopedicly  .13  Hugh 
Judson  Kilpatrick),  6.  Deekertown,  N.  J.,  Jan.  17, 
1838 ;  grad.  West  Point  1861 ;  entered  the  artlllory 
service ;  wounded  Big  Bethel  1861 ;  lieutenant-colonel 
of  cavalry  Sept.,  1861;  brevettcd  major-gen  jrul 
U.  8.  A.  ;  appointed  minuter  to  OhiU  1865 :  d.  Dec  «. 
MM- 


16G 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


I^C^^c 


tional  taxes,  of  refusing  the  elective  franchise  to 
the  citizen  soldiery  when  in  service,  and  of  in- 
creasing since  1850  the  ordinary  expenses  of  State 
government.  The  convention  pledged  the  sup- 
port of  " Union"  men  of  New  Jersey  in  the  effort 
to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  constitutional 
amendment  abolishing  slavery,  deploring  the  posi- 
tion taken  by  New  Jersey  "as  the  only  free  State 
that  has  refused  to  ratify  the  amendment."  For 
the  honorably  discharged  soldiers  the  convention 
pledged  itself  to  secure  bounties,  as  well  as  to  re- 
duce State  expenditures,  to  sustain  the  "Monroe 
Doctrine,"  and  to  support  a  policy  of  rigid  econ- 
omy. 

1865:  Democratic— After  four  ballots  Theodore 
Bunyon  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  con- 
vention of  1865.    The  other  candidates  were  Gen- 
eral Gershom  Mott,  Theodore  F.  Randolph,  Moses 
Bigelow,  and  S.  J.  Bayard. 

The  State  platform  was  lengthy,  charging  the 
ar  to  the  abolitionists  of  the  North  and  the  se- 
ionists  of  the  South.  A  return  to  the  bimetal- 
lic standard  was  endorsed,  and  opposition  to  negro 
suffrage  expressed  upon  the  ground  that  the  peo- 
ple of  each  State  had  the  right  to  control  the  sub- 
ject as  they  deemed  best.  This  doctrine,  broadly 
advocated,  led  to  the  adoption  of  a  "plank"  de- 
claring the  right  of  each  State  to  control  its  own 
militia.     The  "Monroe  Doctrine"  was  endorsed 


Theodore  Krellnghuysen  Randolph,  t>.  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  June  24,  1816 ;  edu.  Rutgers  grammar 
school ;  president  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad  ;  mem- 
ber New  Jersey  Assembly  1859-60 ;  State  senator 
1861-66 ;  governor  1869-72 ;  U.  S.  senator  1875-81 ;  a 
founder  and  president  of  the  Washington  Head- 
quarters Association  at  Morrlstown ;  d.  there  Nov. 
7,  1883. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  167 

and  the  federal  administration  adversely  criti- 
cised for  its  plan  of  subordinating  civil  to  the 
military  power.  The  payment  of  equalized  boun- 
ties due  State  soldiers  was  also  advocated.  The 
claim  was  made  that  the  Democrats  were  the  first 
in  New  Jersey  to  advocate  and  establish  the  prin- 
ciple of  equal  taxation. 

Ward  received  67,525  votes,  Runyon  had  64,737, 
giving  a  Republican  majority  of  2,789. 

1868 :  Republican.— John  I.  Blair  was  the  unani- 
mous choice  of  the  Republican  convention  of  1868. 
The  State  platform  endorsed  the  national  plat- 
form, which  congratulated  the  country  upon  the 
success  of  the  "Reconstruction"  policy,  and  the 
guarantee,  by  Congress,  of  equal  suffrage  to  all 
loyal  Southerners.  Repudiation  was  denounced, 
and  equal  taxation  in  the  interest  of  labor  advo- 
cated. It  was  urged  that  the  national  debt  be  ex- 
tended "over  a  fair  period  for  redemption,"  and 
that  Congress  reduce  the  interest  thereon  "when- 
ever it  can  honestly  be  done, ' '  thus  improving  na- 
tional credit.  Reversing  the  attitude  of  the  plat- 
form of  1865,  New  Jersey  Republicans,  by  endors- 
ing the  national  platform,  violently  denounced  An- 
drew Johnson's  administration  and  the  "corrup- 
tions which  have  been  so  shamefully  nursed  and 
fostered."  Protection  to  naturalized  citizens  was 
granted,  bounties  and  pensions  for  soldiers  were 
promised,  as  well  as  the  protection  of  their  widows 


168  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

and  orphans,  foreign  emigration  encouraged, 
while  removal  of  restrictions  and  disqualifications 
upon  those  "reconstructed"  was  advocated. 

The  State  platform,  in  addition,  urged  that  the 
Democrats  in  New  Jersey  be  driven  from  power, 
they  being  charged  with  "attempting  to  undo  the 
ratification  of  the  14th  article  of  the  Constitution." 

1868:  Democratic— In  1868  the  Democratic 
party  selected  as  its  gubernatorial  nominee  Theo- 
dore F.  Randolph.  Two  ballots  were  taken,  those 
presented  in  nomination  beside  Mr.  Randolph  be- 
ing Isaac  V.  Dickinson,  Amos  Robbins,  Nehemiah 
Perry,  General  Theodore  Runyon,  Henry  S.  Lit- 
tle, and  Moses  Bigelow. 

The  platform  was  marked  by  brevity  and  direct- 
ness. The  "Republican  proposition"  of  striking 
the  word  "white"  from  the  State  constitution  and 
establishing  political  equality  between  the  races 
in  New  Jersey  led  the  Democrats  to  "congratulate 
the  people  of  the  State  upon  their  spontaneous 
repudiation"  of  such  a  course.  Accepting  the  de- 
cision of  the  war  and  the  consent  of  Southern 
States  to  the  constitutional  amendment  as  the 
practical  abolishment  of  the  institution  of  slav- 
ery, the  Democrats  of  New  Jersey  insisted  upon 
the  right  of  all  the  States  to  regulate  their  do- 
mestic affairs  without  congressional  interference. 
In  spite  of  the  fact  that  New  Jersey  in  1868  had  a 
Republican    governor    Horatio    Seymour,  Demo- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  169 

cratic  nominee  for  President,  secured  in  New  Jer- 
sey 2,870  votes  over  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  the  Repub- 
lican nominee  and  successful  contestant  for  the 
office.  Seymour's  vote  was  83,001,  Grant's  vote 
80,131. 

1871.  Republican.— Before  the  Republican  con- 
vention of  1871  there  were  the  following  nomi- 
nees: Cornelius  Walsh  (who  was  nominated  by 
South  Jersey),  Major-General  Judson  Kilpatrick, 
John  Davidson,  Marcus  L.  Ward,  Theodore  Little, 
Ellston  Marsh,  John  Hill,  Colonel  A.  D.  Hope,  and 
James  M.  Scovel. 

The  platform  endorsed  the  fifteenth  amend- 
ment to  the  federal  constitution,  and  commended 
the  national  administration  in  its  effort  to  reduce 
the  public  debt  and  the  adjustment  of  the  contro- 
versy with  Great  Britain.  Civil  service  reform 
was  recommended,  and  the  claims  of  Jersey  City 
to  be  made  a  port  of  entry  as  the  seat  of  an  inde- 
pendent custom  house  were  endorsed.  Popular 
education,  the  "  passage  of  a  general  law  of  incor- 
poration and  of  the  abolition,  as  far  as  practicable, 
of  all  special  and  private  legislation"  were  recom- 
mended. Upon  such  a  platform  Cornelius  Walsh 
was  nominated  upon  the  second  ballot,  but  prac- 
tically by  acclamation. 

1871:  Democratic— Although  Joel  Parker  had 
positively  declined  the  honor,  nevertheless  the 
Democratic  State  convention  of  1871  forced  upon 


HORATIO  SBYMOUR. 


170  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

him  on  one  ballot  the  nomination  for  governor. 
There  were  many  candidates— Thomas  D.  Arm- 
strong, Benjamin  F.  Lee,  Nehemiah  Perry,  Theo- 
dore Runyon,  Joseph  D.  Bedle,  Leon  Abbett,  Gen- 
eral Charles  Haight,  David  Naar,  Austin  H.  Pat- 
terson, and  Isaac  V.  Dickinson. 

Once  more  State  issues  occupied  the  attention 
of  the  platform  builders.  The  party  pointed  to 
its  record  in  New  Jersey.  It  had,  said  the  plat- 
form, urged  the  adoption  of  general  laws,  under 
which  there  would  be  no  further  "enterprises 
born  of  special  legislation  and  maintained  by  cor- 
ruption." An  honest  judiciary  had  been  main- 
tained, State  and  constitutional  rights  had  been 
guaranteed,  the  sinking  fund  had  been  increased, 
riparian  laws  had  been  enforced,  and  three  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  had  been  collected  from  the 
federal  government  since  the  recent  governor  had 
proclaimed  that  the  accounts  between  the  State 
of  New  Jersey  and  the  United  States  had  been 
substantially  settled. 

Upon  federal  questions  the  Democratic  party 
declared  for  a  prompt  and  complete  amnesty  of 
all  persons  charged  with  political  offenses,  and 
a  tariff  based  upon  the  principle  of  taxing  lux- 
uries, and  the  abolishment  of  taxes  upon  the  ne- 
cessities of  life.  All  conspiracies  against  law  and 
good  order,  North  and  South,  were  denounced, 
while  the  government  of  the  United  States  was 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  171 

declared  to  be  a  * '  government  of  limited  powers, ' ' 
prescribed  and  enumerated  in  the  federal  consti- 
tution, and  not  a  "  supreme,  unlimited,  imperial, 
consolidated"  government.  Legislative  commis- 
sions for  the  regulation  and  government  of  munici- 
pal corporations  were  declared  to  be  "hostile  to 
the  principles  of  self-government, ' '  while  recent 
legislation  prohibiting  the  use  of  money  at  elec- 
tions was  commended  to  the  attention  of  the  Dem- 
ocrats in  townships  throughout  the  State. 

In  spite  of  success  in  1871  the  Democrats  were 
unable  in  1872  to  overcome  Ulysses  S.  Grant's  re- 
markable majority  of  15,200  over  Horace  Greeley, 
Democratic  nominee  for  President  of  the  United 
States.  The  State  of  New  Jersey  for  the  first 
time,  in  1872,  cast  its  entire  electoral  vote  for  a 
Republican  candidate.  Grant's  vote  was  91,656, 
the  vote  of  Greeley  being  76,456. 

1874:  Republican.— The  gubernatorial  contest 
of  1874  was  distinctively  upon  local  affairs.  The 
Republican  State  platform  declared  its  faith  in  the 
policy  of  the  national  administration.  Upon 
national  issues  the  platform  advocated  a  tariff  and 
a  plan  of  equal  internal  taxation  such  as  would 
protect  and  encourage  the  domestic  manufactures 
and  industrial  interests  of  New  Jersey.  The  es- 
tablishment of  a  custom  house  in  Jersey  City  was 
also  favored.  In  special  instances  the  Repub- 
licans commended,  and  stated  they  would  pursue, 


\  NT. 
(Eighteenth  President  of  tho  United  Stato3 
fc.  April  87,  1822 ;  <i.  July  23,  1885.) 


172  NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 

the  policy  of  a  general  railroad  system,  the  judi- 
cious amendment  of  the  constitution,  the  advance- 
ment of  the  cause  of  popular  education,  and  the 
wise  management  and  liberal  extension  of  penal, 
sanitary,  and  charitable  institutions. 

George  A.  Halsey  was  nominated  for  governor 
by  acclamation. 

1874:  Democratic. — Joseph  D.  Bedle  was  the 
unanimous  choice  of  the  Democratic  party  in  its 
State  convention  of  1874,  although  scattering 
votes  upon  the  first  and  only  ballot  were  cast  for 
Charles  Haight  and  John  T.  Bird. 

The  Democratic  platform  presented  no  novel  or 
characteristic  features  in  its  treatment  of  national 
issues.  Strict  construction  of  the  federal  consti- 
tution, condemnation  of  " carpet  bagging"  in  the 
"reconstructed"  States,  the  restoration  of  gold 
and  silver  as  the  "only  true  basis  of  the  currency 
of  the  country,"  the  advocacy  of  resumption  of 
specie  payment,  the  adoption  of  a  * '  tariff  for  reve- 
nue," and  opposition  to  the  "Civil  Rights"  bill 
were  the  subjects  under  review.  The  platform  de- 
nounced the  Republican  policy  of  attempting  to 
subject  the  "free  press  of  the  country  to  a  new 
censorship"  and  condemned  the  doctrine  of  a 
"third  term"  for  any  presidential  candidate. 

Once  more  in  State  issues  the  Democratic  party 
opposed  government  of  municipalities  by  legisla- 
tive commissions,  and  advocated  a  system  of  gen- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  173 

eral  laws,  while  the  "assumption  by  the  Repub- 
lican convention  of  credit  for  the  passage  of  the 
general  railroad  law  is  as  impudent  as  it  is  false, 
this  measure  *  *  *  having  been  originated 
and  sustained  in  both  branches  of  the  Legislature 
by  distinguished  Democrats."  The  "store-order 
system"  and  the  illegal  issue  of  paper  promises 
in  forced  payment  of  wages  were  declared  to  be  an 
"unjustifiable  imposition  upon  the  laboring  man." 

The  Republicans  were  charged  with  falsely  as- 
serting that  they  saved  the  Union  and  abolished 
slavery,  "when  but  for  the  Democracy  of  the  coun- 
try, and  its  men  and  means,  every  Republican  ad- 
ministration would  have  miserably  failed." 
Against  the  Republican  administration  were 
charged  fraud,  "hard  times,"  the  burden  of  a  vast 
public  debt,  a  failure  to  make  the  flag  of  the 
United  States  respected  abroad,  leniency  in  pun- 
ishing dishonest  officials,  the  use  of  military  pow- 
er, "carpet  bagging,"  and  wholesale  robberies  in 
the  administration  of  affairs  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. The  Republicans,  said  the  platform,  had 
been  enabled  to  continue  their  career  "by  compla- 
cent assumptions  of  superior  patriotism,  integ- 
rity, and  intelligence." 

Bedle  received  97,283  votes,  Halsey  84,050,  giv- 
ing a  Democratic  majority  of  3,233. 

Two  years  subsequently,  in  the  memorable  con- 
test of  1876,  the  State  of  New  Jersey  gave  115,962 


174 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


SAMUEL  J.  TILDKN. 


votes  to  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  President  of  the  United  States.  His  op- 
ponent was  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  Republican,  who 
received  103,517  votes.  Tilden 's  majority  was 
12,445. 

1877:  Republican.— But  one  ballot  was  required 
in  the  Republican  gubernatorial  convention  of 
1877  to  decide  upon  William  A.  Newell  as  the 
party  nominee.  The  other  candidates  were  Fred- 
erick A.  Potts,  William  Walter  Phelps,  Gardner 
Colby,  Thomas  N.  McCarter,  John  Hill,  and 

eneral  Judson  Kilpatrick. 

The  platform  reaffirmed  the  national  platform 
in  its  cardinal  doctrines  that  the  United  States 
was  not  a  league,  that  all  citizens  should  equally 
enjoy  civil,  political,  and  public  rights,  endorsed 
civil  service  reform,  with  due  regard  to  represent- 
ing the  party  in  power,  advocated  such  a  tariff 
for  revenue  as  would  promote  the  interests  of  la- 
bor, opposed  the  granting  of  the  public  domain  to 
corporations,  and  embraced  a  general  endorsement 
of  the  federal  administration. 

The  Democratic  party  was  accused  of  nominat- 
ing for  governor  one  unidentified  with  the  State  or 
its  interests,  one  who  had  twice  in  the  past  two 
years  been  a  candidate  for  office  in  another  State. 
The  Democrats  were  charged  with  nine  years  of 
extravagance  in  administering  State  affairs.  The 
reforms  demanded  by  the  Republicans  were  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  175 

simplification  and  reduction  of  official  powers  and 
perquisites,  a  reduction  of  fees,  particularly  those 
of  the  clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the  clerk  in 
chancery,  and  the  secretary  of  state,  a  revision  of 
the  tax  laws,  a  reduction  of  the  rate  of  interest 
from  seven  to  six  per  cent,  and  an  enforcement 
of  the  constitutional  provision  prohibiting  the  use 
of  the  school  fund  for  any  sectarian  purpose,  being 
opposed  to  the  interference  of  religious  sects  in 
civil  affairs  and  any  division  or  diversion  of  the 
school  funds  for  their  benefit. 

1877:  Democratic— Amid  scenes  of  the  wildest 
enthusiasm  the  Democratic  convention  of  1877 
nominated  General  George  B.  McClellan  as  their 
candidate  for  governor  of  New  Jersey.  The  can- 
didates were  numerous,  being  W.  A.  Eighter,  John 
McGregor,  B.  F.  Carter,  Leon  Abbett,  John  T. 
Bird,  John  P.  Stockton,  John  Hopper,  Wright 
Bobbins,  and  Augustus  Hardenberg. 

The  platform  denounced  the  "frauds  and 
crimes"  by  which  the  Democratic  candidates  for 
President  and  Vice-President  "are  prevented 
from  occupying  the  positions  to  which  they 
were  chosen  by  a  decided  majority  of  the  popular 
and  electoral  vote."  Special  legislation  advanc- 
ing corporate  or  individual  interest  was  de- 
nounced, and  legislation  was  recommended  by 
which  "statistical  information  relating  to  the  in- 
terests of  capital  and  labor"  could  be  secured. 


176 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


The  reduction  of  the  rate  of  interest  to  six  per 
cent,  and  the  abolition  of  excessive  salaries,  fees, 
and  costs  in  litigation  was  recommended. 

In  the  contest  McClellan  received  97,837  votes, 
Newell  85,094.  Hoxsey,  the  Greenback  candidate 
for  governor,  had  5,069,  and  Bingham,  Tax  and 
Prohibitionist,  1,439  votes,  giving  a  Democratic 
plurality  of  12,746. 

1880:  Republican.— The  Republican  convention 
of  1880  nominated  by  acclamation  Frederick  A. 
Potts,  with  a  short  platform  denouncing  the 
"tariff  for  revenue"  measures  of  the  Democratic 
party,  advocating  biennial  sessions  of  the  Legis- 
lature, and  commending  the  action  of  successive 
Republican  Legislatures  in  so  reducing  State  ex- 
penditures that  by  1880  no  State  tax  was  laid. 

1880:  Democratic— The  Democratic  convention 
of  1880  placed  George  C.  Ludlow  in  nomination 
upon  the  fourth  ballot,  with  the  following  candi- 
dates appearing:  Augustus  A.  Hardenberg,  An- 
ew Albright,  Orestes  Cleveland,  George  C.  Lud- 
,  John  T.  Bird,  W.  W.  Shippen,  John  P.  Stock- 
on,  and  Augustus  W.  Cutler. 

The  platform  was  short,  declaring  for  such  a 
tariff  "as  will  best  preserve  our  home  industries," 
favoring  protection  for  labor,  and  condemning  the 
defalcation  of  a  Republican  State  treasurer  and 
the  loss  of  forty  thousand  dollars  of  State  money 
deposited  in  two  defunct  banks,  in  which  the  fund 


Georgu  Craig  Ludlow,  governor  of  New  Jersey 
1881-84 ;  b.  Mtlford,  Hunterdon  County,  April  tt,  1830 ; 
grad.  Rutgers  College  1850 ;  admitted  to  the  bar  353 ; 
practiced  in  New  Brunswick ;  State  senator  VflZ ; 
member  constitutional  convention  1394 ;  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey  18% ;  d.  Dec..  1900. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 177 

had  been  deposited  by  a  Republican  State  treas- 
urer at  his  own  discretion. 

The  vote  for  Ludlow  was  121,666,  for  Potts 
121,015.  Hoxsey,  the  Greenback  candidate,  re- 
ceived 2,759,  and  Ransom,  Prohibitionist,  195 
votes.    The  Democratic  plurality  was  651. 

The  presidential  election  of  1880  gave  Winfield 
Scott  Hancock  a  majority  in  New  Jersey  of  2,010, 
his  total  vote  being  122,565.  The  vote  of  James 
A.  Garfield,  his  Republican  opponent,  was  120,555. 

1883:  Republican.— The  Republican  convention 
in  1883  had  before  it  the  names  of  Jonathan  Dixon, 
John  Hill,  Israel  S.  Adams,  and  Frederick  A. 
Potts.  Associate  Supreme  Court  Justice  Dixon 
was  nominated  upon  the  first  ballot. 

A  brief  platform  endorsed  the  national  Repub- 
lican administration,  "  genuine  civil  service  re- 
form," "protection  to  home  labor  and  industry," 
development  of  State  and  national  resources,  pro- 
tection of  "honest  labor  from  unfair  compe- 
tition," equal  taxation,  the  control  of  oppressive 
monopolies,  and  the  "adequate  protection  and 
further  development  of  our  fisheries. ' ' 

1883:  Democratic— There  were  nine  candidates 
before  the  Democratic  convention  of  1883:  Leon 
Abbett  (who  secured  the  nomination),  Andrew  Al- 
bright, Jonathan  S.  Whitaker,  Charles  E.  Hen- 
drickson,  Augustus  W.  Cutler,  Clayton  Black, 
Augustus  A.  Hardenberg,  and  Lewis  Cochrane. 

CVol.  4] 


178 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 


The  name  of  Chancellor  Runyon  was  also  pre- 
sented, but  withdrawn. 

The  party  platform  declared  for  proper  sover- 
eignty of  the  States,  and,  with  the  usual  charges 
against  the  opposition,  denounced  the  "sham 
methods  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission."  The 
abolition  of  internal  revenue  taxes,  "a  nursery  of 
spoils  and  informers,"  was  recommended,  and  the 
preservation  of  public  lands  for  settlers  was  urged. 
An  anti-monopoly  tariff  for  revenue  was  advo- 
cated, as  was  equal  taxation  "on  all  properties 
within  the  State,  whether  that  of  individuals  or 
corporations." 

Abbett  secured  103,856  and  Dixon  97,047  votes. 
Urner,  the  "National"  candidate,  had  2,960,  and 
Parsons,  Prohibitionist,  4,153  votes.  The  Demo- 
cratic plurality  was  6,809. 

The  following  year  (1884)  Grover  Cleveland, 
Democratic  nominee  for  President,  received  127,- 
784  votes,  and  James  G.  Blaine,  his  opponent, 
123,433.    Cleveland's  majority  was  4,351. 


JAMES  O.  BLAINE. 


CHAPTER    XII 
A  State  Battle  of  Ballots— 1886-1902 


THE  delegates  to  the  Republican  con- 
vention of  1886  selected  as  the 
party's  candidate  Benjamin  F. 
Howey,  the  names  of  Frederick  A. 
Potts,  John  Hart  Brewer,  and  Gard- 
ner R.  Colby  being  also  presented  as  nominees. 
But  one  ballot  was  required  to  select  Mr.  Howey. 
The  platform  declared  that  the  Republican 
party  had  "ever  stood  the  unflinching  champion 
and  firm  defender  of  American  labor  against  the 
assaults  of  the  Democratic  party  and  its  demands 
for  free  trade,  cheap  labor,  and  foreign  competi- 
tion." The  introduction  by  monopolies  and  cor- 
porations ' '  of  European  paupers  under  contract  to 
take  the  places  of  American  workingmen"  should 
be  presented  by  stringent  legislation.  "Inflexibly 
hostile  to  anarchy,  socialism,  and  communism," 
the  platform  declared  that  the  Republican  party 
"has  placed  on  the  statute  books  of  the  State  most 
of  the  existing  laws"  befriending  the  working- 
man.  Arbitration,  inspection  of  factories  and 
workshops,  regulation  of  the  hours  of  labor  of 
women  and  children,  compulsory  education,  and 
equal  taxation  were  advocated.  The  platform  also 
approved  of  State  and  national  legislation  "re- 
stricting the  manufacture  and  sale  of  bogus  but- 
ter." The  national  policy  concerning  the  granting 
of  pensions  to  disabled  veterans  of  the  Civil  War 
was  approved. 


182  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

The  protection  by  legislation  of  fishing  interests 
"from  the  menhaden  piracy"  was  endorsed,  while 
the  party  was  pledged  to  a  "non-partisan  judici- 
ary." "Honest  money"  and  the  redemption  of 
the  outstanding  trade  dollars  were  advocated, 
while  the  Democratic  interpretation  of  civil  serv- 
ice laws  and  unjust  discrimination  in  freight  rates 
by  common  carriers  were  denounced.  The  sub- 
mission to  popular  vote  of  the  question  of  "the 
regulation,  control,  or  prohibition  of  the  liquor 
traffic"  was  favored. 

1886:  Democratic— The  Democratic  convention 
of  18S6  had  a  long  array  of  candidates.  The  choice 
of  the  body  upon  the  first  ballot  fell  upon  Robert 
S.  Green,  although  there  had  been  placed  in  nomi- 
nation Rufus  Blodgett,  Augustus  W.  Cutler, 
John  McGregor,  John  W.  Westcott,  Charles  E. 
Hendrickson,  Andrew  Albright,  John  Hopper, 
David  C.  Dodd,  and  John  T.  Bird. 

The  platform  strongly  endorsed  the  administra- 
tion of  Governor  Leon  Abbett,  especially  as  to 
legislation  affecting  the  State  treasury,  and  the 
adoption  of  a  portion  of  a  general  system  of  taxa- 
tion of  corporations  to  save  the  people  from  the 
imposition  of  a  general  State  tax.  His  efforts  to 
protect  labor  from  convict  competition  were  ap- 
plauded. The  resolutions  demanded  the  amend- 
ment of  immigration  laws  to  prevent  the  im- 
portation of  convict  and  pauper  labor,  while  "the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


183 


public  lands  of  the  United  States  should  breed 
homesteads,  not  railroad  stock."  A  fair  educa- 
tion, at  public  expense,  for  every  child  was  advo- 
cated. Arbitration,  legislation  favoring  the 
farmer,  and  self-government  for  Ireland  were 
also  recommended.  Regarding  the  priority  of 
claim  in  introducing  legislation  providing  for 
equal  taxation  the  platform  stated  that  Governor 
Abbett,  in  his  inaugural  message  and  in  each  of 
his  annual  messages,  had  demanded  that  property 
should  be  assessed  by  uniform  rules  and  an  equal 
rate  of  taxation  imposed  upon  corporations  as 
upon  individuals.  A  Democratic  measure  of  1884 
had  passed  the  House  of  Assembly,  being  amended 
in  the  Senate,  in  favor  of  taxation  of  railroad  and 
canal  corporations,  while  bills  providing  for  equal 
taxation  introduced  in  Republican  Legislatures  of 
1885  and  1886  had  been  defeated. 

Green  with  109,939  overcame  Howey  with  101,- 
919  votes  and  Fiske,  Prohibitionist,  with  19,808— 
the  largest  Prohibition  vote  ever  cast  in  the  State. 
The  Democratic  plurality  was  8,020. 

1889:  Republican.— Edward  Burd  Grubb  was 
the  choice  of  the  Republican  party  in  its  conven- 
tion of  1889.  During  two  ballots  the  delegates 
had  voted  for  General  Grubb,  Frank  A.  Magowan, 
George  A.  Halsey,  John  Kean,  Jr.,  John  Hart 
Brewer,  and  John  W.  Griggs. 

The  campaign  was  one  of  State  issues,  the  plat- 


:T   STOCKTON  GKRKN. 


Robert  Stocktoa  Green,  L.L.D.,  0.  Princeton,  N.  J., 
March  25,  1831;  grad.  Princeton  College  I860;  lawyer 
iSSZ  :  settled  in  Elizabeth  18M ;  presiding  judge  Union 
County  courts  1868 ;  elected  to  Congress  1884 ;  gov- 
ernor of  Now  Jersey  1837-90;  vice-chancellor  1S90. 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Rrrors  and  Appealfi  189* ;  <i. 
May  T.  1895 


184  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

form  declaring  the  Republican  party  to  be  pledged 
to  local  self-government  in  township,  city,  and 
county,  which  policy,  said  the  Republicans,  had 
been  " flagrantly  violated"  by  the  Democratic 
Legislature  of  1889.  The  Democrats  were  severe- 
ly arraigned,  and  were  charged  with  being  "par- 
tisan, arrogant,  and  profligate,"  enacting  laws  re- 
districting  the  State,  creating  new  charters  for 
municipalities,  and  establishing  new  offices  "only 
after  deals  and  promises  of  appointment  made  be- 
tween the  legislative  and  executive  branches  of  the 
State  government. ' '  The  Republicans  favored  stat- 
utes reforming  the  election  laws,  "to  prevent  fraud 
and  false  registration,  and  for  the  purpose  of  es- 
tablishing the  Australian  or  other  like  system  of 
voting."  The  "reorganization  and  simplification 
of  the  courts  of  civil  procedure  of  the  State"  was 
promised,  while  the  compulsory  education  law, 
passed  by  a  Republican  Legislature,  was  designed 
to  be  extended  to  provide  proper  school  facilities 
for  children  between  the  ages  of  eight  and  four- 
teen years.  The  Republicans  claimed  priority  in 
the  enactment  of  the  child  labor  law,  and  criti- 
cised as  "an  insult  to  united  labor"  the  course  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  making  partisan  the  labor 
bureau.  Reasonable  hours  of  labor  and  a  "defi- 
nite portion  of  each  week  for  recreation"  were 
promised  the  labor  interests,  while  the  law  of  1884, 
regulating  the  taxation  of  corporate  property  and 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


185 


franchises  for  State  purposes,  had  met  public  ap- 
proval. Such  legislation  the  Republicans  claimed 
to  have  enacted.  A  demand  for  economy  in  State 
expenditures  was  made,  while  the  platform  re- 
sented ' '  the  intrusion  of  the  liquor  power,  as  an  or- 
ganized force,  into  the  politics  of  the  State,"  the 
Republican  party,  as  stated,  standing  "for  purity, 
for  temperance,  and  the  preservation  of  the 
home. ' ' 

1889:  Democratic— By  acclamation  Leon  Ab- 
bett  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  convention 
of  1889. 

In  brief  the  platform  adopted  by  the  party  in 
1886  was  reaffirmed,  the  only  essential  elements 
worthy  of  special  mention  being  the  first  declara- 
tion in  this  State  against ' '  trusts, ' '  which  the  plat- 
form denned  as  "combinations  to  control  prices 
without  regard  to  the  natural  rules  of  supply  and 
demand."  The  "attempt  made  by  Republican 
leaders  of  the  Legislature  of  1889  to  impose  a  gen- 
eral State  tax,  as  tending  to  extravagance  in  State 
affairs,"  was  denounced,  and  it  was  declared  that 
"the  undercurrent  of  the  movement  was  a  desire 
to  relieve  corporate  property  from  the  payment 
of  its  fair  proportion  of  taxation. ' ' 

Regarding  education  the  platform  declared: 
"It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  see  that  every  child 
receives  a  fair  education,  and  is  protected  from 
employment  in  pursuits  calculated  to  injure  the 


LEON  ABBKTT. 


Leon  Abbett,  b.  Philadelphia,  Pa..  Oct.  8,  183fi ; 
lawyer  1868 ;  settled  In  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  1859 ;  moved 
to  Jersey  City  1866  ;  member  Legislature  1865-66  and 
1868-70 ;  speaker  of  the  House  1869-70 ;  State  senator 
1874-77 ;  governor  of  New  Jersey  1884-87  and  1890-KJ ; 
4.  Dee.  4,  1894. 


186  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

physical  or  mental  value  of  future  citizenship." 
Reforms  regarding  increase  in  municipal  expen- 
ditures and  a  secret  ballot  were  advocated. 

Abbett's  vote  was  138,245,  Grubb's  123,992,  La 
Monte 's,  Prohibitionist,  6,853.  The  Democratic 
plurality  was  14,253. 

During  the  previous  year  (1888)  Grover  Cleve- 
land, with  151,493  votes,  had  secured  a  plurality 
in  the  State  of  7,149  as  Democratic  candidate  for 
the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States.  His 
opponent,  Benjamin  Harrison,  received  144,344 
votes,  while  Fiske,  who  in  1886  ran  for  governor 
of  New  Jersey,  had  7,904  votes. 

1892 :  Republican.— Two  ballots  and  four  nomi- 
nees—John Kean,  Jr.,  Edward  Burd  Grubb,  Frank 
A.  Magowan,  and  Franklin  Murphy— character- 
ized the  nominating  features  of  the  Republican 
convention  of  1892,  which  selected  John  Kean, 
Jr.,  as  its  candidate. 

In  national  matters  the  platform  endorsed  its 
belief  "in  the  doctrine  of  a  tariff  for  the  protec- 
tion of  American  industry,  supplemented  by  re- 
ciprocity, inaugurated  under  the  present  adminis- 
tration by  the  McKinley  tariff  act,  and  we  are  op- 
posed to  the  pernicious  doctrine  of  free  trade, 
whether  presented  in  its  own  true  name  or  dis- 
guised as  tariff  reform." 

The  policy  of  the  Democrats  in  legalizing  "an 
unconstitutional   and   pernicious   combination   of 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  187 

corporations  engaged  in  the  production  and  carry- 
ing of  coal"  was  declared  to  be  "vicious  and  con- 
trary to  public  policy."  Arbitration,  reduction  in 
the  hours  of  labor,  tenement  house  and  factory  in- 
spection, and  the  restoring  of  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  riparian  lands  to  the  State  school  fund  were 
advocated. 

The  Democracy  of  New  Jersey  were  charged 
with  legislation  making  the  Legislature  and  courts 
subservient  to  the  executive  department;  with 
abolishing  home  rule;  with  multiplying  public 
offices  and  increasing  salaries;  with  the  "appoint- 
ment of  public  officers  for  a  stated  consideration  to 
be  paid  to  the  party  campaign  fund";  with  par- 
doning, indiscriminately,  convicts  in  the  State 
prison;  with  wastefulness  in  State  expenditures; 
with  creating  "unnecessary  boards  and  commis- 
sions for  partisan  purposes,  investing  them  with 
arbitrary  powers,  and  placing  them  beyond  the 
control  of  the  people  by  making  their  term  of  office 
subject  to  the  will  of  the  governor";  with  evading 
and  misconstruing  the  constitution;  with  counte- 
nancing and  supporting  "race  track  gambling, 
with  all  its  attendant  evils";  and  with  destroying 
"the  right  of  suffrage  by  false  registry,  ballot-box 
stuffing,  and  fraudulent  count  of  votes." 

1892:  Democratic— But  one  ballot  was  required 
to  nominate  George  T.  Werts  in  the  Democratic 
convention  of   1892.    The  remaining  candidates 


188  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


were  E.  F.  C.  Young,  Augustus  \\.  Cutler,  and 
Richard  A.  Donnelly. 

The  platform  stated  that  in  response  to  Repub- 
lican allegations  of  wastefulness  it  could  be 
proved  that  the  salaries  of  the  new  officers  created 
in  the  State  during  Governor  Abbett's  administra- 
tion had  been  less  than  fifteen  thousand  dollars, 
and  that  the  expenses  of  the  departments  of  bank- 
ing and  insurance  and  commission  of  electric  sub- 
ways had  been  legitimately  paid  by  the  corpora- 
tions interested.  No  State  tax  had  been  levied, 
and  in  three  years  a  State  floating  debt  of  four 
hundred  thousand  dollars  had  been  entirely  paid. 
Over  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  had 
been  expended  for  the  improvement  of  public 
buildings  and  in  the  purchase  of  the  military  camp 
ground  at  Sea  Girt.  The  platform  further  pre- 
sented a  long  list  of  statutes  of  a  beneficial  char- 
acter passed  by  Democratic  Legislatures  and  ap- 
proved by  Governor  Abbett.  These  embraced  acts 
securing  beyond  the  reach  of  fraud  the  payment  of 
wages  to  mechanics  and  others  engaged  in  the 
erection  of  buildings,  an  act  creating  sixty  free 
scholarships  in  the  State  Agricultural  College,  and 
acts  establishing  free  public  libraries  and  reading 
rooms  in  cities  and  towns.  There  was  an  act  giv- 
ing silk  workers  a  lien  for  wages  due  for  work  per- 
formed and  materials  furnished,  a  Saturday  half- 
holiday  act,  an  extension  of  the  mechanics  ■  lien 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  189 

law,  an  act  prohibiting  corporations  from  forc- 
ing their  employees  to  contribute  to  relief  funds, 
statutes  creating  a  State  board  of  arbitration,  and 
a  commissioner  of  mines,  insuring  the  secrecy  of 
the  ballot,  and  incorporating  trades  unions,  all 
of  which  were  passed  between  1889  and  1892.  The 
creation  of  the  boards  of  public  works  governing 
cities  of  the  first  and  second  classes  was  a  part  of 
Democratic  legislation  of  the  period. 

Mr.  Werts  secured  a  plurality  of  7,625,  all  can- 
didates receiving  the  following  votes :  Werts,  167,- 
257;  Kean,  159,362;  Kennedy,  Prohibitionist, 
7,750;  Keim,  Socialistic  Labor,  1,338;  Bird,  Peo- 
ple's, 894. 

The  presidential  election  which  occurred  in  this 
year  gave  Grover  Cleveland,  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency,  his  largest  plurality  during  his 
three  contests  for  the  office,  being  14,965.  His 
total  vote  was  171,066,  that  of  his  Republican  op- 
ponent, Benjamin  Harrison,  being  156,101.  Bid- 
well,  Prohibitionist,  received  8,134  votes;  Wing, 
Socialistic  Labor,  1,337;  and  Weaver,  People's, 
985  votes. 

1895:  Republican.— Three  ballots  were  required 
in  the  Republican  gubernatorial  convention  of 
1895  before  the  convention  chose  John  W.  Griggs 
as  its  candidate  for  governor.  Votes  of  the  dele- 
gates had  been  cast  for  these  nominees:  John 
Kean,  Jr.,  Foster  M.  Voorhees,  Maurice  A.  Rogers, 


190  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Elias  S.  Ward,  John  J.  Gardner,  and  John  J.  Tof- 
fey. 

The  platform  upon  national  issues  declared  the 
Republican  party  to  be  opposed  "to  any  attempt 
to  impose  upon  this  country  a  debased  or  depre- 
ciated currency,"  and  a  firm  belief  in  the  wisdom 
"of  a  tax  on  imports  which  will  afford  protection 
to  American  industry  and  adequate  revenue." 
The  Republican  party,  said  the  platform,  in  the 
triumph  of  that  political  organization  in  State 
elections  had  removed  from  the  statute  books 
laws  "under  which  the  most  infamous  form  of 
racetrack  gambling  had  brought  ignominy  to  the 
State,"  the  "gerrymandering  scheme"  had  been 
defeated  in  the  courts,  the  State  institutions  had 
been  "delivered"  from  the  "domination  of  boards 
appointed  solely  for  partisan  purposes  and  re- 
stored to  public  usefulness  by  the  establishment 
of  non-political  boards  for  their  control,"  home 
rule  had  been  assured  "to  the  people  of  the  sev- 
eral counties,"  while  an  exposure  had  been  made 
of  abuses  connected  with  the  State  treasury. 

The  Republicans  pledged  themselves  to  oppose 
any  attempt  to  impose  a  State  tax,  or  any  attempt 
"to  impair  or  divert  from  its  proper  use  the  fund 
for  the  support  of  the  free  public  schools."  The 
"abolition  of  unnecessary  offices  and  the  reduc- 
tion of  official  salaries"  were  also  assured.    The 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  191 

Republican  platform  further  presented  this  para- 
graph to  the  consideration  of  voters : 

The  redemption  of  the  State,  committed  to  our  hands,  is  not  yet 
complete.  It  will  not  be  complete  so  long  as  there  remains  a 
reform  to  be  effected,  a  wrong  to  be  righted,  an  enemy  of  good 
government  to  be  defeated  and  overthrown. 

1895:  Democratic— The  Democratic  State  con- 
vention of  1895  selected  on  the  first  ballot  Alex- 
ander T.  McGill  as  its  gubernatorial  candidate, 
although  the  names  of  Philip  P.  Baker  and  Augus- 
tus W.  Cutler  had  been  presented  in  nomination. 

The  platform  declared  that  it  was  the  intention 
of  the  national  administration  to  protect  the 
people  of  this  country  from  the  debasement  of  the 
national  currency.  Industrial  depression  was 
"chargeable  to  the  national  legislation  enacted  by 
the  Republican  party.  The  purchase  of  silver  to 
be  stored  in  the  treasury  and  the  enactment  of  un- 
just tariff  laws,  to  enrich  a  few  favorites  by  the  op- 
pression of  millions  of  consumers,  were  the  main 
causes  of  paralyzation  of  our  markets." 

Regarding  the  charges  that  the  Democratic 
party  had  been  dishonest  or  extravagant  the  plat- 
form stated  that  the  Senate  investigation  of  1895, 
"costing  thousands  of  dollars,' '  had  reported  that 
in  the  purchase  of  State  supplies  "there  had  been 
extravagance  or  malfeasance  on  the  part  of  two 
or  three  State  employees. ' '  The  fact  that  the  State 
was  without  debt,   that  millions   of  dollars  had 


192  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

been  spent  in  the  past  twelve  years  in  the  improve- 
ment of  State  institutions,  and  that  no  State  tax 
had  been  levied  was  a  "  sufficient  answer  to  the 
charge  of  extravagance."  No  dishonest  Demo- 
cratic official,  intrusted  with  the  administration  of 
the  law,  had  been  protected  from  prosecution  and 
punishment,  while  under  a  Democratic  governor 
the  State's  credit  during  twenty-five  years  had 
given  New  Jersey  ' '  a  deserved  fame. ' ' 

The  Democratic  party  favored  the  ' '  adoption  of 
a  constitutional  amendment  that  will  render  im- 
possible any  law  for  the  legislation  of  gambling 
in  any  form."  "Trickery  and  deceit,"  said  the 
platform,  had  characterized  the  course  of  the  Re- 
publicans upon  the  subject  of  legalizing  betting 
upon  horse  races.  Every  bet  made  upon  horse 
races  in  New  Jersey  during  fourteen  years  had 
been  made  "under  the  protection  of  Chapter  one 
hundred  and  forty-seven  of  the  Laws  of  1880,  en- 
acted by  a  Republican  Senate  and  House. ' ' 

A  "  plank  "  favored  equal  taxation  in  amend- 
ing the  tax  laws  so  as  to  embrace  all  property 
"not  used  for  religious,  charitable,  or  educational 
purposes." 

The  platform  also  declared  against  the  control 
of  potable  waters  of  the  State  by  industrial  cor- 
porations, the  instance  of  Jersey  City  being  cited, 
where,  it  was  said,  "the  choice  that  is  now  pre- 
sented to  that  city  of  bankruptcy  or  depopulation, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  193 

of  buying  water  by  the  gallon,  or  receiving  a  sup- 
ply from  polluted  streams,  will  within  a  few 
years  be  presented  to  every  populous  municipality 
in  New  Jersey. ' '  In  support  of  this  view  the  atti- 
tude taken  upon  this  subject  by  Governor  Lud- 
low in  his  annual  message  to  the  Legislature  of 
1882  was  cited. 

The  Kepublican  Legislature  of  1895  was  con- 
demned for  its  course,  "which  ridiculed  every  re- 
quest made  for  legislation  in  the  interest  of  or- 
ganized labor,  and  repealed  laws  passed  by  Demo- 
cratic Legislatures  for  the  protection  of  the  wage 
workers  of  New  Jersey."  This  Eepublican  Legis- 
lature was  also  accused  by  the  Democrats  "with 
attempting  to  drag  the  judiciary  into  the  field  of 
politics." 

By  the  largest  plurality  ever  received  by  any 
governor  of  New  Jersey  John  W.  Griggs  was 
elected.  His  vote  was  162,900,  his  plurality  being 
26,900.  McGill,  Democrat,  secured  136,000  votes. 
Wilbur  obtained  a  normal  prohibition  vote  of 
6,631.  Ellis,  the  candidate  of  the  People's  party, 
had  1,901,  and  Keim,  Socialistic  Labor,  obtained 
4,147  votes. 

Upon  February  1, 1898,  Governor  Griggs  retired 
from  the  governorship  to  accept  the  position  of  at- 
torney-general of  the  United  States.  His  succes- 
sor was  Foster  M.  Voorhees,  president  of  the  Sen- 
ate. 

[Vol.   4] 


194  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  State, 
since  the  election  of  President  Grant  in  1872,  New 
Jersey  in  1896  gave  its  popular  vote  to  William 
McKinley,  of  Ohio,  and  Garret  A.  Hobart,  of  New 
Jersey,  Republican  candidates  for  President  and 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States.  McKinley 
had  the  unprecedented  plurality  of  87,692,  with 
221,367  votes  cast  for  him.  William  J.  Bryan,  his 
Democratic  opponent,  received  133,675  votes.  Pal- 
mer, the  National  Democrat  or  " sound  money" 
candidate,  received  6,373  votes.  Levering,  Prohi- 
bitionist, obtained  5,614,  and  Matchett,  Socialistic 
Labor,  secured  3,985  votes. 

1898:  Republican.— The  Republican  convention 
of  1898  selected  as  its  nominee  Foster  M.  Voor- 
hees,  the  choice  being  made  by  acclamation. 

The  platform  declared  "undying  opposition  to 
any  proposition  to  debase  the  national  currency," 
while  the  war  policy  of  President  McKinley  was 
heartily  commended,  as  well  as  the  course  of  New 
Jersey's  representatives  in  the  national  Legisla- 
ture, and  the  administration  of  Governor  Griggs 
and  of  Acting  Governor  Voorhees.  The  special 
revenue  law,  as  a  "necessary  measure,"  said  the 
platform,  should  be  repealed  as  soon  as  the  re- 
duced expenses  of  the  national  government  justi- 
fied such  a  course ;  the  annexation  of  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  and  the  construction  of  the  Nicaragua 
Canal  being  also  recommended. 


>^  (^i^J^'^y^/^) 


(From  an  engravinp  by  H.  B.  Hall's  Rons. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  195 

The  platform  proudly  pointed  to  the  party  rec- 
ord under  the  claim  that  the  Republicans  had 
abolished  legislation  favoring  racetracks,  and  had 
advocated  a  constitutional  amendment  "prohibit- 
ing the  reenactment  of  such  laws."  Partisanship 
had  been  abolished  from  State  institutions  and  in 
the  State  offices,  and  in  the  offices  of  the  large 
counties  "reasonable  salaries"  had  supplanted 
the  fee  system.  The  platform  also  contended  that 
the  Republican  party  had  ' '  doubled  the  annual  ap- 
propriation for  the  support  of  our  free  school  sys- 
tem, ' '  while  relief  had  come  to  the  taxpayers  of  the 
several  counties  "by  distributing  amongst  them 
annually  more  than  two  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars of  the  tax  received  by  the  State  from  railroad 
corporations."  Appropriations  for  good  roads, 
said  the  platform,  had  been  increased,  and  lib- 
eral appropriations  had  been  made  for  the  support 
and  proper  care  of  the  insane.  The  public  debt 
had  been  reduced  by  the  payment  of  over  five  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars,  while  in  the  construction 
and  extension  of  State  institutions  over  one  mil- 
lion dollars  had  been  expended.  The  party  had 
"codified  and  condensed  many  of  the  cumber- 
some and  complex  State  statutes,"  and  a  con- 
tinuance of  a  policy  of  rigid  economy,  liberal  ap- 
propriations for  purposes  of  public  necessity  and 
welfare,  beneficial  labor   legislation,    and  for   the 


196  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

promotion  of  the  agricultural  and  industrial  in- 
terests of  New  Jersey  were  promised. 

1898:  Democratic— Elvin  W.  Crane  was  the 
choice  of  the  Democratic  convention  of  1898,  upon 
the  first  ballot.  Before  the  convention  the  names 
of  Richard  A.  Donnelly,  Christian  Braun,  Howard 
Carrow,  William  D.  Daly,  Clarence  T.  Atkinson, 
James  M.  Seymour,  and  Isaac  Carmichael  were 
presented  or  voted  for. 

The  platform  charged  the  existing  Republican 
State  administration  with  "extravagance,  cor- 
ruption, and  misrule,"  and  declared  the  "para- 
mount issues"  of  the  gubernatorial  contest  to  be 
"equal  taxation,  home  rule,  honest  State  and  mu- 
nicipal government,  the  abolition  of  useless  and 
expensive  State  commissions,  the  reduction  of  the 
large  present  expenses  of  the  State  government  to 
the  economical  standard  maintained  for  years  un- 
der Democratic  rule,  the  reduction  of  official  sala- 
ries, the  abolishment  of  the  fee  system  and  the 
placing  of  all  officials  upon  a  salary  basis,  the  en- 
actment of  laws  in  the  interest  of  organized  labor 
for  the  protection  of  the  wage  workers  of  the 
State,  the  repeal  of  all  laws  that  abridge  the  rights 
of  juries  to  fix  the  amount  of  damages  in  cases 
where  the  death  of  a  person  is  caused  by  wrongful 
act,  and  the  release  of  the  administration  of  State 
affairs  from  the  control  of  corporations  and  their 
restoration  to  the  authority  of  the  people."    The 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  197 

platform,  in  accordance  with  precedent,  declared 
for  equal  taxation. 

The  Republican  party  was  charged  with  the  cre- 
ation of  "  useless  and  needless  State  commis- 
sions," with  "gross  extravagance  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  State  affairs,"  and  increasing,  by  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  the  expenses  of  the 
State  government.  It  was  added:  "Salaries  of 
public  officials  are  far  in  excess  of  what  they 
should  be. ' '  The  Republicans  and  the  governor  of 
that  party  were  charged  with  neglecting  the  in- 
terests of  labor,  while  the  Democrats  pledged 
themselves  to  "abolish  the  fee  system  in  all  State 
and  county  offices. ' ' 

Unjust  discrimination  in  rates  for  the  transpor- 
tation of  freight  was  condemned,  the  Republican 
party  being  charged  with  too  close  alliance  with 
"trusts  and  corporations." 

The  betterment  of  public  school  legislation  was 
advocated,  New  Jersey  owing  to  every  child  "an 
education  unsurpassed  by  any  other  State."  The 
platform  advocated  ample  and  suitable  school  ac- 
commodation, the  establishment  of  a  thorough 
kindergarten  system,  a  compulsory  education  law, 
and  a  statute  requiring  the  State  treasurer  to 
be  the  custodian  of  the  teachers*  retirement 
fund  without  expense  to  the  fund.  The  Democrats 
favored  the  construction  of  good  roads  and  proper 
State  aid  therefor. 


198  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Pensions  and  "suitable  provision  for  additional 
pay"  were  advocated  for  the  New  Jersey  volun- 
teers of  the  Spanish- American  War,  to  whom  ' '  the 
thanks  of  the  people  of  the  State  and  nation  are 
due."  Upon  the  other  hand  "Algerism"  and  the 
conduct  of  the  war,  resulting  from  the  "incompe- 
tency of  government  officials, ' '  was  condemned. 

The  platform  reaffirmed  Democratic  devotion 
"to  all  the  great  and  vital  principles  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  on  national  issues."  A  delegate 
moved  to  add  the  words:  "as  enunciated  in  the 
platform  adopted  by  the  Democratic  convention  in 
Chicago  in  1896,"  which  amendment  was  lost. 

From  February  1, 1893,  to  October  18, 1898,  Fos- 
ter M.  Voorhees,  by  virtue  of  his  office  as  president 
of  the  Senate,  had  been  acting  governor.  Upon 
the  occasion  of  his  nomination  he  resigned  the 
presidency  of  the  Senate,  and  David  0.  Watkins, 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Assembly,  became  acting 
governor,  discharging  the  duties  of  the  office  until 
Governor  Voorhees  took  the  oath  of  office  January 
16,  1899. 

The  vote  of  the  gubernatorial  election  of  1898 
stood  as  follows:  Voorhees,  164,051;  Crane,  158,- 
552;  Landon,  Prohibitionist,  6,893;  Maguire,  So- 
cialistic Labor,  5,458;  Schrayshuen,  People's,  491; 
giving  a  Republican  plurality  of  5,499. 

During  the  administration  of  Governor  Voor- 
hees, upon  the  occasion  of  a  visit  to  Europe,  Presi- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  199 

dent  of  the  Senate  (later  First  Assistant  Postmas- 
ter-General) William  M.  Johnson  served  as  acting 
governor  from  May  21  to  June  19,  1900. 

In  the  presidential  election  of  1900  William  Mc- 
Kinley  again  swept  the  State  with  a  plurality  of 
56,899.  His  total  vote  was  221,707,  that  of  Will- 
iam J.  Bryan,  Democrat,  being  164,808.  Woolley, 
Prohibitionist,  had  7,183;  Debs,  Socialistic  Demo- 
crat, 4,609;  Malloney,  Socialistic  Labor,  2,074; 
Barker,  People's,  669  votes. 

1901 :  Republican.— The  unanimous  choice  of  the 
convention  of  1901  was  Franklin  Murphy. 

In  a  platform  half  the  length  of  the  Democratic 
document  the  Republicans  approved  the  conduct 
of  the  national  administration,  specifying  expan- 
sion of  territory,  currency  and  tariff  legislation, 
and  the  purchase  of  bonds  for  cancellation,  as 
well  as  President  Roosevelt's  efforts  to  continue 
President  McKinley's  policy.  The  Republicans 
also  endorsed  the  administration  of  Governor  Fos- 
ter M.  Voorhees,  specifying  the  judicious  and  con- 
servative use  of  the  public  funds,  and  the  reduc- 
tion of  local  taxes  by  the  application  of  the  State's 
surplus  revenues.  The  Democrats  were  con- 
demned for  incompetence  and  extravagance  when 
in  control  of  the  national  government,  necessitat- 
ing the  sale  of  bonds  and  increase  of  the  public 
debt,  as  well  as  for  past  corruption,  extravagance, 


200  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

and  incompetence  when  in  political  control  of  the 
State. 

The  platform  claimed  that  existing  prosperity 
was  due  to  Republican  policies,  and  challenged 
comparison  of  the  methods  and  results  of  Repub- 
lican State  administration  with  the  past  record  of 
the  Democratic  party. 

1901:  Democratic— The  names  of  Democrats 
placed  in  nomination  were  those  of  James  M.  Sey- 
mour, Thomas  N.  Ferrell,  Howard  Carrow,  Chris- 
tian Braun,  and  James  E.  Martine.  Two  ballots 
were  taken  before  Mr.  Seymour  was  declared  to 
be  the  choice  of  the  convention. 

The  platform  of  the  Democratic  party  adopted 
in  the  convention  of  1901  presented  certain  fea- 
tures made  familiar  by  previous  presentations.  It 
called  for  abolition  of  the  entire  fee  system,  equal 
taxation  and  thorough  revision  of  tax  laws,  the  re- 
peal of  laws  abridging  the  right  of  juries  to  fix  the 
amount  of  damages  in  cases  where  the  death  of  a 
person  is  caused  by  wrongful  act;  a  rigid  enforce- 
ment of  the  laws  prohibiting  child  labor;  school 
room  for  all  and  the  adoption  of  the  kindergarten 
system.  A  rigid  economy  in  government,  surplus 
revenues  to  be  applied  to  reduction  of  the  State 
taxes  for  school  purposes,  a  rigorous  investigation 
of  State  institutions  and  the  preservation  of  the 
forests  of  the  State  were  demanded.  In  common 
with  the  Republicans  anarchy  was  scathingly  con- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  201 


demned,  while  both  parties  deplored  the  assassina- 
tion of  President  McKinley.  For  the  first  time  in 
the  history  of  the  State  the  Democrats  publicly  de- 
clared in  favor  of  the  election  of  United  States 
senators  by  the  people. 

Upon  the  contention  that  the  issues  of  the  cam- 
paign were  distinctively  local  the  Democrats 
claimed  that  every  important  legislative  enact- 
ment favoring  labor  was  passed  by  Democrats, 
and  that  the  prosperous  condition  of  the  State 
treasury  was  due  to  corporation  tax  laws  initiated 
and  passed  by  Democrats. 

The  resolution  further  stated  "that  Repub- 
lican legislation  is  controlled  by  an  irresponsible 
Republican  State  committee,  which  in  turn  is 
ruled  by  corporations  and  trusts,  and  that  Repub- 
lican control  has  been  expensive,  incompetent, 
and  partisan."  Upon  these  grounds  the  Repub- 
lican party  was  charged  with  the  following  acts  of 
omission  and  commission:  that  local  spring  elec- 
tions have  been  abolished,  that  cities  have  been 
deprived  of  the  right  to  divide  the  wards  in  their 
municipalities;  that  the  Supreme  Court  has  been 
used  as  a  reward  for  party  services ;  and  that  the 
efficiency  of  the  National  Guard  has  been  impaired 
by  disbanding  regiments  without  a  public  pur- 
pose. Charges  were  also  made  against  the  man- 
agement of  State  institutions,  that  the  child  labor 
laws  had  not  been  enforced,  that  the  "expenses 


202  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

of  the  State  government,  not  including  payments 
on  the  public  debts,  have  increased  over  fifty-five 
per  cent,  since  1893,"  and  that  there  had  been  a 
failure  to  properly  advertise  proposed  amend- 
ments to  the  State  constitution. 

The  returns  of  the  election  showed  the  follow- 
ing vote:  Murphy,  183,814;  Seymour,  166,681; 
Brown,  Prohibitionist,  5,365;  Vail,  Socialist,  3,- 
489;  Wilson,  Socialist  Labor,  1,918.  Murphy's 
plurality  was  17,133. 


CHAPTER     XIII 
Modern  Banes  and  Banking 


Contributed  by  TToma*  Holme*.  From  his  monograph  "A  History  ot  Bu&ktng  id 
Hut  United  8tat«"  m  "A  Hiatory  of  Banking  in  the  Halted  Bute."  Bradford 
Bkoadaa  awl  Company,  1900. 


THE  bank,  so  far  as  its  vast  reaching 
influence  is  concerned,  is  distinc- 
tively a  modern  factor  in  civiliza- 
tion. Banking  in  New  Jersey,  as 
elsewhere,  until  the  passage  of  the 
national  banking  act  of  1863  was  evolutionary. 
From  the  beginnings  of  banks  in  this  State,  with 
the  organization  of  the  Newark  Banking  and  In- 
surance Company,  and  the  Trenton  Banking 
Company,  until  1850,  it  was  a  period  of  ex- 
perimentation, of  alternating  success  and  fail- 
ure, of  an  abundance  of  issue  of  paper  money  and 
subsequent  stringency.  Then  came  the  law  of 
1850,  when  the  State  of  New  Jersey  passed  its  first 
general  banking  law,  whose  effects  gave  to  the 
public  a  reasonable  degree  of  assurance  that  the 
institutions  were  being  properly  conducted. 

When  the  national  banking  act  was  passed  in 
1863  there  were  twelve  State  banks  with  securities 
amounting  to  $1,748,333  and  a  circulation  of 
$1,633,513.  The  affairs  of  eight  banks  were  being 
settled  by  decrees  from  the  court  of  chancery. 
Nine,  which  had  obtained  charters  from  the  Legis- 
lature, were  winding  up  their  business  under  the 
general  banking  law. 

It  was  the  Civil  War,  with  its  constantly  in- 
creasing demands  upon  the  financial  resources  of 
the  country,  that  showed  the  value  of  a  bank  in 
time  of  anxiety.    Among  the   institutions  of  the 


206  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

State  the  Trenton  Banking  Company  had  weath- 
ered many  financial  storms,  and  no  period  in  the 
history  of  this  bank  was  of  greater  interest  to  the 
State  of  New  Jersey  or  the  nation  at  large  than 
that  during  the  Rebellion.  The  minutes  show  that 
on  April  16,  1861,  two  days  after  the  bombard- 
ment of  Fort  Sumter,  the  directors  passed  a  resolu- 
tion tendering  the  governor  of  the  State  a  loan 
of  $25,000  for  immediate  use  in  equipping  troops. 
On  September  5, 1862,  a  loan  of  $200,000  was  made 
to  the  State  for  the  payment  of  bounties,  while  as 
the  war  proceeded  Governor  Charles  S.  Olden, 
who  was  then  a  director  of  the  bank,  was  author- 
ized to  use  all  the  money  of  the  institution  that 
might  be  necessary  for  sending  troops  to  the  front. 
The  governor  did  so,  with  the  result  that  the  State, 
at  the  close  of  hostilities,  owed  the  bank  $600,000. 

Since  the  passage  of  the  national  banking  law  of 
1863  one  of  the  most  notable  features  of  the  his- 
tory of  banking  in  New  Jersey  was  the  establish- 
ment, in  1891,  of  a  State  department  of  banking 
and  insurance.  The  duties  of  this  department  are 
to  execute  all  the  laws  in  force  relative  to  insur- 
ance, banking,  savings,  trust,  guarantee,  safe  de- 
posit, indemnity,  mortgage,  investment,  and  loan 
corporations. 

In  1899  a  general  revision  of  the  banking  laws 
of  the  State  was  undertaken.  The  act  provides 
that  seven  or  more  persons  of  full  age  may  become 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  207 

a  banking  corporation.  The  affairs  of  every  bank 
shall  be  managed  by  a  board  of  not  less  than  five 
directors,  a  majority  of  whom  shall  at  all  times  be 
residents  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey.  They  shall 
be  elected  annually  by  the  stockholders  at  their 
annual  meeting,  and  hold  office  for  one  year,  and 
until  their  successors  are  elected  and  have  quali- 
fied. The  board  of  directors  of  each  bank  shall 
from  time  to  time  appoint  from  its  members  an 
examining  committee,  who  shall  examine  the  con- 
dition of  the  bank  at  least  once  every  six  months, 
or  oftener  if  required  by  the  board.  Such  com- 
mittee after  each  examination  shall  forthwith  re- 
port to  the  board,  giving  in  detail  all  items  in- 
cluded in  the  assets  of  the  bank  which  they  have 
reason  to  believe  are  not  of  the  value  stated  upon 
the  books  and  records  of  the  bank,  and  giving  the 
value,  in  their  judgment,  of  each  of  such  items. 
Every  bank  shall  make  to  the  commissioner  of 
banking  and  insurance  not  less  than  four  reports 
during  each  year. 

No  bank  shall  make  any  loan  or  discount  on 
the  security  or  on  the  shares  of  its  own  capital 
stock,  or  be  the  purchaser  or  holder  of  any  such 
shares,  unless  such  security  or  purchase  shall  be 
necessary  to  prevent  loss  upon  a  debt  previously 
contracted  in  good  faith.  The  stock  so  purchased 
or  acquired,  within  one  year  from  the  time  of  its 
purchase,  shall  be  sold  or  disposed  of  at  public  or 


208  NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 

private  sale.  The  total  liabilities  to  any  bank  of 
any  person  or  of  any  company,  corporation,  or 
firm,  for  money  borrowed,  including  in  the  liabili- 
ties of  a  company  or  firm  the  liabilities  of  the  sev- 
eral members  thereof,  shall  at  no  time  exceed  ten 
per  cent,  of  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  capital 
stock  of  such  bank  actually  paid  in,  and  of  the 
permanent  surplus  fund  of  such  bank.  Every  bank 
shall  at  all  times  have  on  hand  in  available  funds 
an  amount  equal  at  least  to  fifteen  per  cent,  of 
all  its  immediate  liabilities;  three-fifths  of  this 
amount  may  consist  of  balances  due  to  the  bank 
from  good,  solvent  banks  or  trust  companies,  and 
two-fifths  of  such  sum  shall  be  held  in  reserve  in 
cash  on  hand.  It  is  lawful  for  any  bank,  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  to  issue  as  money,  or 
put  in  circulation  as  money,  any  bills  or  notes. 

Whenever  any  bank  shall  become  insolvent,  or 
shall  suspend  its  ordinary  business  for  want  of 
funds  to  carry  on  the  same,  the  attorney-general 
or  any  creditor  or  stockholder  may,  by  petition  or 
bill  of  complaint  setting  forth  the  facts  and  cir- 
cumstances of  the  case,  apply  to  the  court  of 
chancery  for  a  writ  of  injunction  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  receiver  or  receivers  or  trustees. 

The  first  savings  bank  established  in  New  Jer- 
sey was  chartered  by  the  Legislature  in  1828.  It 
was  the  Newark  Savings  Fund  Association,  of 
which  Luther  Goble  was  president.    In  the  twenty- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  209 

years  following  several  charters  were  granted  for 
savings  banks,  but  only  a  small  percentage  of 
them  actually  commenced  business.  Of  these 
early  incorporations  one  of  the  most  notable  was 
the  Trenton  Saving  Fund  Society,  incorporated  in 
1844. 

Although  the  savings  banks  were  required  to 
make  reports  to  the  Legislature  there  was  the 
same  neglect  as  in  the  case  of  State  banks,  and  it 
was  not  until  1869  that  the  State  authorities  were 
able  to  compile  satisfactory  statistics  showing  the 
number  of  savings  banks  in  the  State  and  their  re- 
sources. 

In  1864  there  were  nine  savings  banks,  which  by 
the  close  of  the  period  of  inflation  had  increased  to 
forty-two.  In  the  growth  of  industrialism  the  va- 
rious "  dime  "  savings  institutions  appeared,  and 
while  their  subsequent  history  was  filled  with  vi- 
cissitudes there  was  on  deposit  in  the  savings 
banks  of  New  Jersey  in  1874  nearly  thirty-one  mil- 
lion dollars,  which  in  ten  years  had  increased  from 
three  million  six  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Fol- 
lowing the ' '  hard  times  ' '  and  the  panic  of  1873  the 
deposits  of  the  State,  in  1879,  reached  the  lowest 
ebb  of  fifteen  million  dollars.  A  revival  of  busi- 
ness in  1880  brought  money  to  the  savings  banks, 
and  in  two  years  the  deposits  had  increased  more 
than  ten  million  dollars. 

It  was  not  until  1876  that  a  general  law  govern- 

[Vol.   4] 


210  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

ing  savings  banks  was  enacted  in  New  Jersey,  and 
it  has  operated  so  satisfactorily  that  it  has  not 
been  materially  amended. 

The  law  requires  that  no  savings  bank  shall  be 
established  without  a  certificate  of  authority  from 
the  commissioner  of  banking  and  insurance.  The 
certificate  is  issued  only  when  the  commissioner 
has  been  assured  that  there  is  need  of  a  bank  in 
the  locality  where  it  is  proposed  to  establish  it, 
that  it  will  be  liberally  patronized,  and  that  the 
persons  applying  for  the  certificate  are  of  good 
character  and  financially  responsible.  A  majority 
of  the  managers  must  reside  in  the  county  where 
the  bank  is  located  and  be  freeholders  in  the  State. 
No  manager  can  have  any  interest,  directly  or  indi- 
rectly, in  the  gains  or  profits  of  the  bank  except 
as  a  depositor,  or  borrow  any  of  its  funds,  or  be- 
come an  indorser,  surety,  or  obligor,  in  any  man- 
ner for  money  loaned  by  or  borrowed  from  the 
bank.  The  rate  of  interest  and  of  dividends  is 
regulated  by  the  managers,  so  that  the  depositors 
receive  all  the  profits  of  the  institution,  after  de- 
ducting necessary  expenses  and  reserving  a  cer- 
tain sum  as  a  surplus  fund,  which,  to  the  amount 
of  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  deposits,  the  managers 
are  authorized  to  gradually  accumulate  and  to 
hold  to  meet  any  contingency  or  loss  by  depre- 
ciation of  securities  or  otherwise. 

Investments    are    restricted   to   bonds    of    the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  211 

United  States,  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  the 
cities,  counties,  etc.,  therein ;  bonds  of  other  States 
in  the  United  States,  or  of  any  city  or  county  there- 
in, whose  net  indebtedness  is  limited  by  law  to 
ten  per  cent,  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  prop- 
erty therein ;  and  first  mortgage  bonds  of  railroad 
companies  that  have  paid  dividends  regularly  on 
their  capital  stock  for  the  five  years  preceding,  or 
the  consolidated  mortgage  bonds  issued  by  any 
such  company  to  retire  its  entire  bonded  debt. 

Loans  on  personal  security  can  not  be  made  ex- 
cept upon  the  additional  pledge,  of  specified  col- 
laterals having  a  market  value  margin  of  twenty 
per  cent.  Not  more  than  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the 
deposits  can  be  so  loaned.  Mortgage  loans  may 
be  made,  up  to  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  deposits,  on 
real  estate  in  New  Jersey  worth  fifty  per  cent, 
more  than  the  amount  loaned  thereon,  but  if  the 
real  estate  is  unimproved  or  unproductive  the 
margin  of  value  must  be  seventy  per  cent.  The 
managers  are  required  to  invest  the  moneys  de- 
posited as  soon  as  practicable  after  their  receipt, 
except  that  for  the  meeting  of  current  payments 
in  excess  of  the  receipts  they  may  keep  an  avail- 
able fund  of  not  exceeding  ten  per  cent,  of  the  de- 
posits, either  on  hand  or  deposited  on  call  in  desig- 
nated banks  or  trust  companies,  or  loaned  on  de- 
mand on  specified  collaterals.  The  aggregate  de- 
posits of  any  corporation  or  individual  is  limited 


212  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

to  five  thousand  dollars,  exclusive  of  accrued  in- 
terest, unless  made  prior  to  1876  or  by  order  of  a 
court  of  record  or  surrogate. 

The  institutions  must  be  examined  once  in  two 
years,  and  oftener  if  deemed  expedient  by  the 
commissioner  of  banking  and  insurance.  Reports 
of  conition  on  January  1st  and  transactions  for 
the  year  must  be  filed  annually,  within  one  month 
from  said  date,  under  penalty  of  two  hundred  dol- 
lars for  each  day's  delay,  for  which  the  managers 
are  personally  liable.  Savings  banks  having  no 
capital  stock  are  taxed  upon  all  their  property  and 
valuable  assets,  but  the  depositors  are  exempt 
from  taxation  on  their  personal  estate  to  the 
amount  of  their  deposits. 

In  addition  to  the  savings  banks  there  are  twen- 
ty-five trust  companies  in  operation  in  the  State 
of  New  Jersey. 


CHAPT E R    X  I  V 
New  Jersey  in  the  Spanish- American  War. 


Jhtom  tbe  report  of  WilliMB  8.  Slryker,  »d}uUat-g«Mn]  ot  MM  8UU  «f  New  Jerixy . 

tor  tl*>  year  ending  Ootober  81,  18W. 


THE  passage  by  Congress  upon  April 
22,  1898,  of  an  act  to  increase  the 
military  force  of  the  United  States, 
which  act  is  commonly  known  as 
the  "  Hull  Bill,"  was  the  first  offi- 
cial movement  toward  calling  out  a  force  of  volun- 
teers for  service  in  the  war  with  Spain.  The  ''na- 
tional forces"  were  declared  to  consist  of  all  able- 
bodied  male  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  per- 
sons of  foreign  birth  who  had  declared  their  in- 
tention to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  years. 
Under  the  provisions  of  the  "Hull  Bill"  "the 
organized  and  active  land  forces  of  the  United 
States  shall  consist  of  the  army  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States 
when  called  into  the  service  of  the  United  States," 
it  being  provided  that  in  time  of  war  the  army 
"  shall  consist  of  two  branches,  which  shall  be 
designated,  respectively,  as  the  Regular  Army  and 
the  Volunteer  Army  of  the  United  States,"  in 
which  latter  branch  the  term  of  enlistment  shall 
be  two  years. 

The  regular  army  is  the  permanent  military  es- 
tablishment, which  is  maintained  both  in  peace 
and  war  according  to  law. 

The  joint  resolutions  of  Congress  approved  April 
20,  1898,  recognized  the  independency  of  Cuba,  de- 
manded that   Spain   relinquish  its  authority  and 


216  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

government  in  that  island,  withdraw  its  land  and 
naval  forces  from  Cuba  and  Cuban  waters,  and  di- 
rected the  President  of  the  United  States  to  use 
the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  republic  to  carry 
the  resolutions  into  effect.  Based  upon  theso 
resolutions  and  the  power  conferred  by  the  "Hull 
Bill,"  President  McKinley  on  the  23d  of  April, 
1898,  issued  a  proclamation  calling  for  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  thousand  volunteers,  while 
upon  the  25th  of  April  Congress  declared,  by  act, 
that  war  existed  "between  the  United  States  of 
America  and  the  Kingdom  of  Spain,"  which  war 
had  then  existed  for  a  space  of  four  days. 

Upon  the  25th  of  April  Secretary  of  War  R.  A. 
Alger  instructed  Governor  Foster  M.  Voorhees 
that  New  Jersey's  quota  of  the  call  for  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  thousand  volunteers  would 
be  three  regiments  of  infantry,  to  serve  for  a  pe- 
riod of  two  years.  The  rendezous  of  the  State 
was  Jersey  City. 

The  following  day  a  conference  of  the  military 
authorities  of  the  State  was  held  in  the  executive 
chambers  at  Trenton,  the  governor  being  present, 
and  the  next  morning  an  order  was  issued  for 
the  calling  out  of  three  regiments  of  the  National 
Guard  as  the  quota  of  New  Jersey  under  the  first 
call  for  troops. 

From  the  office  of  Adjutant-General  William  S. 
Stryker,  upon  April  27th,  general  orders  were  is- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  217 

sued,  each  regiment  to  be  organized  into  three 
battalions  of  four  companies  each.  The  regiments 
detailed  for  duty  were  the  First,  Second,  and 
Third  Regiments,  and  Companies  A,  C,  and  G, 
Sixth  Regiment,  and  Company  E,  Seventh  Regi- 
ment (the  companies  so  named  to  constitute  a  bat- 
talion of  the  Third  Regiment),  National  Guard. 
The  State  camp  at  Sea  Girt  was  designated  as  the 
place  for  rendezvous,  which  camp  on  April  28th 
was  constituted  a  military  post  under  the  com- 
mand of  Major-General  Joseph  W.  Plume,  Gov- 
ernor Voorhees  having  assumed  the  responsibility 
of  changing  the  place  of  rendezvous  from  Jersey 
City  to  Sea  Girt,  which  move  was  made  in  absence 
of  "instructions  to  the  contrary"  from  the  depart- 
ment of  war. 

Upon  April  30th  Assistant  Adjutant-General 
Alexander  C.  Oliphant,  then  inspector,  staff  of 
division,  National  Guard,  under  special  orders  was 
directed  to  report  to  the  governor  as  commander- 
in-chief  for  temporary  duty  on  his  personal  staff. 

So  rapidly  did  the  National  Guard  of  New  Jer- 
sey mobilize  that  on  Monday  afternoon,  May  2d, 
at  one  o  'clock,  Companies  A,  C,  and  G,  Sixth  Regi- 
ment, and  Company  E,  Seventh  Regiment,  Nation- 
al Guard,  all  of  which  organizations  were  to  be 
attached  to  the  Third  Regiment,  marched  into 
camp.  At  three  o'clock  the  First  Regiment,  head- 
quarters Newark,  and  the  Third  Regiment,  head- 


218  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

quarters  Elizabeth,  arrived  at  Sea  Girt.  At  four 
o'clock  the  same  afternoon  the  Second  Regiment, 
headquarters  Paterson,  reported  in  camp,  and 
twenty-five  minutes  thereafter  Major-General 
Plume  had  the  camp  colors  hoisted  and  Camp 
Voorhees  was  formally  established. 

Captain  William  C.  Buttler,  Third  Infantry, 
United  States  Army,  the  mustering  officer  of  the 
New  Jersey  troops,  reported  to  the  governor,  and 
Captain  William  C.  Gorgas,  assistant  surgeon, 
United  States  Army,  reported  as  the  medical  offi- 
cer for  the  examination  of  recruits. 

On  May  4th  the  governor  officially  offered  to  the 
United  States  government  the  camp  grounds  at 
Sea  Girt  and  the  adjoining  property  as  a  military 
post,  stating  that  it  was  sufficient  for  the  encamp- 
ment of  twenty  thousand  troops.  The  offer  was 
not  accepted. 

Company  B,  First  Regiment,  was  the  first  com- 
pany mustered  into  the  service  of  the  United 
States  for  the  war,  by  Captain  Buttler,  May  6th, 
and  the  mustering  in  of  the  entire  three  regiments 
was  concluded  Sunday,  May  15th. 

Notwithstanding  the  large  amount  of  clothing, 
equipments,  etc.,  in  possession  of  the  regimental 
organizations  of  the  three  regiments  referred  to, 
and  in  the  arsenal  of  the  State,  there  were  some 
supplies  in  which  the  regiments  were  deficient, 
notably  in  the  matter  of  clothing. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  219 

Under  special  orders  of  the  13th  of  May  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Third  Regiment  was  altered,  the 
companies  of  the  Sixth  and  Seventh  Regiments 
constituting  a  battalion  of  the  Third  Regiment, 
being  thus  lettered: 

Company  E,  Seventh  Regiment,  to  be  Company  I,  Third  Regi- 
ment. 

Company  A,  Sixth  Regiment,  to  be  Company  K.  Third  Regi- 
ment. 

Company  C,  Sixth  Regiment,  to  be  Company  L,  Third  Regi- 
ment. 

Company  G,  Sixth  Regiment,  to  be  Company  M,  Third  Regi- 
ment. 

The  following  re-organization  of  the  battalions 
of  the  Third  Regiment  was  also  directed : 

Companies  B,  F,  I,  and  L  to  constitute  the  First  Battalion. 
Companies  C,  D,  E,  and  K  to  constitute  the  Second  Battalion. 
Companies  A,  G,  H,  and  M  to  constitute  the  Third  Battalion. 

On  May  16th  the  First  Regiment  received  orders 
to  move  to  Camp  Alger,  near  Washington,  and  on 
the  evening  of  May  19th  they  broke  camp  at  Sea 
Girt  and  started  for  Washington.  The  regiment 
was  fully  armed,  uniformed,  and  equipped,  had  all 
the  necessary  tentage,  one  hundred  thousand 
rounds  of  ammunition,  ten  days'  fixed  rations,  and 
two  days'  travel  rations. 

Under  orders  of  May  20  from  headquarters,  De- 
partment of  the  East,  the  Third  Regiment  of  New 
Jersey  was  ordered  for  duty.  The  colonel  with 
headquarters,    unassigned   field   officers,  and  one 


220  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

battalion  of  the  regiment  were  assigned  to  Pomp- 
ton  Lakes,  New  Jersey,  to  relieve  Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel Henry  T.  Dechert,  and  five  companies  of  the 
Second  Regiment  of  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  In- 
fantry stationed  there,  guarding  the  Laflin  &  Rand 
Powder  Works.  The  lieutenant-colonel  and  major 
and  the  remaining  two  battalions  of  the  regiment 
were  directed  to  report  to  the  commanding  officer 
of  Fort  Hancock  for  duty  at  that  place. 

On  May  25th  the  Third  Regiment  broke  camp  at 
Sea  Girt  and  the  First  Battalion  proceeded  to 
Pompton  Lakes,  Passaic  County,  New  Jersey,  and 
the  Second  and  Third  Battalions  to  Fort  Hancock, 
Sandy  Hook. 

On  the  previous  day,  May  24th,  Colonel  Edward 
A.  Campbell  was  designated  by  general  orders  to 
form  and  organize  the  First  Brigade,  First 
Division,  Second  Army  Corps,  at  Camp  Alger,  Vir- 
ginia, On  July  17  Colonel  Campbell  was  relieved 
by  Brigadier-General  Joseph  W.  Plume.  It  was 
in  this  corps  that  the  First  New  Jersey  Regiment 
remained  until  the  close  of  its  service. 

On  May  30th  the  Second  New  Jersey  Regiment 
was  ordered  to  proceed  at  once  to  the  national 
camp  at  Chickamauga  Park,  and  on  the  1st  of 
June  the  regiment  left  Sea  Girt  for  Camp  George 
H.  Thomas.  While  upon  their  journey  the  regi- 
ment was  ordered  to  advance  to  Camp  Cuba  Libre, 
Jacksonville,  Florida. 


DYNAMITE  CRUISER  "  VESUVIUS. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  221 

Although  New  Jersey  had  filled  three  regiments 
a  call  came  from  the  war  department  on  May  27 
that  a  thousand  more  men  should  be  enlisted. 
Several  conferences  by  New  Jersey  military  offi- 
cers were  held  on  this  subject  on  the  28th,  29th, 
30th,  and  31st  of  May,  and  in  response  the  govern- 
or of  New  Jersey  showed  that  the  State's  quota 
had  been  2,862  men,  which  had  been  sent  into  the 
field.  The  muster-in  rolls  showed  3,162  enlisted 
officers  and  men  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States.  It  was  shown  the  federal  authorities  that 
to  increase  the  existing  regiments  would  be  diffi- 
cult. The  three  regiments  contained  men  from 
eighteen  towns  and  cities  in  the  central  part  of 
the  State.  New  Jersey  requested  that  a  new  regi- 
ment, recruited  from  the  northern  and  southern 
parts  of  the  State,  be  established. 

On  the  13th  of  June  the  recruits  for  the  three 
regiments  in  the  field  began  to  arrive  in  camp  at 
Sea  Girt,  and  the  next  day  the  medical  examina- 
tion and  mustering  in  of  recruits  began  and  con- 
tinued until  July  8th.  The  contingent  for  the 
First  Regiment  left  for  Camp  Alger  on  July  1st, 
and  on  the  same  day  the  recruits  for  the  First  Bat- 
talion of  the  Third  Regiment  started  for  Pompton 
Lakes.  The  recruits  for  the  Second  Regiment  at 
Jacksonville,  Florida,  left  Sea  Girt  July  7th,  and 
those  for  the  Second  and  Third  Battalions  of  the 


222  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Third  Regiment  at  Fort  Hancock,  Sandy  Hook, 
New  Jersey,  July  8th. 

On  June  28  a  presidential  call  for  seventy-five 
thousand  additional  volunteers  was  made,  of 
which  New  Jersey's  quota  was  one  regiment  of 
twelve  companies. 

On  the  2d  of  August  the  First  Regiment,  then 
attached  to  the  Second  Army  Corps,  by  order  of 
the  secretary  of  war  was  attached  to  the  Fourth 
Brigade  of  the  Third  Army  Corps,  Major-General 
Wade,  United  States  Volunteers,  commanding, 
and  assigned  to  duty  in  Porto  Rico.  This  order, 
however,  was  not  carried  into  effect. 

In  the  meantime  the  Second  New  Jersey  Regi- 
ment, at  Jacksonville,  had  been  assigned  to  the 
Seventh  Army  Corps,  Major-General  Fitzhugh  Lee 
commanding. 

On  the  3d  of  September  the  First  Regiment  ar- 
rived at  Sea  Girt  from  the  camp  at  Dunn  Loring, 
Virginia,  having  been  ordered  to  return  to  New 
Jersey  for  muster  out,  and  on  September  24th  the 
Second  Regiment  arrived  at  Sea  Girt  under  sim- 
ilar orders. 

On  Monday,  the  26th,  the  First  Regiment,  on  its 
arrival  at  Newark,  was  reviewed  by  the  mayor 
and  received  a  great  ovation  from  the  citizens. 
The  Second  Regiment  also,  at  the  same  hour,  was 
reviewed  by  the  governor  at  Paterson,  and  a  ban- 
quet was  given  later  in  the  day  to  the  officers  and 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  223 

men  of  the  regiment.  On  Saturday,  October  8th, 
the  Fourth  Regiment,  which  had  been  encamped 
nearly  three  months  at  Sea  Girt,  was  ordered  to 
Camp  George  G.  Meade,  Middletown,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  it  reported  there  on  Sunday  morning, 
October  9th,  and  was  assigned  to  the  First  Bri- 
gade, Second  Division,  Second  Army  Corps. 

Authority  was  issued  by  the  war  department  to 
organize  a  signal  corps  in  the  United  States  Vol- 
unteer Army,  and  Captain  Carl  F.  Hartmann,  of 
Newark,  was  commissioned  to  enlist  a  company 
in  New  Jersey. 

As  early  as  the  26th  of  March  the  navy  depart- 
ment began  to  look  toward  the  Naval  Reserves  of 
the  several  States  for  aid  in  furnishing  the  seamen 
to  take  charge  of  the  vessels  of  the  navy  in  the 
threatened  war,  and  Commander  Horace  Elmer, 
United  States  navy,  with  headquarters  at  the 
navy  yard,  New  York  City,  was  directed  by  the 
navy  department  to  prepare  a  scheme  for  utilizing 
the  available  resources  of  our  Atlantic  coast  in  the 
formation  of  a  mosquito  fleet.  In  accordance  with 
the  intention  of  the  navy  department  to  assign 
the  monitor  "Montauk"  for  duty  at  Portland, 
Maine,  that  vessel  was  refitted  at  League  Island, 
Philadelphia,  in  the  early  spring  of  1898.  On  the 
31st  of  March  the  navy  department  requested  that 
Governor  Voorhees  immediately  proceed  to  put 
the  Naval  Militia  of  New  Jersey  in  thorough  con- 


224  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

dition  to  meet  any  sudden  call  for  their  services 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States.  The  di- 
visions were  to  be  recruited  to  their  full  strength 
and  thoroughly  drilled.  A  careful  inspection  was 
ordered  of  all  vessels  in  the  ports  of  New  Jersey 
that  could  be  utilized  for  a  mosquito  fleet. 

On  the  12th  and  13th  of  April  some  detachments 
of  officers  and  men  from  the  Battalion  of  the  East 
left  Hoboken  and  reported  for  duty  on  the  "  Mon- 
tauk,"  but  it  was  not  until  the  27th  of  April  that 
the  monitor  was  ready  for  the  full  complement  of 
officers  and  crew.  In  the  meantime  an  exchange 
was  made  in  this  matter  of  service;  the  Battalion 
of  the  East  was  relieved  and  the  duty  was  taken 
up  by  the  Battalion  of  the  West. 

While  the  monitor  "  Montauk  "  was  being  pre- 
pared for  service  a  communication  was  received 
from  the  navy  department,  April  15th,  calling  for 
a  detail  of  men  for  service  on  the  U.  S.  S.  "Vene- 
zuela." The  assignment  of  this  vessel  was  after- 
ward changed  to  the  U.  S.  S.  "  Resolute,"  the  re- 
cently purchased  auxiliary  "  Yorktown."  The 
government  also  proposed  to  establish  a  system 
of  coast  signal  stations  for  the  rapid  receipt  and 
transmission  of  information. 

On  the  11th  of  June  the  secretary  of  the  navy 
requested  the  use  of  the  U.  S.  S.  "  Portsmouth," 
which  was  the  headquarters  of  the  Battalion  of 
the  East,  for  the  purpose  of  quartering  the  aux- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  225 

iliary  force  of  the  United  States  navy.    This  re- 
quest was  granted  by  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

On  the  8th  of  October,  1898,  Commander  J.  G. 
Eaton,  of  the  " Resolute,"  while  at  Key  West, 
Florida,  thus  addressed  Governor  Voorhees : 

To-day,  after  a  service  lasting  for  five  months,  the  members  of 
the  West  Battalion,  New  Jersey  Naval  Reserves,  are  detached 
from  this  ship  and  ordered  north  for  honorable  discharge. 

I  cannot  allow  them  to  leave  the  "  Resolute "  without  ex- 
pressing to  you,  and,  through  you,  to  the  State  which  they  have 
honored,  my  sense  of  the  patriotism,  fidelity,  and  bravery  these 
reserves  have  shown  during  the  late  war.  Not  only  in  the  bat- 
tles off  Santiago  on  July  3u,  and  off  Manzanillo  on  August  12th, 
when  under  fire  from  the  enemy  they  exhibited  coolness,  courage, 
and  enthusiasm,  but  also  in  the  much  harder,  but  less  glorious, 
work  at  Guantanamo  and  Santiago  they  have  shown  the  qualities 
which  command  respect  and  enforce  confidence. 

The  " Resolute,"  with  her  several  divisions  of 
the  Battalion  of  the  West,  had  loaded  dynamite 
mines  and  gunpowder  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
and  then  joined  the  fleet  off  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
Early  in  June  the  " Resolute"  was  employed  in 
the  delivery  of  mines  and  ammunition  between 
Guantanamo  and  Santiago.  In  the  engagement 
with  the  fleet  of  Admiral  Cervera,  on  the  2d  of 
July,  the  "Resolute"  lay  about  one  and  a  half 
miles  from  Morro  Castle,  and  the  first  shot  fired 
by  the  Spanish  struck  about  twenty-five  yards  on 
the  starboard  quarter  of  the  "Resolute."  Com- 
municating with  Admiral  Sampson,  the  "Reso- 
lute" was  directed  to  proceed  at  once  to  Guanta- 
rvoi.  *] 


226  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

namo  Bay  and  notify  the  United  States  ships  in 
that  vicinity.  While  under  fire  from  the  Socapa 
battery  the  men  later  were  present  at  the  de- 
struction of  the  Spanish  fleet,  the  " Resolute"  con- 
veying prisoners  from  the  "Colon,"  which  were 
subsequently  transferred  to  the  "St.  Paul,"  and 
"Harvard."  On  July  15  the  "Resolute,"  having 
been  sent  North,  arrived  in  New  York  Bay,  where 
stores  for  the, sick  and  wounded  and  nurses  for 
the  yellow  fever  sufferers  were  taken  on  board. 

On  the  12th  of  August  the  "Resolute"  was  sent 
to  bombard  Manzanillo.  The  bombardment  was 
opened  by  the  U.  S.  S.  "Newark,"  but  on  the 
morning  of  the  13th  they  were  informed  that  the 
protocol  of  peace  had  been  signed.  Another  trip 
was  made  north  from  Guantanamo  Bay  with  the 
United  States  Marine  Battalion,  the  vessel  was 
refitted  at  the  navy  yard  for  the  United  States 
evacuation  committee,  and  with  them  proceeded 
to  Havana  and  from  there  to  Nuevitas. 

On  the  21st  of  May  a  large  detachment  of  the 
Battalion  of  the  East  was  mustered  into  the 
United  States  service,  and  on  the  29th  of  the  same 
month  they  were  transferred  from  the  battalion 
headquarters  on  the  U.  S.  S.  "Portsmouth"  at 
Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  to  the  "Badger"  at  the 
Morgan  Iron  Works,  New  York  City.  On  the  6th 
of  June  the  "Badger"  sailed  for  Provincetown, 
Massachusetts,  to  report  for  duty  with  the  North 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  227 

Atlantic  patrol  squadron;  giving  assistance  to  the 
U.  S.  S.  "San  Francisco,"  which  was  ashore  at 
Cape  Cod.  The  "Badger"  then  proceeded  to  the 
place  of  its  assignment  on  the  coast  of  Maine. 
From  June  13th  until  June  20th  the  vessel  was  on 
this  duty,  with  headquarters  at  Bar  Harbor.  On 
the  26th  of  June  the  "Badger"  left  Portland, 
Maine,  for  Key  West,  Florida,  reaching  there  July 
1st,  and  on  July  4th  arrived  in  front  of  Havana, 
Cuba,  and  took  part  in  the  blockade  of  that  yjort 
for  one  week.  On  July  11th  the  vessel  was  ordered 
to  Nuevitas  and  the  blockading  fleet  at  that  port, 
where  she  remained  until  the  26th  of  July  in  active 
service,  preventing  many  vessels  from  reach- 
ing the  harbor.  On  the  26th  of  July  they  captured 
three  vessels  flying  Spanish  flags  and  the  red 
cross,  and  were  told  that  the  Spaniards  had  yellow 
fever  on  board,  finding  nearly  four  hundred  sol- 
diers, but  very  few  sick.  A  prize  crew  took  these 
to  Havana.  The  "Badger"  subsequently  became, 
for  several  days.,  vhe  flagship  of  Commodore  Wat- 
son. On  the  18th  of  August  she  left  Guanta- 
namo  for  Montauk  Point.  Long  Island,  with  sol- 
diers of  the  Thirty-fourth  Michigan  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, arrived  there  August  23d,  and  sailed  im- 
mediately for  Boston.  On  the  26th  of  September 
the  "Badger"  left  Boston  for  League  Island  Navy 
Yard,  and  on  the  7th  of  October  the  detachment 
of  men  of  the  Battalion  of  the  East  serving  on  this 


228  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

6tearaer  was  mustered  out  at  Hoboken  on  the  U. 
S.  S.  "Portsmouth." 

Under  charge  of  a  detachment  of  the  Battalion 
of  the  West  the  "Montauk"  sailed  for  Phila- 
delphia Navy  Yard  at  six  o'clock  Saturday  morn- 
ing, May  7th,  and  anchored  under  stress  of 
weather  that  evening  inside  the  Delaware  break- 
water. On  May  11th  the  "Montauk"  reached 
Portland,  Maine,  where  she  remained  during  the 
war.  Several  officers  and  men  of  this  detachment 
remained  on  the  "Montauk"  at  Portland  harbor 
until  the  cessation  of  hostilities;  the  rest  of  the 
officers  and  men  were  discharged,  and  on  their 
way  to  New  Jersey  enrolled  themselves  for  serv- 
ice on  the  U.  S.  S.  "Resolute." 

Of  the  organization  of  the  New  Jersey  regi- 
ments in  the  Spanish-American  War  the  colonel  of 
the  First  Regiment  was  Edward  A.  Campbell  with 
the  following  company  captains: 

A,  Joseph  H.  McMahon;  B,  George  Handley;  C,  Harry  T. 
Spain;  D,  Orrin  E.  Runyon ;  E,  James  K.  Walsh;  F,  John  D. 
Fraser;  G,  George  M.  Buttle;  H,  Frank  E.  Boyd;  I,  Arthur 
Rowland;  K,  Cornelius  A.  Reilly;  L,  Theodore  C.  Reiser;  M, 
Edwin  R.  Westervelt. 

The  muster-in  roll  of  the  Second  Regiment  gives 
Edwin  W.  Hine  as  its  colonel.  The  captains  of  the 
companies  were  as  follows: 

A,  J.  Ernest  Shaw;  B,  Edward  A.  Seanlan;  C,  James  Parker; 
D,  Hamilton  M.  Ross;  E,  Henry  R.  Goesser;  F,  Frank  S.  De 
Ronde;  G,  George  E.  Wells;  H,  Isaac  Schoenthal;  I,  Terrence  Z. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  229 

Murphy;   K,  Thomas  H.  Slack;   L,  Addison  Ely;   M,  Edward  L. 
Petty. 

Of  the  Third  Regiment  Benjamin  A.  Lee  was 
colonel,  the  company  captains  being: 

A,  Jerome  E.  Muddell;  B,  Charles  Morris;  C,  Frederick  A. 
Biekel;  D,  Joseph  Kay;  E,  Dennis  P.  Collins;  F,  Cyrus  W. 
Squier;  G,  Herman  O.  Bauer;  H,  John  E.  Wehrly;  I,  Peter 
Vredenburgh;  K,  Joseph  F.  Clime;  L,  Lorenzo  D.  Dyer;  M,  John 
A.  Mather,  Jr. 

Robert  G.  Smith  was  colonel  of  the  Fourth  Regi- 
ment, the  captains  of  companies  being  as  follows: 

A,  Richard  R.  Whitehead;  B,  Andrew  Derrom;  C,  Charles  II. 
Springsted;  D,  Edward  See;  E,  Waldo  E.  Gibbs;  F,  Lewis  T. 
Bryant;  G,  Bernard  Rogers;  H,  Edmund  Du  Bois;  I,  A.  La  Rue 
Christie;  K,  Claude  S.  Fries;  L,  Clayton  J.  Bailey;  M,  George 
F.  Seymour. 

Of  the  detail  to  the  "Badger,"  Battalion  of  the 
East,  Edward  McClure  Peters  was  lieutenant-navi- 
gator; of  the  detail  to  the  "Montauk,"  Battalion 
of  the  East,  Edward  McClure  Peters  was  also  lieu- 
tenant and  navigator.  Of  the  Battalion  of  the 
West  the  roster  of  detail  to  the  "Montauk"  shows 
the  lieutenant-commander  and  executive  officer  to 
have  been  Harry  R.  Cohen.  Of  the  roster  of  detail 
to  the  "Resolute,"  Battalion  of  the  West,  Charles 
S.  Braddock,  Jr.,  was  lieutenant  and  senior  watch 
officer.  The  captain  of  the  Eleventh  Company, 
Signal  Corps,  United  States  Volunteers,  was  Carl 
F.  Hartman. 


CHAPTER    XV 
Jebsey  City,  Newark,  Patebson,  akd  Theib 

ENVntOlflS. 


IT  WAS  from  the  sands  and  marshes  of  Pau- 
lus  Hook,  but  a  step  south  of  the  tracks 
which  form  the  eastern  New  Jersey  ter- 
minal of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  sys- 
tem, that  Jersey  City  rose  to  greatness. 
For  over  one  hundred  years  the  ditch-pierced 
meadows  and  the  bit  of  upland  tied  to  the  main 
shore  by  a  long  and  ill-kept  road  had  been  in  the 
possession  of  the  Van  Vorst  family,  one  of  whose 
members,  Cornelius,  had  erected  a  ferry,  in  1764, 
which  took  passengers  from  the  southward  to  New 
York,  and  who  in  1769  laid  out  a  racecourse, 
which  lasted  as  an  attraction  until  the  opening 
years  of  the  next  century. 

With  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War  and 
the  resumption  of  peaceful  pursuits  Paulus  Hook 
became  an  important  center  of  transportation. 
Hence  for  Philadelphia  went  the  springless  Jer- 
sey wagon,  called  the  "Flying  Machine,"  on  a 
three  days'  journey  to  the  Quaker  City.  Then 
came  the  "genteel"  stage  wagon  of  Sovereign  Sy- 
brant,  whose  house  of  entertainment  was  near 
Elizabethtown.  This  stage,  leaving  Philadelphia 
on  Monday,  reached  Trenton  that  day,  arriving  in 
Elizabethtown  on  Tuesday  and  Paulus  Hook  on 
Wednesday.  Then  for  short  distances  stages  ran 
to  Hackensack,  to  Morristown,  to  Paterson,  and 
the  New  Bridge,  while  according  to  the  late 
Charles  H.  Winfield,  in  his  excellent  monograph 


234  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

on  the  "Founding  of  Jersey  City,"  as  many  as 
twenty  stages  a  day  entered  and  left  Paulus  Hook. 

It  was  in  the  year  1804  that  three  movements 
were  separately  instituted  for  the  development  of 
the  shore  of  New  Jersey  opposite  the  growing  City 
of  New  York.  Shortly  after  the  Revolution  John 
Stevens,  with  rare  foresight,  had  acquired  posses- 
sion of  the  site  of  Hoboken,  which,  having  been 
cut  into  lots,  was  offered  for  sale  in  New  York  City 
during  the  month  of  March,  1804.  This  was  the 
new  city  of  Hoboken.  Another  capitalist,  James 
B.  Coles,  threw  upon  the  market  the  "Duke's 
Farm"  at  Ahasimus,  the  title  having  been 
quieted,— a  tract  of  two  hundred  and  ninety-four 
blocks. 

But  no  location  offered  so  great  inducements  as 
did  Paulus  Hook.  Men  saw  dimly  the  great  future 
that  lay  before  New  York,  and  the  part  that  the 
Hudson  River  shore  of  New  Jersey  must  play  in 
the  transshipment  of  passengers  and  freight.  So 
it  was  that  early  in  1804  Anthony  Dey,  repre- 
sentative of  moneyed  interests  in  New  York  and 
Newark,  negotiated  with  Cornelius  Van  Vorst  for 
the  control  of  Paulus  Hook,  the  terms  being  "a 
perpetual  annuity  of  six  thousand  Spanish  milled 
dollars,"  secured  by  an  irredeemable  mortgage. 
The  Van  Vorst  title  having  been  assured  by  Alex- 
ander Hamilton  and  Josiah  Ogden  Hoffman,  for 
which  service  these  two  eminent  lawyers  charged 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


235 


one  hundred  dollars,  the  property,  containing  one 
hundred  and  seventeen  acres,  was  conveyed  to  Dey 
upon  March  26,  1804.  The  tract  was  bounded  by 
Hudson  River,  by  Harsimus  Bay,  by  Comraunipaw 
Bay,  and  by  a  straight  line  drawn  between  the 
two  bays.  On  Paulus  Hook  were  but  a  few  build- 
ings, the  tavern  on  the  corner  of  Grand  and  Hud- 
son Streets,  a  nearby  oyster  house,  stables,  store 
houses,  and  out-structures.  The  total  resident 
population  was  either  thirteen  or  fifteen  persons. 

Thus  from  such  humble  beginnings  sprung  Jer- 
sey City,  but  these  beginnings  were  marked  by 
energy  and  a  progressive  spirit.  In  an  advertise- 
ment marked  by  sincerity  of  purpose,  though 
somewhat  favorably  colored,  the  capitalists, 
known  as  the  " proprietors,"  announced  that  upon 
May  15,  1804,  the  sale  of  lots  would  take  place  at 
Paulus  Hook,  and  on  the  succeeding  day  at  the 
Tontine  Coffee  House  in  New  York  City.  The 
plot  laid  out  for  prospective  purchasers  contained 
one  thousand  three  hundred  and  forty-four  lots. 
Upon  the  east  side  was  Hudson  Street,  under  wa- 
ter, on  the  north  Harsimus  or  First  Street,  on  the 
south  Mason  Street,  the  western  boundary  being 
a  straight  line  from  the  intersection  of  Van  Vorst 
and  South  Streets  to  a  point  at  the  junction  of 
First  and  Washington  Streets.  Fourteen  streets 
extended  east  and  west  through  this  tract,  the  up- 


(From  aa  old  print.) 


236  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

land  occupying  a  circle  bounded  by  Montgomery 
and  Essex  Streets. 

By  April  20  various  conveyances  had  lodged 
Dey's  interests  in  the  hands  of  the  proprietors, 
who  were  now  confronted  with  two  serious  ques- 
tions— satisfying  purchasers  as  to  the  Van  Vorst 
mortgage,  and  meeting  the  old-time  contention 
on  the  part  of  the  New  York  authorities  that  the 
corporation  of  the  City  of  New  York  had  jurisdic- 
tion over  and  ownership  of  lands  under  the  Hud- 
son westward  to  low  water  mark  on  the  shore  of 
New  Jersey.  Under  such  a  claim  any  hope  of  mak- 
ing the  new  town  a  great  commercial  center  would 
vanish,  and,  as  Mr.  Winfield  has  suggested,  Paulus 
Hook  might  as  well  have  remained  a  cabbage  gar- 
den. Advised  by  their  counsel  that  the  City  of 
New  York  had  no  such  rights,  the  proprietors, 
however,  were  confronted  with  the  opinions  of 
later  United  States  District  Court  Judge  Robert 
Troup,  of  New  York,  and  Recorder  Richard  Hari- 
son,  of  New  York  City,  who  held  that  the  land  in 
question  belonged,  under  the  charter  of  Charles 
II  to  James,  Duke  of  York,  to  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  was  not  comprehended  in  the  grant 
from  James,  Duke  of  York,  to  Carteret  and  Berke- 
ley, Lords  Proprietors  of  New  Jersey.  It  was 
further  asserted  that  jurisdiction  over  the  land 
rested  in  the  corporation  of  New  York  City  by  rea- 
son of  the  terms  of  the  boundaries  of  New  York 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  237 

City  and  County.  From  this  reasoning  the  con- 
clusion was  drawn  that  all  wharves  built  at  Pau- 
lus  Hook  were  unlawfully  constructed  unless  built 
under  the  direction  of  the  New  York  City  authori- 
ties. 

It  was  then  that  the  sale  of  Paulus  Hook  lots 
was  adjourned  until  the  14th  of  June,  which  was  a 
race  day.  "Inclemency  of  the  weather"  was  the 
reason  given  by  the  proprietors,  but  the  true  cause 
was  to  be  found  in  the  opinions  given  by  Troup 
and  Harison.  Suddenly  the  common  council  of 
New  York  City,  in  a  resolution  wherein  that  body 
assured  the  proprietors  that  it  entertained  no 
sentiments  hostile  to  their  interests,  offered  every 
facility  to  promote  the  settlement  of  Paulus  Hook. 
This  resolution  of  June  26th  gave  as  a  reason  for 
such  action  that  the  improvements  "would  great- 
ly tend  to  the  convenience  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  city  in  case  of  the  return  of  the  epidemic" 
[smallpox]. 

The  objections  on  the  part  of  New  York  City 
having  been  withdrawn,  certain  "Articles  of  As- 
sociation" bearing  date  October  11,  1804,  were  en- 
tered into  between  the  original  proprietors  and 
certain  associates,  while  upon  the  10th  of  Novem- 
ber of  the  same  year  these  capitalists  were  incor- 
porated by  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey  under 
a  statute  which  had  been  drawn  by  Alexander 
Hamilton,   entitled   "An  Act  to   incorporate  the 


>KST     1. 1 


238 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Associates  of  the  Jersey  Company."  Confined  in 
its  operation  to  the  limits  of  the  Van  Vorst  tract, 
the  corporation  was  vested  with  broad  powers.  It 
could  lay  out  streets,  establish  grades,  improve  the 
water  front  by  the  erection  of  docks,  piers, 
wharves,  and  store  houses,  making  all  necessary 
by  laws,  orders,  and  regulations.  Breaches  com- 
mitted against  such  by  laws,  orders,  and  regula- 
tions subjected  offenders  to  a  penalty  not  exceed- 
ing twenty-five  dollars.  The  charter  vested  abut- 
ting lands  under  water  in  the  associates,  who  were 
authorized  to  erect  such  structures  as  might  be 
necessary  for  the  purposes  of  commerce.  Nine  of 
the  associates  were  selected  under  the  provisions 
of  the  act  as  trustees,  the  board  being  organized 
upon  December  24,  1804,  in  Joseph  Lyon's  tavern 
"at  Jersey,"  while  the  clerk  of  Bergen  County  was 
directed  to  appoint  a  deputy  for  the  "Island  of 
Harsimus, ' '  whose  duty  it  was  to  record  all  papers 
relating  to  real  estate  transactions. 

In  the  founding  of  Jersey  City  the  names  of  the 
associates  make  a  notable  list.  Among  them  were 
Richard  Varick,  president  of  the  board  of  trustees, 
who  died  in  Jersey  City  in  1831,  and  had  been  at- 
torney-general of  New  York  State.  There  was 
Mayor  Jacob  Radcliffe,  of  New  York  City; 
Anthony  Dey,  of  the  Preakness  family ;  and  Joseph 
Bloomfield,  then  governor  of  New  Jersey.  Other 
distinguished     Jerseymen     interested     in      the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  239 

project  were  General  John  Noble  Cumming, 
of  Newark;  Alexander  C.  McWhorter,  of  the 
Essex  County  family;  Elisha  Boudinot,  as- 
sociate justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Jer- 
sey; Jonathan  Rhea,  clerk  of  the  New  Jersey  Su- 
preme Court;  Governors  William  S.  Pennington 
and  Isaac  H.  "Williamson;  "William  Halsey,  first 
mayor  of  Newark ;  together  with  merchants  of  the 
first  standing  in  New  York  City. 

To  those  who  would  erect  houses  in  " Jersey" 
special  inducements  were  offered  by  the  gift  of 
lots  proportioned  to  the  value  of  the  residences. 
Robert  Fulton  was  urged  to  take  a  block  of 
ground  for  the  ''safe  keeping  and  repairing"  of 
his  steam  vessels,  a  hotel  was  projected  in  1805, 
known  later  as  the  Hudson  House,  while  provis- 
ions were  made  for  the  planting  of  shade  trees. 
The  associators  reserved  land  for  a  school, 
churches,  public  market,  and  a  shipyard,  while  a 
bounty  was  offered  to  those  who  dug  wells,  seeking 
pure  water.  Near  the  coner  of  Hudson  and  Es- 
sex Streets  a  distillery  was  erected,  a  steam  saw- 
mill and  gristmill  were  projected,  and  in  1816 
"Prospect  Point,"  the  mansion  of  Richard  Varick 
on  Essex  Street,  was  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  its 
kind  between  the  Stevens  property  and  Bergen 
Point. 

But  the  project  at  Paulus  Hook,  so  auspiciously 
begun,  was  doomed  to  dark  days.    Robert  Fulton 


240  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

lost  money  upon  his  lot-speculation,  dying  in  1815 ; 
the  York  and  Jersey  Steamboat  Company,  estab- 
lished in  1810,  ultimately  failed,  and  in  the 
year  1834  there  were  upon  the  Paulus  Hook 
tract  but  fifteen  hundred  persons  and  one  hundred 
and  seventy  houses.  With  the  decline  of  influence 
of  the  associates,  and  the  evidence  of  their  pov- 
erty, lawlessness  reigned.  Prize  fighting,  bull 
baiting,  and  dog  fighting  were  common  amuse- 
ments, with  drunkenness  and  gambling.  The 
Legislature  in  1813  and  in  1817  was  deaf  to  the 
petitions  of  the  better  class  of  citizens  that  a 
proper  police  regulate  the  affairs  of  the  city,  and 
it  was  not  until  1835  that  a  place  of  confinement 
for  disorderly  persons  was  selected.  This  was  the 
school  house  near  Saint  Matthew's  Church,  and 
which  for  a  long  time  was  city  hall,  jail,  and  po- 
lice headquarters. 

The  elements  which  retarded  the  growth  of  the 
basic  community  underlying  Jersey  City  were,  ac- 
cording to  Charles  H.  Winfield,  threefold.  One 
was  the  constant  assertion  on  the  part  of  the  New 
York  State  authorities  of  their  right  of  jurisdic- 
tion, ownership,  and  control  over  riparian  lands 
on  the  New  Jersey  shgre.  This  was  not  overcome 
until  the  New  York-New  Jersey  boundary  was 
settled  by  agreement  in  1834.  Then  many  of  the 
lots  had  been  sold  subject  to  a  ground  rent  and 
to  the  irredeemable  Van  Vorst  mortgage.     This 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  241 

cloud  upon  the  title  was  cleared  in  1824,  when 
Richard  Varick  purchased  the  mortgage,  permit- 
ting the  lots  to  be  sold  in  fee  simple.  Lastly, 
while  the  associates  were  not  only  a  land  com- 
pany, but  a  municipal  corporation,  every  inhabit-  ,& 
ant  of  the  Paulus  Hook  tract  who  was  not  a  share- 
holder was  subjected  to  the  rules,  regulations 
made,  and  penalties  imposed  by  the  trustees.  In  a 
small  way  it  was  the  old  story  of  "taxation  with- 
out representation.' '  i^S 

The  time  for  change  was  ripe.  The  Legislature 
had  provided  that  the  law-making  body  ultimately 
should  "institute  a  more  adequate  and  complete 
corporation"  for  the  mere  purposes  of  municipal 
government.  It  was  upon  January  28,  1820,  that 
"An  Act  to  incorporate  the  City  of  Jersey  in  the  aS^^t 
County  of  Bergen"  was  passed,  but  in  the  body 
of  the  act  the  municipality  was  called  "Jersey 
City,"  a  somewhat  indefinite  designation.  The 
statute  provided  that  the  "freeholders  and  other 
taxable"  inhabitants  should  annually  choose  five 
members  of  the  "Board  of  Selectmen  of  Jersey 
City,"  which  board  had  jurisdiction  over  streets, 
public  grounds,  public  markets,  weights  and  meas- 
ures, fire  wood,  bread,  errant  animals,  night 
watch,  fire  engines,  engine  houses,  and  the  "pub- 
lic peace  and  tranquility"  of  the  corporation. 
But  the  good  designed  was  rendered  almost  nuga- 
tory by  provisions  regarding  the  autocratic  impo- 

[Vol.   4] 


KUchard  fanok,  b.  Hackeamck,  N.  J.,  March  S6, 
•erred  io  the  Revolution;  recorder  of  New  York  City 
89;  attorney-general ;  mayor  of  New  York  j  speaker  New 
York  Aaaemuly  I7i>7 ;  a  founder  of  the  Ami 
Society ;  *.  Je**>y  City,  July  90, 1881 


242  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

sition  of  taxes  and  the  confirmation  of  all  the  pow- 
ers or  rights  granted  to  the  Jersey  associates. 

In  the  year  1825  the  princely  sum  of  one  hun- 
dred dollars  was  assessed  against  the  inhabitants 
of  Jersey  City,  of  which  amount  an  investigation 
committee,  in  1828,  reported  that  thirty-nine  dol- 
lars and  eighty-seven  cents  had  been  collected— 
into  such  deplorable  straits  of  economy  had  the 
young  city  gone.  For  twelve  dollars  a  year  a  tav- 
ernkeeper  agreed  to  furnish  a  room,  fire,  lights, 
pen,  ink,  and  paper  for  the  twelve  meetings  of 
the  selectmen  and  for  a  board  that  had  nothing  to 
do,  when  the  unsalaried  members  fined  themselves 
for  non-attendance. 

The  streets  of  the  town  were  unkempt,  pigs, 
sheep,  and  ducks  roamed  at  will,  Hudson  Street 
was  not  filled  in,  there  was,  in  1828,  a  licensed 
place  for  the  sale  of  liquor  to  every  fifty-nine  in- 
habitants, the  selectmen  were  at  odds  with  the  as- 
sociates, and  had  it  not  been  for  a  new  charter, 
secured  January  23,  1829,  the  little  town  by  the 
Hudson  would  have  been  in  a  sorry  plight.  Un- 
der this  charter  the  number  of  selectmen  was  in- 
creased to  seven  and  their  powers  increased.  Pri- 
vate enterprise  had  brought  new  industries  to  the 
town.  In  1824  a  glass  factory  had  been  built,  fol- 
lowed the  next  year  by  a  pottery.  There  were  two 
sandpaper  factories,  a  windmill,  and  three  smith- 
ies, while  by  1834  the  New  Jersey  Eailroad  ran 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


243 


its  passenger  car  "Washington,"  with  its  three 
compartments  and  seats  on  top,  from  Jersey  City 
to  Newark.  "Fleet  and  gentle  horses"  drew  the 
three  cars  of  the  Paterson  and  Hudson  River  Rail- 
road Company,  the  steamboat  "Washington"  ran 
half-hourly  trips  until  midnight  between  Jersey 
City  and  New  York  after  June  8,  1835,  while  in 
1836  the  Morris  Canal  was  completed.  But  the 
incubus  of  the  poverty  of  the  associates  had  fas- 
tened itself  upon  the  town. 

In  1838  Jersey  City,  with  a  mayor  and  common 
council,  was  incorporated,  and  thence  until  the 
abolishment  of  special  legislation,  in  the  year  1875, 
the  charter  underwent  ninety-one  revisions  and 
amendments. 

Since  1840,  when  the  first  federal  census  of  Jer- 
sey City  was  taken,  until  1900,  the  city  has  grown 
from  three  thousand  to  two  hundred  thousand. 
Most  marvelous  was  the  increase  between  1850 
and  1860,  when  the  city  leaped  from  seven  thou- 
sand to  twenty-nine  thousand,  an  increase  of  three 
hundred  and  twenty-six  per  cent.  From  1860  to 
1870  the  increase  was  one  hundred  and  eighty-two 
per  cent.;  from  1870  to  1880  forty-six  per  cent.; 
from  1880  to  1890  thirty-five  per  cent.;  from  1890 
to  1900  twenty-six  per  cent. 

The  old  township  of  Bergen,  the  bounds  whereof 
were  first  definitely  established  in  1693,  comprised 
that  portion  of  Hudson  County  lying 


JERSEY  CITY  IN  1820, 


244 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Hackensack  River.  From  this  ancient  tract  Jer- 
sey City  was  first  carved  in  1820.  Thence  until 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  the  changes  were 
comparatively  few.  Van  Vorst  and  Hoboken 
Townships,  now  absorbed,  appeared  respectively 
in  1841  and  1849,  North  Bergen  Township  in  1843, 
Hudson  Township  in  1852,  and  Weehawken  Town- 
ship in  1859.  Harrison  Township,  taken  from  a 
part  of  Lodi  Township  in  Bergen  County,  was 
created  in  1840.  In  1855  the  City  of  Hoboken  was 
chartered. 

During  the  progress  of  the  Civil  War  the  in- 
creasing demands  of  population  caused  a  notable 
sub-division  of  territory.  In  1861  both  Bayonne 
and  Union  Townships  were  organized,  and  Green- 
ville Township  in  1863.  During  the  same  period 
the  town  of  West  Hoboken  was  chartered  in  1861, 
and  the  town  of  Union  in  1864,  while  in  the  period 
of  expansion  following  the  war  Kearny  Township 
was  erected  in  1867  and  the  City  of  Bayonne  in 
1869.  Not  until  1878  were  there  further  changes, 
when  the  township  of  Guttenberg  was  formed. 
^-.^■In  1898  the  further  development  of  Hudson  Coun- 
ty led  to  the  organization  of  the  town  of  Kearny 
from  the  township  of  the  same  name.  During  the 
same  year  the  town  of  West  New  York  came  into 
existence,  as  did  the  borough  of  East  Newark.  In 
1900  appeared  the  borough  of  Secaucus. 
Of  the  cities  of  Hudson  County,  exclusive  of  Jer- 


«OBOITKH    IX    1776. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  245 

sey  City,  Hoboken's  census  was  first  taken  by  tho 
United  States  government  in  1850,  when  the  city 
was  credited  with  twenty-six  hundred  inhabitants. 
In  ten  years  this  had  risen  to  nine  thousand  six 
hundred,  an  increase  of  two  hundred  and  sixty-two 
per  cent.,  the  largest  percentage  gain  ever  made 
by  any  city  in  New  Jersey  during  eighty  years, 
except  by  Jersey  City  in  the  same  decade  and  by 
Atlantic  City  of  four  hundred  and  twenty-five 
per  cent,  between  1870  and  1880.  In  1870  Ho- 
boken  was  credited  with  a  population  of  twen- 
ty thousand,  an  increase  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty-two  per  cent.  In  1880  there  were  thirty-one 
thousand  inhabitants  of  the  city,  in  1890  forty- 
three  thousand  six  hundred,  in  1900  sixty  thou- 
sand. 

Bayonne  's  inhabitants  were  first  recorded  in  the 
federal  census  in  1870,  when  the  town  had  about 
four  thousand  people.  This  in  1880  was  increased 
to  nine  thousand,  in  1890  to  nineteen  thousand, 
in  1900  to  thirty-three  thousand.  In  no  decade 
was  this  increase  less  than  seventy-two  per  cent. 

Accompanying  this  notable  increase  during  the 
decade  from  1890  to  1900  the  town  of  West  Hobo- 
ken  has  grown  from  eleven  thousand  seven  hun- 
dred to  twenty-three  thousand,  the  town  of  Union 
from  ten  thousand  six  hundred  to  fifteen  thou- 
sand, and  Guttenberg  from  two  thousand  to  four 
thousand,  an  increase  in  every  case  of  practically 


246 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


THE  KEMBLfl  ARMS. 


100  per  cent.,  except  in  the  instance  of  the  town  of 
Union. 

From  the  days  of  the  settlers,  when  the  first 
sloop  sailed  into  Bound  Creek  and  laid  the  basis 
of  country  produce  trade  with  New  York  City, 
until  1836,  when  Newark  was  chartered  by  the 
Legislature  of  New  Jersey,  the  industrial  metropo- 
lis of  New  Jersey  had  conducted  its  affairs  under 
a  town  government.  Here  in  replica  were  the 
phases  of  life  found  in  New  England— the  town 
meeting,  the  calling  and  payment  of  schoolmas- 
ters, the  direct  personal  element  injected  by  the 
voter  into  questions  of  taxation,  and  all  those 
other  features  typical  of  communities  where  Cal- 
vinism in  some  form  was  dominant.  In  1832  the 
charter  had  been  foreshadowed  by  the  sub-divis- 
ion of  the  township  of  Newark  into  four  wards, 
each  represented  by  an  alderman,  a  plan  retained 
in  the  charter. 

In  1836,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  Newark  had 
received  its  impetus  as  a  manufacturing  center, 
the  city  was  rich  in  memories  of  the  past.  There 
,;WrtK  the  (rouverneur-Kembfe  mansion  "Cockloft 
Hall,"  where  had  been  entertained  Washington 
Irving,  Dr.  Pe*er  Irving,  and  "William  Irving, 
James  Kirke  Paulding,  and  Captain  Porter,  and 
whoio  no  small  portion  of  ''Salmagundi"  had 
bc&n  written.  Descendants  ot  the  original  settlers 
still  resided  on  the  "home  lots,"  the  "Training 


Si-waTf. 


5PCJ 


COCKLOFT  HALL  AND 
SUMMER  HOUSE. 

(Christened  "Cockloft  Hall"  by 
Washington  Irving,  and  cal'tti 
Mount  Pleasant.  The  house  was 
built  bjr  Nicholas  Oouvernejr, 
erandson   of  Abraham  Gouverneur. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  247 

Place,"  now  Military  Common,  was  still  in  use,  the 
dead  were  buried  in  the  First  Presbyterian  church- 
yard, while  the  tanners  and  curriers  had  long  since 
congregated  about  "The  Swamp"  on  the  south 
side  of  Market  Street.  On  the  edge  of  the  town 
cattle  were  still  pastured  on  the  Salt  Meadows,  in 
which  the  cedar  stumps  of  an  ancient  forest  were 
yet  to  be  seen. 

With  the  new  charter  Newark  advanced  rapid- 
ly. New  school  houses  were  added  to  the  one 
standing  in  1845,  and  new  churches  sprung  up 
where  once  had  been  barren  hillsides  or  tracts  oF 
half-stagnant  marsh.  But  the  panic  of  1837  almost 
prostrated  the  town,  the  blow  falling  heavily 
upon  the  greatest  industry  of  the  community,  that 
of  manufacturing  leather  products.  From  1680, 
when  the  town  meeting  resolved  that  "Samuel 
Whitehead  should  come  and  Inhabit  among  us, 
provided  he  will  supply  the  town  with  shoes,"  un- 
til the  day  of  disaster,  Newark  had  devoted  the 
industry  of  her  inhabitants  to  the  making  of  boots 
and  shoes,  carriage  equipments,  saddles,  and  har- 
ness. With  the  Southern  States  a  trade  as  large 
as  it  was  profitable  had  arisen,  not  only  in  leather 
products,  but  in  clothing,  both  for  the  use  of  slaves 
and  their  masters.  But  in  the  crash  of  1837  every 
important  establishment  in  the  city,  save  one, 
failed  to  meet  its  financial  engagements.  John 
Whitehead,  in  his  history  of  "The  Passaic  Va 


JAMBS  KIRKE  PAULDING 


248 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


ley,"  says  that  skilled  workmen,  mechanics,  and 
artisans  walked  the  streets  day  after  day,  seeking 
in  vain  for  employment,  and  that  while  Newark 
recovered  her  lost  prestige  it  was  in  other  mar- 
kets, as  the  Southern  States  never  returned  to 
their  old  commercial  relations  with  the  city. 

But  of  the  cities  enumerated  in  the  census  of 
1820  Newark,  from  1820  to  1850,  owing  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  manufactures  and  the  congestion 
of  population— notably  foreign  born,— advanced 
with  the  far  greatest  rapidity.  From  1820  to  1860 
during  no  decade  was  the  increase  less  than  fifty- 
eight  per  cent.,  while  between  1840  and  1850  the 
increase  was  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  per  cent. 
During  these  forty  years  Newark  had  grown  from 
six  thousand  five  hundred  to  seventy-two  thousand 
in  1860.  Thenceforth  Newark  continually  ex- 
ceeded its  nearby  rival,  Jersey  City,  in  actual 
growth.  In  1870  Newark's  population  was  one 
hundred  and  five  thousand;  in  1880,  one  hun- 
dred and  thirty-six  thousand  five  hundred;  in 
1890,  one  hundred  and  eighty-two  thousand;  in 
1900,  two  hundred  and  forty-six  thousand;  the  in- 
crease from  1890  to  1900  being  thirty-five  per  cpnt. 

At  the  base  of  the  hills  lying  west  of  Newark 
some  of  the  original  settlers  "took  up"  land  at 

e  foot  of  Orange  Mountain.  Others  later  came, 
and  from  the  cabins  of  the  pioneers  arose  the  com- 
munities of  Camptown,  now  Irvington ;  Tory  Cor- 


WAQ7TTN.T.Tr»M    IPVTVP. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


249 


ner,  embraced  by  West  Orange;  and  Cranetown, 
now  the  residential  town  of  Montclair.  By  1796, 
between  Montclair  and  Newark,  the  valley  com- 
munity occupied  by  the  Dods  and  Baldwins  was 
named  Bloomfield  in  honor  of  a  subsequent  gov- 
ernor of  New  Jersey  of  that  name.  In  1812  the 
township  of  Bloomfield  was  organized.  Of  the  Or- 
anges, famed  for  their  homes  of  culture,  wealth, 
and  refinement,  West  Orange  was  incorporated  as 
Fairmount,  by  the  Legislature,  in  1862.  The  follow- 
ing year  the  present  designation  was  adopted.  In 
West  Orange  is  Llewellyn  Park,  of  eight  hundred 
acres,  named  in  honor  of  Llewellyn  S.  Haskell,  who 
there  created  one  of  the  finest  resident  sites  in  any 
portion  of  the  world.  South  Orange  as  a  township 
was  set  off  in  1861,  while  the  village  of  the  same 
name  was  incorporated  in  1869.  These  with  East 
Orange  City  are  essentially  a  part  of  the  Town  of 
Orange,  chartered  in  1860. 

In  considering  these  immediate  environs  of 
Newark  it  may  be  said  that  in  1806,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  assessment  and  collection  of  taxes,  New- 
ark Township  was  divided  into  three  districts  or 
wards,  known  as  the  Bloomfield,  Newark,  and 
Orange  wards.  Orange,  as  the  generic  name  of 
this  entire  community,  found  its  real  beginnings 
about  1720,  when  the  Mountain  Society  of  one 
hundred  persons  erected  its  first  meeting  house, 
now  represented  by  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 


i 


lAfe 


OLD  STONE  HOUSE  AT  SOUTH  ORANGS. 


250 


NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 


of  Orange.  It  is  only  in  recent  years,  with  the  in- 
troduction of  hat  making  and  other  small  indus- 
tries in  its  nearby  associated  towns,  that  Orange 
has  lost  its  earlier  characteristics  of  growth. 

The  City  of  Paterson  stands  as  the  vital  illus- 
tration of  the  development  of  a  manufacturing 
project  which  in  its  day  was  the  boldest  ever  con- 
ceived in  the  United  States.  To  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton, framer  of  the  project,  whose  master  mind 
clarified  all  the  current  doctrines  concerning  the 
stimulation  and  subsequent  protection  of  home 
manufactures,  the  city  owes  her  existence. 

As  a  political  economist  Alexander  Hamilton 
had  held  close  to  the  broad  proposition  that  the 
United  States,  but  recently  declaring  her  political 
independence,  should  also  as  soon  as  possible  de- 
clare her  industrial  independence.  To  accom- 
plish this  purpose  it  was  necessary  that  two  dis- 
tinct courses  be  adopted — one  the  instruction  of 
a  people  unskilled  in  manufacture,  which  could 
be  stimulated  by  an  effective  object  lesson;  the 
other  by  the  passage  of  effective  federal  legisla- 
tion. By  first  supplying  the  home  market  under 
the  aegis  of  a  protective  tariff  the  people  of  the 
United  States  could  then  reach  out  for  the  world- 

e  two  ideas  in  mind,  the  object  les- 
tbe  tariff,  Alexander  Hamilton  laid  be- 
fore capitalists,  statesmen,  and  publicists  his  plan 


JEXANDER  HAMILTO 

Di       "jf'.Ad  an  expression     «*k 
of  their    affectionate  Regar 
to  his  Memory^;.0 
jLand   of  their,  deep   regre 


c(  9?  i,-tX'y(U^^^. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  251 

for  the  creation  of  a  great  industrial  community. 
Both  ridiculed  and  applauded,  this  scheme  of 
many  factories,  thousands  of  employees,  in  short 
this  community  to  supply,  with  manufactured 
goods  the  country,  if  not  the  world,  was  as  stu- 
pendous as  it  was  novel,  as  shown  by  William 
Nelson  in  1887  in  his  monograph  on  ' '  The  Found- 
ing of  Paterson  as  the  Intended  Manufacturing 
Metropolis  of  the  United  States,"  and  later  in  his 
"History  of  Paterson."  Men  of  means  were 
dazzled  by  its  possibilities.  But  while  they  dis- 
cussed the  plan  Alexander  Hamilton  had  secured 
from  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey 
"An  Act  to  incorporate  the  contributors  to  the 
Society  for  Establishing  Useful  Manufactures, 
for  the  encouragement  of  the  said  Society,"  a 
statute  which  was  passed  upon  the  22d  of  Novem- 
ber, 1791.  In  view  of  so  auspicious  a  beginning 
the  House  of  Assembly  and  Council,  largely  Fed- 
eralists, gave  the  promoters  of  the  plan  a  charter 
containing  plenary  powers.  The  "contributors" 
to  the  society  had  already  subscribed  to  five  thou- 
sand shares  of  stock  at  one  hundred  dollars  per 
share,  while  over  two  hundred  thousand  had  been 
paid  into  the  treasury.  Toward  the  "Articles  not 
prohibited  by  law,"  which  the  society  proposed  to 
make,  the  energies  of  the  contributors  were  first 
directed.  All  cotton  yarn  in  the  United  States 
had  been  spun  by  hand,  Sir  Richard  Arkwright's 


252  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

ideas  were  not  yet  generally  adopted,  cotton  fab- 
rics were  selling  at  the  rate  of  fifty  cents  per  yard, 
and  under  such  conditions  this  one  field  of  opera- 
tion for  the  society  was  well  nigh  limitless.  In 
the  selection  of  a  site  for  this  new  industrial  com- 
munity an  examination  of  several  localities  was 
made,  the  choice  being  the  Great  Falls  of  the  Pas- 
saic, where  abundant  water  power  and  nearness 
to  tidewater  and  the  New  York  market  were  pow- 
erful factors  in  influencing  this  decision. 

Except  for  the  farms  and  their  mansions  the  site 
of  Paterson  in  1791  was  barren  of  all  industrial  en- 
terprise. 

In  the  charter  of  the  Society  for  Establishing 
Useful  Manufactures  the  capital  of  the  company 
was  designated  as  one  million  dollars,  there  being 
ten  thousand  shares  at  one  hundred  dollars  each. 
Authorized  to  hold  real  and  personal  property  to 
the  value  of  four  million  dollars,  the  society  was 
permitted  to  deal  and  trade  in  "such  articles  as 
itself  shall  manufacture  and  the  materials  there- 
of, and  in  such  articles  as  shall  be  really  and  truly 
received  in  payment  or  exchange  therefor."  To 
encourage  "so  useful  and  beneficial  an  establish- 
ment" the  society  was  to  be  exempt  from  all 
"taxes,  charges,  and  impositions"  during  a  period 
of  ten  years.  Those  in  the  immediate  service  of 
the  society  were  also  exempt  from  all  taxes  and 
assessments. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  253 

Of  the  franchises  granted  to  the  society  one  of 
the  most  important  was  the  right  conferred  of  dig- 
ging canals  and  improving  river  channels,  with 
power  of  condemning  land  and  collecting  tolls. 
To  the  stock  of  the  company  the  United  States 
or  the  State  of  New  Jersey  was  authorized  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  amount  of  ten  thousand  dollars  by 
means  of  a  lottery. 

The  erection  of  a  municipality  comprising  all 
inhabitants  within  a  territory  "six  miles  square,' 
to  be  called  Paterson— in  honor  of  Governor  Wil 
iam  Paterson,  who  had  signed  the  act  incorporat- 
ing the  society,— was  an  essential  provision  of  the 
statute.  Of  the  new  corporation  the  municipal 
officers  were  a  mayor,  recorder,  twelve  aldermen, 
twelve  assistants,  and  a  town  clerk,  appointed  by 
joint  meeting  of  the  Legislature,  while  all  other 
officers  were  elected  by  the  qualified  voters 
officers  appointed  by  the  joint  meeting,  except 
town  clerk,  were  made  justices  of  the  peace,  while 
any  seven  were  authorized  to  hold  a  court  of  quar- 
ter sessions  as  well  as  to  act  as  a  court  of  common 
pleas.  In  1792  the  composition  of  the  two  courts 
was  reduced  to  the  twelve  aldermen— this  char- 
ter in  general  terms  being  similar  to  that  granted 
to  Trenton  during  the  latter  year. 

But  the  elaborate  charter  designed  for  the  City 
of  Paterson  was  never  carried  into  effect,  and  it 
was  not  until  1831  that  Paterson  Township  was 


;PtTt^^4^ 


254  '  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

cut  off  from  the  old  township  of  Acquackanonk, 
of  which  it  formed  a  part,  while  the  city  itself  was 
incorporated  in  1851. 

There  was  in  the  United  States  at  the  time  of 
the  incorporation  of  the  society  a  French  engi- 
neer, Major  L 'Enfant,  who  had  but  recently  laid 
out  the  plans  of  the  new  federal  city— Washing- 
ton. Major  L 'Enfant  was  an  enthusiast,  a  dream- 
er, who  saw  in  Paterson  the  possibilities  of  an  in- 
dustrial capital.  He  seized  upon  the  broad  rights 
of  the  charter  as  an  excellent  field  for  operation, 
and  involved  the  society  in  endless  expense,  par- 
ticularly in  attempting  to  construct  a  canal  be- 
tween Paterson  and  the  City  of  Passaic. 

In  1840,  by  the  federal  census,  taken  of  the  town, 
Paterson  had  a  population  of  seven  thousand  six 
hundred,  which  increased  in  1850  to  eleven  thou- 
sand. Until  1870  the  increase  was  practically 
seventy  per  cent,  each  decade,  the  population  of 
the  city  in  1870  being  thirty-three  thousand  six 
hundred.  From  1870  to  1890  the  rate  of  increase 
was  practically  fifty-two  per  cent,  per  decade, 
while  from  1890,  when  the  city  had  seventy-eight 
thousand,  to  1900,  when  the  population  was  one 
hundred  and  five  thousand,  the  percentage  of 
growth  was  thirty-four  per  cent. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  instances  of  growth 
in  New  Jersey  is  Passaic  City.  In  1880  the  city 
had  six  thousand  five  hundred,  and  in  1890  thir- 


,■ 

EASTERN  VIEW  OF  ACQUACKANONK  IN  1844. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  255 

teen  thousand,  an  increase  of  ninety-nine  per  cent. ; 
in  1900  twenty-seven  thousand,  in  the  latter  dec- 
ade an  increase  of  one  hundred  and  thirteen  per- 
cent., identical  with  the  increase  of  Atlantic  City, 
although  the  causes  of  development  were  totally 
different. 


CHAPTER    XVI 

Trenton,    Elizabeth,    New    Brunswick,    Cam- 
den, and  Smaller  Cities 


[VoL   4] 


FROM  the  days  when  the  mill  of  Mahlon 
Stacy,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Assan- 
pink,  marked  the  beginnings  of  the 
settlement  of  Trenton  its  century  of 
growth,  until  1790,  was  slow.    It  was 
upon  the  25th  of  November  in  that  year  that  Tren- 
ton, by  act  of  the  Legislature,  became  the  capital 
of  the  State. 

As  early  as  September,  1776,  Governor  Living- 
ston recommended  that  the  capital  of  the  State 
of  New  Jersey  be  conveniently  located,  but  in  spite 
of  the  suggestion  no  definite  action  was  taken. 
During  the  Revolution  the  Assembly  and  Coun- 
cil met  at  such  points  as  convenience  and  safety 
required,  occasionally  visiting  Burlington,  the 
old  capital  of  West  Jersey,  and  Perth  Amboy,  the 
old  capital  of  East  Jersey.  However,  with  the 
establishment  of  peace,  interest  in  the  subject  was 
revived,  stimulated  by  the  presence  of  Congress 
in  Trenton  and  Princeton,  and  by  the  efforts  of 
Trenton  to  secure  the  federal  capital.  Thereafter 
that  city  made  several  endeavors  to  become  the 
capital  of  the  State. 

A  conservative  spirit  desired  the  retention  of 
both  Burlington  and  Perth  Amboy,  or,  in  their 
places,  Woodbury  and  New  Brunswick.  From 
the  contentions  arising  upon  the  subject  a  compro- 
mise was  effected,  and  Trenton,  conveniently  lo- 
cated, was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government. 


260  NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 

To  secure  suitable  buildings  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  the  Legislature  and  State  officials  com- 
missioners were  chosen  to  purchase  or  accept  a 
suitable  tract  of  land.  This  tract  was  obtained, 
the  plot  embracing  the  present  capital,  under  con- 
dition that  if  the  seat  of  government  were  removed 
from  Trenton  the  land  should  revert  to  the  heirs 
of  the  grantors.  The  citizens  of  Trenton  contrib- 
uted three  hundred  pounds  toward  the  erection  of 
a  State  house,  and  added  to  this  a  State  appro- 
priation was  secured.  By  1796  the  capitol  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  three  thousand  pounds. 

The  front  of  the  first  State  house  stood  upon 
a  line  drawn  through  the  present  executive  recep- 
tion room,  while  in  the  "  yard  "  were  poplar  and 
other  trees,  which  were  from  time  to  time  used 
for  fuel  when  the  Legislature  was  in  session.  Sub- 
sequently the  offices  of  the  clerk  of  the  Supreme 
Court  and  the  secretary  of  state  were  located  in 
separate  buildings  on  the  front  corners  of  the 
capitol  "  yard." 

The  choice  of  Trenton  as  the  seat  of  government 
led  to  the  settlement  of  a  contest  which  had  been 
of  long  duration,  the  granting  of  an  inhabitants' 
petition  of  the  then  Township  of  Trenton  that  they 
be  incorporated  as  a  city.  Trenton  received  her 
charter  upon  November  25,  1792. 

In  the  act  which  constituted  the  city  may  be 
found  the  general  type  of  legislation  characteris- 


MORRISTOWN    IX    1M2H 


rn.4A.il 

1 

"^•B*?" 

THE     FIRST     STATE     HOUSE     AT    TRENTON. 
(Erected  before  1800.) 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  261 

tic  of  all  municipal  corporations  of  the  period.  To 
the  inhabitants  was  left  as  little  freedom  of  polit- 
ical action  as  they  generally  possessed  under  the 
constitution.  The  trammels  of  Old-World  doc- 
trines regarding  borough  towns  rested  heavily 
upon  the  Legislature,  Not  yet  could  the  people 
be  trusted,  and  it  was  with  sparing  hand  that  the 
Council  and  House  of  Assembly  doled  out  a  right 
here  and  a  privilege  there,  retaining  to  themselves 
in  joint  meeting,  the  essentials  of  local  self-gov- 
ernment. As  in  Trenton  so  it  was  for  many  years 
to  come  in  all  specially  chartered  municipal  cor- 
porations throughout  the  State. 

The  body  corporate  of  these  early  cities,  allow- 
ing for  slight  divergences  from  the  Trenton  form 
of  government,  consisted  of  a  mayor,  who  was  also 
keeper  of  the  city  seal,  a  recorder,  who  was  vice- 
mayor,  three  aldermen,  six  assistants,  and  a  town 
clerk,  who,  known  by  the  name  of  "  The  mayor, 
alderman,  and  assistants  of  the  City  of  Trenton," 
were  entitled  to  hold  both  real  and  personal  prop- 
erty, sue  and  be  sued,  and  use  a  common  seal.  In 
addition  the  mayor,  recorder,  and  aldermen  were 
ex-officio  justices  of  the  peace,  duly  commissioned 
by  the  joint  meeting  of  the  Legislature.  To  the 
freeholders  and  inhabitants  of  the  city  was  given 
the  right  of  electing  at  town  meeting  the  six  as- 
sistants and  town  clerk,  together  with  a  tax  asses- 
sor and  collector. 


262  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

Common  council,  under  this  dual  system,  was 
composed  of  the  mayor,  recorder,  aldermen,  and 
assistants,  who  had  the  power  to  make  by-laws, 
pass  ordinances,  and  appoint  a  city  treasurer,  city 
marshal,  clerk  of  the  market, ' '  and  such  other  sub- 
ordinate officers  as  they  may  think  necessary," 
to  which  offices  the  common  council  could  annex 
fees  and  impose  fines  for  malfeasance.  Fines  could 
be  further  imposed  by  the  mayor,  recorder,  or  one 
alderman  for  violation  of  ordinances,  appeal  lying 
to  common  council,  to  which  body  appeals  in  tax 
assessment  matters  also  lay.  Vacancies  in  the  of- 
fices of  mayor  and  recorder  were  filled  by  the  al- 
dermen selecting  one  of  their  number,  while  in 
case  of  vacancy  in  any  office  whose  incumbent  was 
elected  by  the  voters  the  mayor  was  directed  to 
call,  "  by  advertisement  or  otherwise,"  a  special 
election,  giving  at  least  five  days'  notice  to  the 
freeholders  and  inhabitants.  Furthermore  all 
liquor  licenses  were  granted  by  common  council. 

A  striking  similarity  may  be  observed  in  a  com- 
parison between  the  act  creating  the  City  of  Tren- 
ton and  the  State  constitution.  There  was  the 
centralization  of  power  in  the  hands  of  a  select 
legislative  body,  responsible  to  no  one  in  the  exer- 
cise of  its  functions.  The  New  Jersey  constitution 
and  the  Trenton  charter  created  special  tribunals, 
the  former  making  the  governor  and  State  council 
a  court  of  appeals,  and  the  latter  vesting  in  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


2G3 


mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city  the  powers  of 
justices  of  the  peace.  Only  minor  officials  were 
elected  by  the  voters,  as  in  the  case  of  the  State 
constitution.  The  prevailing  spirit  of  one  was  the 
spirit  of  the  other— the  restriction  of  the  franchise 
and  the  perpetuation  of  a  privileged  class. 

Under  such  conditions  it  was  that  Trenton  be- 
came the  capital  of  New  Jersey  and  a  city  of  the 
commonwealth. 

As  Elizabethtown,  the  City  of  Elizabeth  played 
so  conspicuous  a  part  in  colonial  affairs  that  no 
movement  of  a  political,  social,  religious,  or  eco- 
nomic character  in  the  Jerseys  but  had  its  ex- 
pression in  the  life  of  the  village.  In  the  Revolu- 
tion the  barest  mention  of  the  names  of  those  dis- 
tinguished in  the  patriot  cause  reflects  every  phase 
of  that  struggle.  William  Livingston  and  his 
home,  "  Liberty  Hall,"  Elias  Boudinot,  William 
Burnet,  Jonathan  Condit,  Elias  Dayton,  Oliver 
Spencer,  Matthias  Williamson,  Aaron  Ogden,  Will- 
iam de  Hart,  the  Rev.  James  Caldwell,  and  Abra- 
ham Clark  are  but  a  part  of  that  brilliant  galaxy 
of  Jerseymen. 

In  1789  the  Legislature  confirmed  Elizabeth's 
borough  charter,  under  which  government  the 
town  continued  its  existence  until  1855,  when  its 
city  charter  was  granted.  In  1812  one  of  the  State 
banks  was  established  in  the  town,  and  during  the 
industrial  activity  preceding  the  panic  of  1837  two 


ELIZABETHTOWN  IN  1840. 
(From  the  Broad  street  bridge.  > 


264  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

new  enterprises  were  chartered  by  the  Legislature, 
the  location  of  the  "  plants  "  being  in  Elizabeth. 
One  was  the  Elizabethtown  Silk  Manufacturing 
Company,  the  other  the  New  Jersey  Gum  Elastic 
Manufacturing  Company,  in  the  years  when  experi- 
ments were  being  made  with  sewing  machines,  an 
enterprise  which  has  given  Elizabethport  world- 
wide fame. 

Elizabeth  has  been  distinctively  a  residential 
community,  and  it  was  in  the  city  that  the  system 
of  daily  "  commuting  "  to  New  York  found  its 
earliest  permanent  manifestation. 

In  matter  of  growth  an  interesting  comparison 
may  be  made  between  Elizabeth  and  Trenton.  In 
1820,  when  the  federal  census  made  the  first  re- 
turns for  these  cities,  Trenton  contained  four  thou- 
sand inhabitants,  Elizabeth  three  thousand  five 
hundred,  and  Newark  six  thousand  five  hundred. 
Until  1850  the  growth  of  Elizabeth  and  Trenton 
was  almost  identical,  but  in  1860  Trenton,  with 
an  increase  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-six  per  cent, 
during  the  previous  decade,  forged  ahead.  In 
1870  Trenton  had  twenty-three  thousand,  being 
two  thousand  more  than  Elizabeth.  In  1880  Tren- 
ton contained  thirty  thousand,  the  excess  over 
Elizabeth  being  about  two  thousand.  In  1890, 
owing  to  the  annexation  of  the  contiguous  bor- 
ough of  Chambersburg  and  the  Township  of  Mill- 
ham,  Trenton  forged  ahead  to    fifty-seven  thou- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  265 

sand,  an  increase  of  ninety-two  per  cent.,  while 
Elizabeth  advanced  to  thirty-eight  thousand. 
Trenton  in  1900  had  seventy-three  thousand,  Eliza- 
beth fifty-two  thousand. 

The  City  of  New  Brunswick  received  its  first 
incorporation  in  1784,  after  nearly  a  century  of  ex- 
istence as  a  community  strongly  marked  by  char- 
acteristics of  a  group  of  Hollanders,  who  about 
1730  came  from  Albany,  New  York,  and  settled  on 
the  Raritan.  This  element  gave  to  New  Bruns- 
wick a  type  of  life  as  respectable  as  it  was  con- 
servative. To-day  the  streets  nearest  the  river, 
with  their  remnants  of  Dutch  architecture,  have  a 
distinctive  touch  of  the  Old  World  spirit  nowhere 
else  to  be  found  in  the  State. 

As  the  home  of  Rutgers  College,  the  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  and 
the  Grammar  School,  New  Brunswick  has  been 
closely  identified  with  the  progress  of  secondary 
and  higher  education  in  America.  After  vicissi- 
tudes incident  to  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  the 
lack  of  financial  support,  James  Parker,  of  Perth 
Amboy,  presented  a  plot  of  ground  to  Queen 's  Col- 
lege, upon  which,  in  1811,  the  main  building  of  the 
college  was  completed.  In  1825  the  Legislature 
of  the  State,  in  honor  of  Colonel  Henry  Rutgers, 
a  patron  of  the  institution,  incorporated  "  The 
Trustees  of  Rutgers  College  in  New  Jersey." 

New  Brunswick  grew  slowly,  and  by  1840  had 


/  'Lmsuj   /u--<5-<-^. 


26(5 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


only  five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty  in- 
habitants. A  half  century  later  the  city  had 
trebled  its  population,  having  eighteen  thousand 
six  hundred  and  three,  which  in  1900  had  in- 
creased to  twenty  thousand  and  six.  From  1840 
to  1870  New  Brunswick  was  a  point  of  distribu- 
tion. As  the  northern  tidewater  terminal  of  the 
Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal,  with  extensive  rail- 
road connections,  her  river  trade  was  large.  Later 
specialized  industries,  such  as  wall  paper,  rubber, 
and  medical  supplies,  were  established  in  the  city. 
From  the  "  Cooper  Ferries  "  Camden,  the  me- 
tropolis of  South  Jersey,  has  grown  from  a  mere 
hamlet  to  a  position  of  importance.  For  nearly 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years,  the  few  houses  on 
the  "  Jersey  shore  "  opposite  Philadelphia,  were 
the  homes  of  plantation  owners,  the  quiet  of 
whose  farms  was  broken  only  by  the  cry  of  the 
fox  hunters,  the  snap  of  the  duelling  pistol,  or 
^fehe  music  and  dancing  of  pleasure  parties  who 
came  ' '  over  the  river. ' '  With  the  construction  of 
the  Camden  and  Amboy,  the  West  Jersey  system, 
the  Burlington  County  roads,  and  finally  the  Cam- 
den and  Atlantic,  Camden  City,  like  Jersey  City, 
spread  beyond  its  confines,  but,  unlike  Jersey  City, 
was  not  hampered  by  marsh  land  and  rocks. 
Manufacturing  sites  along  the  creeks,  deep  water, 
and  speedy  transportation  attracted  Philadelphia 
capital  until,  with  the  coming  of  great  shipbuild- 


Wllliam  Henry  Campbell,  president  of  Rutgers 
College  1863-82;  b.  Baltimore.  Md.,  Sept.  14,  1808; 
grad.  Dickinson  College  1S28 :  licensed  by  the  Second 
Presbytery  of  New  York  1831;  principal  Erasmus 
Hall.  Flatbush,  L.  I..  1S34-39 ;  professor  of  Oriental 
Literature  In  Theological  Seminary,  New  Brunswick. 
N.  J.,  1851-63 ;  d.  there  Sept.  7,  1390. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  267 

ing  interests,  the  city  has  developed  with  a  rapid- 
ity that  can  best  be  told  by  figures. 

When  the  census  enumerators  set  down  the  in- 
habitants of  Camden  in  1840  there  were  in  the 
town  three  thousand  four  hundred  residents.  By 
1850  these  had  increased  to  nine  thousand  five 
hundred,  a  gain  of  one  hundred  and  eighty-one  p£r 
cent.  In  1860  there  were  fourteen  thousand, 
and  in  1870  twenty  thousand,  in  which  year 
Camden,  Hoboken,  Elizabeth,  and  Trenton  were 
of  nearly  the  same  population.  But  in  1880  Cam- 
den jumped  to  forty-one  thousand,  slackening  this 
great  percentage  of  growth  by  1890  to  fifty-eight 
thousand  and  in  1900  to  seventy-six  thousand,  be- 
ing slightly  larger  than  Trenton. 

Of  the  cities  upon  the  seacoast  the  most  notable 
is  Atlantic  City,  a  town  combining  the  attractions 
of  every  known  resort,  yet  unique.  When  the  cen- 
sus was  taken  in  1860  Atlantic  City  had  but  seven 
hundred  inhabitants,  which  by  1900  had  increased 
to  twenty-eight  thousand.  In  the  decade  between 
1870  and  1880  the  increase  amounted  to  four  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  per  cent.,  and  from  1890  to 
1900  to  one  hundred  and  thirteen  per  cent.  In 
this  last  decade,  of  the  more  important  seaside 
resorts  Cape  May  City,  with  two  thousand  five 
hundred  inhabitants,  had  a  permanent  increase  of 
only  one  hundred,  although  in  the  same  county 
Holly  Beach  borough  h?.d  increased  one  hundred 


268  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

per  cent.  Ocean  City  rose  from  four  hundred  and 
fifty  to  thirteen  hundred,  while  Sea  Isle  City  lost 
somewhat  heavily.  Upon  the  upper  New  Jersey 
coast  Asbury  Park  is  credited  in  1900  with  four 
thousand,  Seabright  borough  with  one  thousand, 
while  Long  Branch  town  increased  from  seven 
thousand  in  1890  to  nine  thousand  in  1900. 

Exclusive  of  the  incorporated  cities  in  the  State 
to  which  allusion  has  been  made,  some  of  the 
smaller  cities  have  shown  marked  growth.  Since 
1890  Perth  Amboy,  owing  to  the  establishment  of 
great  industrial  enterprises,  has  risen  from  nine 
thousand  five  hundred  to  seventeen  thousand 
seven  hundred ;  the  increase  being  largely  foreign 
born.  Bridgeton  has  grown  during  the  same  pe- 
riod from  eleven  thousand  five  hundred  to  four- 
teen thousand,  East  Orange  from  thirteen  thou- 
sand to  twenty-one  thousand  five  hundred,  Orange 
from  nineteen  thousand  to  twenty-four  thousand, 
and  Plainfield  from  eleven  thousand  to  fifteen 
thousand.  Of  other  smaller  cities  a  number 
show  little  or  no  growth.  These  are  Beverly, 
Bordentown,  Burlington,  Cape  May,  Egg  Harbor, 
Gloucester,  Lambertville,  Millville,  Rah  way, 
Salem,  and  Woodbury. 

There  are  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey  one  hun- 
dred and  ninety  incorporated  cities,  towns,  bor- 
oughs, and  villages,  although  of  these  sub-divis- 
ions one  only  possesses  a  village  government— 


CENTRAL  PART  OF  RAHWAY. 
(From  an  old  prist.) 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  269 

South.  Orange.  In  Bergen  County  the  borough 
form  of  government  is  apparently  the  most  popu- 
lar, as  of  fifty-four  incorporated  places  thirty-six 
are  boroughs.  A  similar  proportion  of  boroughs 
may  be  found  in  Cape  May  County,  where  of  four- 
teen incorporated  places  eight  are  boroughs,  and 
all  of  which  are  seaside  resorts.  In  all  of  Hudson 
County  there  are  but  two  boroughs,  containing 
but  four  thousand  inhabitants.  Mercer,  Burling- 
ton, and  Passaic  Counties  contain  boroughs  with 
but  three  thousand,  and  Cumberland  County  and 
Warren  County  but  one  thousand  each.  In  popu- 
lation the  boroughs  of  New  Jersey  embrace  a  wide 
range  from  Surf  City  in  Ocean  County,  with  its 
nine  inhabitants,  to  North  Plainfield,  with  five 
thousand  population. 


CHAPTER  XVII 

The    Gkowth    of    the    Counties    and    their 
Capitals 


THE  development  of  the  counties  and 
the  earlier  phases  of  growth  of  their 
capitals  show,  as  much  as  the  story 
of  the  evolution  of  the  great  cities, 
the  development  of  the  State.  The 
movement  of  population  is  not  lacking  in  interest, 
in  showing  the  changes  that  have  taken  place,  by- 
decade,  during  a  period  embracing  the  nineteenth 
century. 

Of  the  thirteen  counties  of  which  New  Jersey 
was  composed  in  1790  Hunterdon,  with  its  twenty 
thousand  inhabitants,  was  the  most  populous,  al- 
though Sussex  was  only  slightly  less  inhabited.  A 
group  containing  between  sixteen  thousand  and 
eighteen  thousand  embraced  Burlington,  Essex, 
Middlesex,  Monmouth,  and  Morris.  Between  ten 
thousand  and  thirteen  thousand  were  Bergen, 
Gloucester,  Salem,  and  Somerset.  Cumberland 
had  eight  thousand  and  Cape  May  two  thousand 
five  hundred. 

In  1800  Hunterdon  dropped  to  fourth  place,  be- 
ing slightly  exceeded  by  Sussex,  Essex,  and  Bur- 
gen,  the  most  populous  county  being  Sussex,  with 
twenty-two  thousand  five  hundred.  In  1810,  with 
twenty-six  thousand  inhabitants,  Essex  led  the 
list.  Following  closely  were  to  be  found  Bergen 
with  twenty-five  thousand,  Hunterdon  with  twen- 
ty-four thousand  five  hundred,  Sussex  with  twen- 
ty-five thousand  five   hundred,   Monmouth  with 

fVol.  4] 


r~ 


k 


274  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

twenty-two  thousand,  Morris  with  twenty-two 
thousand,  and  Middlesex  and  Gloucester  each 
about  twenty  thousand.  The  increase  of  the  re- 
maining counties  had  been  slow. 

In  1820  Sussex  County  reached  the  zenith  of 
growth  in  population.  With  thirty-two  thousand 
seven  hundred  it  attained  the  position  of  the  most 
populous  county  in  the  State.  Even  Essex  was 
two  thousand  less,  and  Burlington  a  thousand 
short  of  Essex.  Hunterdon,  however,  had  a  popu- 
lation of  twenty-eight  thousand  and  Monmouth  of 
twenty-five  thousand. 

In  the  year  1830  a  new  element  came  into  the 
calculations,  namely,  Warren  County,  which  was 
reported  as  having  a  population  of  nineteen  thou- 
sand. Its  creation  in  1824,  from  Sussex  County, 
tended  greatly  to  reduce  the  population  of  that 
territorial  sub-division,  throwing  Sussex  to  twen- 
ty thousand.  During  the  decade  the  increase  in 
the  County  of  Essex  had  been  most  marked.  With 
its  forty-two  thousand  inhabitants,  of  which  twen- 
ty-five per  cent,  were  in  the  City  of  Newark,  it  ex- 
ceeded by  ten  thousand  its  nearest  rivals,  Bur- 
lington, Hunterdon,  and  Monmouth.  Gloucester 
since  1790  had  succeeded  in  doubling  its  popula- 
tion; Salem  and  Somerset  had  in  ten  years  but 
slightly  increased.  The  tide  was  turning ;  the  new 
cities  of  East  Jersey,  although  scarce  commenced, 


OXY  AND  AS  A  STATE  275 

were  overshadowing  in  point  of  increase  of  popu- 
lation the  rural  counties. 

In  the  census  of  1S40  four  new  counties  appear : 
Atlantic,  cut  off  from  Gloucester  in  1837 ;  Hudson, 
the  southern  part  of  Bergen,  established  in  1840; 
Mercer,  comprising  parts  of  Hunterdon,  Burling- 
ton, Somerset,  and  Middlesex  Counties,  erected  in 
1838,  and  Passaic,  the  northern  portion  of  Essex 
County  and  the  western  part  of  Bergen  County,  or- 
ganized in  1837.  In  these  new  allotments  Bergen 
County  suffered  heavily,  being  reduced  in  popula- 
tion from  twenty-two  thousand  five  hundred  in 
1830  to  thirteen  thousand  in  1840.  Atlantic,  with 
its  eight  thousand  five  hundred  inhabitants,  re- 
duced Gloucester  from  twenty-eight  thousand  five 
hundred  to  twenty-five  thousand  five  hundred. 
Hudson  had  about  nine  thousand  five  hundred 
people,  of  whom  a  third  were  in  Jersey  City.  In 
the  erection  of  Mercer  County,  which  contained 
twenty-one  thousand  five  hundred  inhabitants, 
Hunterdon  shrunk  from  thirty-one  thousand  to 
twenty-four  thousand  eight  hundred.  Of  this  dif- 
ference four  thousand  were  in  the  City  of  Tren- 
ton. Essex,  in  spite  of  its  growth,  was  visibly  af- 
fected by  the  loss  of  Passaic  and  by  the  disasters 
of  the  panic  of  1837,  increasing  but  two  thousand 
five  hundred  during  the  decade.  From  1830  to 
1840  Burlington,  Cumberland,  Morris,  Salem, 
Somerset,  and  Sussex  remained  almost  stationary. 


276 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Middlesex  lost  about  one  thousand,  and  Cape  May, 
after  half  a  century  had  succeeded  with  five  thou- 
sand three  hundred  inhabitants  in  doubling  her 
population,  the  same  being  true  of  Monmouth 
with  thirty-three  thousand  people. 

The  enumeration  of  1850  presents  in  the  status 
of  Essex  and  Hudson  Counties  some  striking  con- 
trasts. From  forty-five  thousand  Essex  had 
leaped  in  ten  years  to  seventy-four  thousand ;  Hud- 
son with  twenty-two  thousand  had  more  than 
doubled  its  population.  Passaic  County,  in  an 
increase  of  four  thousand,  showed  the  influence  of 
Paterson.  Two  new  counties— Camden,  estab- 
lished in  1844,  and  Ocean,  in  1850— had  drawn 
largely  from  Gloucester  and  Monmouth  Counties, 
from  which  they  were  respectively  set  off.  Cam- 
den County  commenced  life  with  twenty-five  thour 
sand  five  hundred  inhabitants,  Gloucester  there- 
by having  been  reduced  from  twenty-five  thousand 
five  hundred  to  fourteen  thousand  five  hundred, 
having  in  1850  but  slightly  more  population  than 
she  had  in  1790.  There  were  ten  thousand  people 
in  the  new  County  of  Ocean.  The  seashore  Coun- 
ties of  Atlantic  and  Cape  May  remained  almost 
stationary.  Of  Mercer's  growth  during  the  decade 
from  twenty-one  thousand  five  hundred  to  twenty- 
eight  thousand,  Trenton  furnished  two  thousand 
five  hundred.  Morris,  owing  to  the  completion  of 
the  Morris  Canal  and  the  development  of  the  iron 


OLD    MONMOUTH    (jOl'RT   H( 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  277 

mines,  increased  five  thousand  in  population. 
Warren  and  Sussex  were  equal  in  population— 
twenty-three  thousand. 

The  decade  between  1850  and  1860  was  made 
conspicuous  by  the  creation  of  a  new  county, 
Union,  formed  in  1857,  which  was  created  from 
Essex  and  Middlesex,  and  started  its  territorial 
existence  with  twenty-eight  thousand  inhabitants, 
of  which  about  eleven  thousand  five  hundred  were 
in  the  City  of  Elizabeth.  In  spite  of  such  a  drain 
Essex  County  advanced  from  seventy-four  thou- 
sand to  ninety-nine  thousand,  Newark  in  the  same 
period  increasing  thirty-three  thousand.  Hudson 
County  advanced  from  twenty-two  thousand  to 
sixty-three  thousand,  practically  triplicating  its 
population.  The  overflowing  of  people  from  New 
York  City  increased  Bergen  County  from  fourteen 
thousand  five  hundred  to  twenty-one  thousand  five 
hundred ;  Camden  also  felt  the  same  influence  from 
Philadelphia  and  gained  ten  thousand.  Mercer, 
with  thirty-seven  thousand  five  hundred,  had  also 
gained  ten  thousand,  which  was  Monmouth's  in- 
crease. Passaic  had  about  six  thousand  five  hun- 
dred new  inhabitants  to  her  credit.  The  rural 
counties  made  normal  gains. 

The  period  from  1860  to  1870,  in  spite  of  the  dis- 
tractions of  the  Civil  War,  marked  stupendous 
growths  in  those  counties  of  East  Jersey  lying 
within  the  metropolitan  area,  even  then  well  de- 


278  NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 

fined.  Hudson  doubled  its  population,  having 
reached  in  1870  the  total  of  one  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-nine thousand.  Essex,  with  one  hundred  and 
forty -four  thousand,  had  increased  forty-five  thou- 
sand, Bergen  had  reached  thirty  thousand,  Pas- 
saic had  gained  fifteen  thousand,  Union  four- 
teen thousand,  Morris  eight  thousand,  while  Mid- 
dlesex had  ten  thousand  additional  population. 
Camden  showed  a  gain  of  eleven  thousand.  Typi- 
cal rural  counties  such  as  Salem,  Somerset,  and 
Sussex,  whose  populations  ranged  between  twen- 
ty-three thousand  and  twenty-four  thousand,  had 
gained  but  little,  while  Sussex  had  actually  lost. 
Cumberland,  however,  owing  to  the  development 
cf  Vineland,  Millville,  and  Bridgeton,  had  gained 
twelve  thousand,  Gloucester  and  Hunterdon  each 
about  three  thousand,  and  Warren  six  thousand. 

The  closing  quarter  of  the  century  is  distin- 
guished by  three  characteristics.  One  finds  the 
marvelous  growth  of  the  greater  and  lesser  metro- 
politan areas,  the  territory  of  New  Jersey  affected 
by  the  contiguity  of  New  York  City  and  Philadel- 
phia; the  development  of  the  seacoast  counties, 
and  the  practical  stagnation  of  the  distinctively 
rural  counties.  Of  the  counties  within  the  New 
York  metropolitan  area  Bergen  rose  between 
1870  and  1900  from  thirty  thousand  to  seventy- 
eight  thousand,  and  of  all  counties  in  the  State 
between  1890  and  1900  Bergen,  with  sixty-six  and 


ONY  AXD  AS  A  STATE  279 

one-tenth  per  cent,  had  the  largest  percentage  of 
increase.  Essex  advanced  from  one  hundred  and 
forty-four  thousand  in  1870  and  one  hundred  and 
ninety  thousand  in  1880  to  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
six  thousand  in  1890,  and  to  three  hundred  and 
sixty  thousand  in  1900— a  brilliant  record  of 
growth  eclipsed  by  that  of  Hudson  County,  which 
by  1890  had  doubled  its  population  of  1870,  then 
one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand,  with  three  hun- 
dred and  eighty-six  thousand  in  1900.  Essex's  and 
Hudson's  increase  between  1890  and  1900  was 
forty  per  cent.  From  1870  to  1900,  the  growth  of 
Union  County  was  less  dramatic,  ranging  between 
forty-two  thousand  and  one  hundred  thousand. 
Passaic  during  these  thirty  years  increased  from 
forty-six  thousand  five  hundred  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty-five  thousand,  and  Middlesex  County  from 
forty-five  thousand  to  eighty  thousand.  Morris 
added  twenty-two  thousand  to  her  population  of 
1870.  Briefly  and  generally  stated,  in  the  Coun- 
ties of  Bergen,  Passaic,  Morns,  Essex,  Hudson, 
Middlesex,  and  Union,  comprising  the  area  of  di- 
rect New  York  metropolitan  influence,  are  to  be 
found  three-fifths  of  the  residents  of  New  Jersey. 
The  lesser  metropolitan  area,  that  of  Philadel- 
phia, is  much  less  definite  in  its  direct  boundaries. 
By  implication  it  may  be  made  to  include  all  of 
Southern  and  Central  New  Jersey,  although  the 
New  York  influence  is  strong  in  Atlantic  City  and 


2S0  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

along  the  "  shore  "  of  Ocean  County,  and  is  felt  in 
Vineland  and  Bridgeton.  Trenton  marks  the 
point  of  separation  between  the  influences  of  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  although  the  towns  of  the 
Delaware  Valley  between  Trenton  and  Phillips- 
burg  are  in  closer  touch  with  Philadelphia  than 
with  New  York  City.  "Warren  and  Sussex  Coun- 
ties are  unassociated,  however,  with  Philadelphia. 

Strictly  speaking  the  metropolitan  area  of  Phila- 
delphia embraces  Burlington  County,  Trenton  in 
Mercer  County,  Camden,  Gloucester,  Cape  May, 
and  Salem  Counties,  and  a  large  portion  of  Cum- 
berland County,  together  with  Atlantic  City.  In 
cities,  towns,  and  villages  within  these  counties 
there  are  those  who  daily  transact  business  in 
Philadelphia,  are  in  fact  of  the  well-defined  "  com- 
muter "  class.  It  has  been  from  1870  that  the  in- 
fluence of  Philadelphia  has  been  felt  most  directly, 
as  it  has  only  been  within  the  past  thirty  years 
that  Philadelphians  have  sought  residences  in 
New  Jersey. 

From  1870  to  1890  Mercer  County  has  doubled 
its  population,  increasing  from  forty-six  thousand 
to  ninety-five  thousand,  of  which  in  1890  there 
were  seventy-three  thousand  in  Trenton.  Bur- 
lington County  has  increased  but  four  thousand 
five  hundred  in  these  thirty  years,  and  from  1890 
to  1900  has  actually  lost.  Camden  County  has 
risen  since  1870  from  forty-six  thousand  to  one 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  281 

hundred  and  seven  thousand  five  hundred, Glouces- 
ter County  from  twenty-one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred to  thirty-two  thousand,  Cumberland  County 
from  thirty-four  thousand  five  hundred  to  fifty- 
one  thousand,  and  Salem  County  from  twenty-four 
thousand  to  twenty-five  thousand  five  hundred. 
Thus  it  may  be  said  that,  excluding  that  portion 
of  Mercer  County  outside  of  Trenton,  in  Burling- 
ton, Camden,  Gloucester,  Salem,  and  Cumberland 
Counties,  together  with  Atlantic  City,  one-fifth  of 
the  people  of  New  Jersey  are  within  the  Phila- 
delphia metropolitan  area. 

The  coastwise  Counties  of  Cape  May,  Atlantic, 
Ocean,  and  Monmouth  have  developed  by  no 
means  regularly  between  1870  and  1900.  Thus 
Atlantic  County,  under  the  inspiration  of  Atlantic 
City,  doubled  its  population  between  1870  and 
1890,  and  from  the  latter  year  with  twenty-nine 
thousand  inhabitants  reached  forty-six  thousand 
five  hundred  in  1900.  Cape  May  County  in  these 
thirty  years  rose  from  eight  thousand  to  thirteen 
thousand,  and  Ocean  County  from  thirteen  thou- 
sand to  nineteen  thousand,  a  growth  largely 
stimulated  by  the  development  of  Lakewood  be- 
tween 1890  and  1900.  Monmouth  rose  from  forty- 
six  thousand  to  eighty-two  thousand  in  the  thirty 
years,  increasing  eighteen  per  cent,  from  1890  to 
1900. 

The  counties  not  included  in  the  metropolitan 


282  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

areas  or  in  the  seashore  list  are  largely  rural. 
Their  growth  has  been  slow,  Hunterdon  in  1900, 
with  thirty-four  thousand  six  hundred,  having  lost 
two  and  four-tenths  per  cent,  since  1900,  and  hav- 
ing but  a  thousand  more  than  in  1860.  Somerset, 
with  thirty-three  thousand,  has  gained  ten  thou- 
sand since  1870,  while  Sussex,  with  twenty-four 
thousand,  has  made  a  slight  gain  since  1890,  al- 
though the  county  still  has  less  population  than  in 
1820.  Warren  County  shows  three  and  four-tenths 
per  cent,  increase  since  1890,  having  thirty-eight 
thousand  inhabitants  against  thirty-six  thousand 
five  hundred,  both  in  1880  and  1890. 

The  county  capitals,  outside  the  large  cities  of 
Newark,  Jersey  City,  Elizabeth,  Paterson,  New 
Brunswick,  Trenton,  and  Camden,  may  be  grouped 
by  similarities  in  social  and  industrial  conditions. 
Those  of  the  three  coast  counties,  Cape  May,  At- 
lantic, and  Ocean,  fall  under  one  division.  Of 
these  Cape  May  Court  House,  the  county  seat  of 
Cape  May,  first  appears  in  history  in  1705,  when 
the  grand  jury  of  the  county  decided  to  build  a 
small  jail  "  upon  the  Queen's  Highway,  eastward- 
ly  of  Gravelly  Run."  Stocks  and  whipping  posts 
were  ordered  at  the  same  time.  Previous  to  1705 
county  affairs  were  transacted  at  the  whaling  set- 
tlement of  Cape  Town  or  Town  Bank,  a  location 
since  swept  away  by  the  encroaching  waters  of  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  283 

sea.  Subsequently  the  ' '  Court  House ' '  was  known 
as  Middletown,  but  return  was  made  to  the  pres- 
ent designation. 

May's  Landing,  the  town  of  John  May,  was  cre- 
ated the  county  capital  upon  the  erection  of  At- 
lantic County.  It  was  a  place  of  trade,  the  center 
of  those  industries  characteristic  of  the  "  Pines," 
and,  like  Tom's  River,  the  county  capital  of  Ocean, 
had  a  large  seafaring  population. 

Of  another  group  the  shire  towns  of  Cumber- 
land, Gloucester,  Salem,  Burlington,  and  Mon- 
mouth were  similar. 

In  its  early  and  comparatively  rapid  growth 
Bridgeton,  shortly  after  the  Revolutionary  War, 
attained  the  distinction  of  being  the  most  active 
town  in  the  southern  portion  of  New  Jersey.  By 
the  close  of  the  second  war  with  England  water 
power  had  been  employed  by  the  iron  industries 
centering  at  the  "Bridge,"  while  in  1816  the  Cum- 
berland Bank  came  into  existence.  In  1836  came 
the  Bridgeton  Glass  Company,  and  by  1839  two 
fire  companies  had  come  into  existence.  The  city 
was  incorporated  in  1864. 

In  1787  the  inhabitants  of  the  Township  of 
Deptford  were  authorized  to  build  a  market  house 
in  the  main  street  of  Woodbury.  In  1854  Wood- 
bury was  incorporated  as  a  borough,  having 
grown  under  measures  taken  to  improve  the  navi- 
gation of  the  creek  and  in  the  establishment  of 


284  NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 

easy  communication  with  Philadelphia.  In  1870 
Woodbury  was  chartered  as  a  city.  Like  Salem 
and  Mount  Holly,  Woodbury  was  the  center  of  a 
number  of  small  industries,  but,  being  nearer 
Philadelphia  than  the  other  towns  of  the  group, 
earlier  became  a  residential  town  for  those  who 
sought  homes  in  New  Jersey.  It  may  be  said  of 
all  the  shire  towns  in  the  two  groups  that  the 
type  of  social  life  was  affected  by  manners  and 
customs  of  the  South,  this  being  still  particularly 
noticeable  in  Salem. 

Founded  in  1676,  it  was  during  the  three  dec- 
ades of  the  nineteenth  century  that  the  ancient 
city  of  Salem  was  the  most  active  town  south  of 
Burlington,  and  a  formidable  rival  of  Bridgeton. 
In  1822  the  Salem  Steam  Mill  and  Banking  Com- 
pany and  in  1825  the  Salem  Steam  Mill  and  Manu- 
facturing Company  were  incorporated.  In  the  lat- 
ter year  two  fire  companies  were  also  incorpo- 
rated. In  the  later  fifties  gas  and  water  were  in- 
troduced into  the  city,  Salem  being  chartered  in 
1858. 

Mount  Holly,  the  county  capital  of  Burlington, 
has  no  separate  government,  being  a  part  of  the 
Township  of  Northampton.  In  spite  of  the  lack 
of  autonomy  Mount  Holly  became  a  center  of  im- 
portance early  in  the  last  century.  With  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Farmers  Bank  in  1815  Mount 
Holly  extended  its  influence  to  Tuckerton,  Wood- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


285 


bury,  Freehold,  and  Trenton.  For  all  the  bog  iron 
industries  in  the  "  Pines  "  the  village  was  the 
center.  Before  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  two 
fire  companies,  an  insurance  company,  and  water, 
gas,  and  telegraph  companies  had  been  organ- 
ized, and  efforts  had  been  made  to  curb  and  pave 
the  streets.  For  the  benefit  of  Mount  Holly  there 
had  been  passed  an  act— which  legislation  char- 
acterized the  development  of  nearly  every  town  in 
New  Jersey,— a  statute  preventing  swine  and 
animals  from  runing  at  large  in  the  public  streets. 

Freehold,  the  shire  town  of  Monmouth  County, 
in  1869,  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  town,  felt  the  spirit  of  progress 
characteristic  of  the  period.  Twelve  years  pre- 
viously a  gas  light  company  had  been  organized, 
while  as  early  as  1837  the  Monmouth  Insurance 
Company  had  been  incorporated,  a  fact  in  itself 
indicative  of  the  prominence  that  Freehold  en- 
joyed as  a  center  of  county  life. 

The  remaining  group  of  county  capitals,  lying  in 
the  northern  portion  of  the  State,  are  Fleming- 
ton,  Hunterdon  County ;  Belvidere,  Warren  Coun- 
ty; Somerville,  Somerset  County;  Morristown, 
Morris  County;  and  Hackensack,  Bergen  County. 

Between  1850  and  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War 
Flemington  enjoyed  a  large  measure  of  prosperity. 
Copper  mining  near  the  village,  the  establishment 
of  a  bank  in  1855,  with  gas  light  and  water  com- 


THE   COUNTY  BUILDINGS   AT  FLEMI1*  I  1840. 


280 


NEW  JEIiSEY  AS  A  COL 


panies  chartered  in  1859,  were  evidences  of  prog- 
ress. In  1870  an  act  for  the  improvement  of  the 
town  was  passed. 

Belvidere  was  incorporated  in  1845,  although  as 
early  as  1828  a  manufacturing  company  had  been 
located  in  the  town  and  in  1830  the  Belvidere  Bank 
had  been  chartered. 

The  advantageous  position  of  Somerville  made  it 
a  distinctively  manufacturing  community.  When 
the  Somerville  Water  Power  Company  came  into 
existence,  in  1840,  there  had  been  incorporated  in 
the  town  an  aqueduct  company,  in  1807,  a  manu- 
facturing and  a  mining  company,  and  a  plant  for 
making  pins  and  types.  Between  1840  and  1860 
such  enterprises  as  rope  and  bagging,  cotton  and 
woolen,  and  gutta  percha  were  located  in  the  vil- 
lage. In  1863  an  act  for  the  improvement  of  Som- 
erville was  passed,  gas  having  been  introduced  in 
1853. 

The  incorporation  of  Morristown  in  1865  fol- 
lowed late  in  the  period  of  permanent  growth  of 
the  community.  In  1799  the  Aqueduct  company 
had  come  into  existence,  followed  in  1812  by  the 
State  Bank.  In  1836  came  the  Morris  County 
Bank  and  in  1862  the  Morristown  Bank.  By  1856 
gas  was  used,  while  nearly  twenty  years  before 
a  fire  engine  company  had  been  incorporated.  And 
to  the  credit  of  Morristown  it  may  be  said  that 
the  machinery  of  the  "  Savannah,"  the  first  steam- 


THE  FIRST  TELEGRAPH  LINE. 


OXY  AND  AS  A  STATE  287 

ship  to  cross  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  was  constructed 
at  the  Vail  Works  at  Speedwell,  near  Morristown, 
in  1825,  while  the  first  successful  experiments 
with  the  electro-magnetic  telegraph,  based  upon 
the  discoveries  of  Professor  Henry,  of  Princeton 
College,  were  made  by  Vail  and  Morse  at  Speed- 
well Works,  in  1838. 

Although  the  Sussex  Bank  had  been  established 
at  Newton  as  early  as  1818  it  was  not  until  1864 
that  Newton  was  incorporated.  In  1850  the  Legis- 
lature chartered  the  fire  department,  the  gas  com- 
pany coming  into  existence  in  1860. 

With  the  act  of  1853,  authorizing  the  inhabit- 
ants to  enclose  the  public  green,  an  era  of  public 
improvements  was  inaugurated  in  Hackensack. 
Three  years  thereafter  the  citizens  were  given  leg- 
islative right  to  improve  their  sidewalks.  In  1861 
a  gas  light  company  was  incorporated,  in  1864 
the  fire  department  was  chartered,  and  in  1869 
the  water  company  came  into  being.  Further 
stimulus  was  given  the  development  of  the  town 
by  the  incorporation,  in  1868,  of  the  Improvement 
Commission,  while  in  1870  the  Bergen  County  Sav- 
ings Bank  received  its  charter.  The  town  now  has 
three  or  four  banks  and  trust  companies.  But  it 
takes  greater  pride  in  the  handsome  Johnson  Pub- 
lic Library  building,  costing  nearly  $70,000,  the 
gift  in  1901  of  First  Assistant  Postmaster-General 
William  M.  Johnson. 


CHAPTER    XVIII 


New    Jkr**rt    ani>    Her    Pdwj«:    Schools 


IVoL  4] 


FROM  the  time  of  the  colony  with  its 
haphazard  methods  of  education  the 
State  of  New  Jersey  moved  slowly 
toward  a  plan  of  governmental  con- 
trol of  public  education.  Many  years 
were  to  elapse  ere  the  doctrine  became  prevalent 
that  the  State  "  owes  "  its  children  an  education, 
years  in  which  men  who  fought  for  some  uniform- 
ity in  methods  of  instruction  and  State  aid  were 
regarded  as  visionary  if  not  fanatical.  In  the  evo- 
lutionary growth  positive  signs  of  future  develop- 
ment appear  in  the  period  between  the  close  of  the 
Revolution  and  the  opening  of  the  new  century. 
As  early  as  1783  "  an  act  for  the  promotion  and 
encouragement  of  literature  ' '  was  passed,  while  in 
1794  a  statute  provided  for  the  incorporation  of 
trustees,  not  exceeding  seven,  who  were  empow- 
ered to  organize  societies  for  the  advancement  of 
learning.  Under  this  act  several  academies,  some 
of  which  are  still  existent,  were  organized,  while 
others  received  special  charters.  Among  these  in- 
stitutions were  the  academies  at  Hackensack  and 
Trenton,  while  later  academies  were  established  in 
Belleville,  Bridgeton,  Newark,  and  Paterson. 

The  actual  beginnings  of  the  public  school  sys- 
tem, as  pointed  out  in  Dr.  David  Murray's  "  His- 
tory of  Education  in  New  Jersey,"  began  as  early 
as  1803.  In  that  year  there  was  reprinted  in  Tren- 
ton an  edition  of  Thomas  Jefferson's  "  Notes," 


292  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

wherein,  for  Virginia,  was  urged  a  three-grade 
system  of  public  schools.  Among  men  in  New  Jer- 
sey to  whom  Jefferson's  arguments  appealed  with 
great  force  was  John  Parker,  of  Perth  Amboy, 
who  from  1806  to  1819,  with  the  exception  of  on« 
year,  represented  Middlesex  County  in  the  House 
of  Assembly.  During  that  period  he  continually 
urged  the  cause  of  popular  education,  and  after 
the  defeat  of  several  plans  saw  the  goal  gained, 
when  upon  the  5th  of  February,  1817,  there  waa 
introduced  in  the  Legislature  "  An  act  to  create 
a  fund  for  the  support  of  free  schools,"  which 
passed  the  House  of  Assembly  on  the  11th  of  that 
month  and  Council  upon  the  following  day.  The 
statute  was  hedged  in  by  a  provision,  adopted  in 
the  constitution  of  1844,  that  the  school  fund  was 
to  be  sacredly  devoted  to  the  purposes  intended, 
and  not  subject  to  legislative  borrowing,  appro- 
priation, or  use  for  any  other  object,  and  its  con- 
trol was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  governor,  the 
vice-president  of  Council,  the  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Assembly,  the  attorney-general,  and  the  secre- 
tary of  state.  Certain  United  States  bonds,  bank 
stocks,  and  other  securities  were  set  apart  for  the 
fund.  In  1871  the  moneys  received  from  the  said 
and  rental  of  lands  under  water  owned  by  the 
State  were  made  a  part  of  the  fund,  which  now 
amounts  to  three  million  seven  hundred  thousand 
dollars.     The  fund  is  under  the  control  of  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


293 


"Trustees  of  the  Fund  for  the  Support  of  Free 
Schools,' '  the  board  being  composed  of  the  gov- 
ernor, attorney-general,  secretary  of  state,  state 
comptroller,  and  state  treasurer. 

In  1820  the  Legislature  authorized  the  several 
townships  to  levy  a  tax  for  the  education  of  ' '  such 
poor  children  as  are  paupers,  belonging  to  the  said 
township,  and  the  children  of  such  poor  parents, 
resident  in  said  township,  as  are  or  shall  be,  in 
the  judgment  of  said  committee,  unable  to  pay 
for  schooling  the  same."  This  law  remained  in 
force  for  some  years,  being  amended  from  time  to 
time  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  provide  for  free 
schools  for  such  time  as  the  moneys  received  from 
the  school  fund  and  from  local  taxation  would 
permit,  and  allowing  tuition  fees  for  the  remain- 
der of  the  year.  Under  the  stimulus  of  the  law  of 
1820  the  American  Bible  and  New  Jersey  Mission- 
ary Societies  also  engaged  in  an  educational 
propaganda  which  included  the  building  of 
schools  and  the  hiring  of  teachers.  These  organi- 
zations employed  an  agent  to  gather  statistics  con- 
cerning illiteracy  in  the  State  and  to  arouse  public 
sentiment. 

It  was  in  the  latter  part  of  1828  that,  in  response 
to  a  call,  "  friends  of  education  "  met  in  Trenton. 
In  a  widely  circulated  report,  the  data  for  which 
were  secured  by  Chief  Justice  Charles  Ewing, 
Canal  Commissioner  John  Neely  Simpson,   and 


JtSk&Mis&G 


294 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


United  States  Senator  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  as 
well  as  by  local  sub-committees,  most  of  the  coun- 
ties were  treated  in  detail.  From  this  report  it  is 
learned  that  in  1828  Morris  probably  enjoyed  more 
than  any  other  county  ' '  the  advantages  and  bless- 
ings of  education. ' '  It  was  a  lamentable  fact  that 
there  were  in  New  Jersey  no  less  than  twelve  thou- 
sand children  destitute  of  instruction,  while  to 
remedy  the  general  evil  of  incompetent  instructors 
a  member  of  the  Essex  County  sub-committee  rec- 
ommended the  establishment  of  a  normal  school 
for  the  special  training  of  teachers.  The  contest 
for  a  system  of  popular  education  then  broadened. 
For  nearly  thirty  years  came  the  demand  for 
teachers  especially  trained,  and  it  was  in  1855 
that  the  State  Normal  School  was  established  in 
Trenton.  "With  it  was  created  a  Model  School,  in 
which  the  normal  students,  pledging  themselves 
to  teach  for  two  years  after  graduation,  find  an 
opportunity  for  practice  teaching.  At  Beverly 
shortly  before  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  the 
Farnum  Preparatory  School  was  presented  to  the 
State  by  virtue  of  the  provisions  of  the  will  of  Paul 
Farnum.  Another  State  educational  institution 
is  the  School  for  the  Deaf,  which  is  located  in 
Trenton,  and  which  was  established  in  1882.  Prior 
to  that  date  the  deaf  children  of  New  Jersey  were 
ucated  at  the  expense  of  the  State  in  institu- 
in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 


THB   OLD    SCHOOL    HOCT8E    AT    BA8HTNQ    UIDOP. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  295 

The  Manual  Training  and  Industrial  School  for 
Colored  Youth,  located  at  Bordentown,  was  estab- 
lished in  1894,  and  was  under  the  care  of  a  sepa- 
rate board  of  trustees.  In  1900  it  was  placed  un- 
der the  care  of  the  State  board  of  education.  It 
was  not  until  1871  that  legislation  was  had  provid- 
ing for  a  State  school  tax,  and  making  the  schools 
absolutely  free  to  all  the  children  in  the  State  of 
New  Jersey. 

As  delineated  by  J.  Brognard  Betts,  in  the 
"  New  Jersey  Hand  Book,"  the  school  system  of 
New  Jersey,  as  at  present  established,  consists  of 
a  State  board  of  education,  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor, which  board  appoints  the  county  superin- 
tendents of  schools,  makes  rules  for  the  holding  of 
teachers'  institutes,  the  examination  of  teachers, 
and  for  carrying  into  effect  the  school  laws  of  the 
State. 

The  State  superintendent  of  public  instruction, 
an  office  created  in  1846,  has  general  supervision 
over  the  schools,  and  by  law  is  made  a  court  of 
private  jurisdiction,  having  the  power  to  investi- 
gate and  decide,  subject  to  appeal  to  the  State 
board  of  education,  all  disputes  that  arise  under 
the  school  laws,  and  may  enforce  his  decision  by 
withholding  all  school  moneys  from  the  district 
until  his  decision  has  been  obeyed. 

The  county  superintendents  have  supervision 
over  the  schools  in  their  respective  counties,  ap- 


296  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

portion  the  school  moneys,  license  teachers,  and, 
together  with  the  local  boards  of  education,  pre- 
scribe the  courses  of  study  for  their  respective 
counties. 

The  entire  State  is  divided  into  school  districts, 
each  city,  town,  and  township  constituting  a  sepa- 
rate district.  There  are  two  classes  of  districts. 
The  first  class  includes  the  cities  and  large  towns. 
In  these  districts  members  of  the  boards  of  educa- 
tion may  be  appointed  by  the  mayor  or  elected  by 
the  people.  The  second  class  includes  the  town- 
ships and  small  boroughs.  In  these  districts  the 
members  of  the  boards  of  education  are  elected  and 
all  appropriations  are  made  by  direct  vote  of  the 
people. 

The  Legislature,  recognizing  the  value  of  man- 
ual training,  passed  a  law  in  1881  providing  that 
whenever  a  school  district  established  a  manual 
training  school,  or  added  manual  training  to  the 
course  of  study  pursued  in  the  public  schools  of 
the  district,  the  State  would  appropriate  each  year 
an  amount  equal  to  the  sum  raised  in  the  district 
for  that  purpose,  provided  that  the  total  annual 
appropriation  by  the  State  to  a  district  should  not 
exceed  five  thousand  dollars. 

The  State  gives  to  each  school  annually  ten  dol- 
lars, provided  such  school  raises  a  like  sum,  to  be 
used  for  the  purchase  of  apparatus  or  to  maintain 
a  library  for  the  use  of  the  pupils;   also  to  each 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  297 

county  a  sum  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars 
annually,  upon  like  conditions,  for  the  purpose  of 
providing  pedagogical  libraries  for  the  use  of  the 
teachers. 

In  order  that  the  health  of  the  children  may  be 
protected  the  law  provides  that  all  school  houses 
shall  have  at  least  eighteen  square  feet  of  floor 
space  and  two  hundred  cubic  feet  of  air  space  per 

pupil;   that  the   light   area  must  equal   at   least   ■}. 

■ 

twenty  per  cent,  of  floor  space ;  that  there  must  be  j 
an  approved  system  of  ventilation;    and  that  the  j 
light  must  be  admitted  only  from  the  left  and  rear  fr. 
of  classrooms.     In  order  that  these  provisions  of 
the  law  shall  be  obeyed  all  plans  for  school  houses 
must  be  submitted  to  the  State  board  of  education 
for  approval.    Each  district  is  also  authorized  to 
employ  a  medical  inspector,  whose  duty  it  shall  be 
to  look  after  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  school 
property,  to  inspect  the  pupils,  and  to  give  instruc- 
tion to  the  teachers. 

The  constitution  provides  that  the  State  shall 
provide  free  education  for  all  children  between 
the  ages  of  five  and  eighteen  years,  but  the  Legis- 
lature, recognizing  the  value  of  kindergarten  and 
higher  education,  has  provided  that  children  be- 
tween the  ages  of  four  and  twenty  years  may  be 
admitted  to  the  public  schools. 

Funds  for  the  support  of  public  schools  are  de- 
rived from  five  sources,  viz.:   State  school  fund, 


Abraham  CoDra,  M.B.,  Pb.D..  1Aj.D.,  t>. 
Plains,  N.  J.,  Dee.  96,  VflS ;  grad.  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  Philadelphia,  1836 ;  practiced  la  Newark ; 
became  a  distinguished  author  and  translator,  not 
ably  of  "  Diee  Irae,"  "  The  Microcosm,"  "  (Hi  Oema 
to  New  fiettlngs,"  "The  B?angei."  etc.:  «1.  near 
Monterey,  «*».,  May  8.  1«8V 


298  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

State  fund,  State  school  tax,  interest  of  surplus 
revenue,  and  local  tax.  The  appropriation  from 
the  State  school  fund  amounts  to  two  hundred 
thousand  dollars  per  annum. 

Aside  from  the  public  school  system  the  acade- 
mies and  secondary  schools  of  New  Jersey  have 
given  the  State  prominence  as  an  educational  cen- 
ter in  America.  Considered  by  counties,  a  plan 
followed  in  a  recent  monograph  issued  by  the 
United  States  bureau  of  education,  schools  of 
eminence  in  Bergen  have  been  the  Bergen  Colum- 
bia Academy,  1790-1813;  Lafayette  Academy, 
1825-1853;   and  Washington  Academy,  1769-1871. 

In  Burlington  City,  as  early  as  1722,  Bishop 
Talbot  urged  the  establishment  of  a  free  school, 
and  it  is  greatly  to  the  credit  of  the  Episcopalians 
that  both  Saint  Mary's  Hall,  a  school  for  girls, 
founded  in  1837,  and  Burlington  College,  for  boys, 
chartered  in  1846,  were  under  the  auspices  of  that 
denomination.  In  Mount  Holly  the  Lancaster  sys- 
tem of  teaching  was  introduced  at  the  old  acad- 
emy. 

Cumberland  County  has  at  Bridgeton  both  the 
West  Jersey  Academy,  opened  in  1854  under  Pres- 
byterian auspices,  and  the  South  Jersey  Institute, 
incorporated  in  1866. 

In  1792  the  famous  Newark  Academy  was 
opened  in  Essex  County,  while  a  number  of  pri- 
vate institutions  are  located  in  the  towns  nearby. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  299 

In  Hudson  County  the  Hasbrouck  Institute,  es- 
tablished in  1856,  and  the  Hoboken  Academy, 
chartered  in  1860,  are  prominent.  At  Hoboken  is 
located  the  Stevens  Institute  of  Technology, 
opened  in  1871  through  the  munificence  of  Edwin 
A.  Stevens,  who  by  will  richly  endowed  a  prospec- 
tive institution  of  learning. 

In  Mercer,  in  the  city  of  Trenton,  was  located  an 
academy  founded  in  1781,  and  continued  until 
1885.  Here  are  established  the  Normal  School 
and  its  adjunct,  the  Model  School.  Near  the  city 
in  Lawrenceville,  is  the  Lawrenceville  School, 
which  is  one  of  the  three  leading  preparatory 
schools  of  the  United  States,  and  which  was  mag- 
nificently endowed  by  the  trustees  of  the  estate  of 
the  late  John  C.  Green.  At  Hightstown  is  located 
Peddie  Institute,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baptist 
Church,  its  endowment  being  largely  the  gifts  of 
the  late  Thomas  B.  Peddie  and  Mrs.  Peddie,  of 
Newark ;  and  at  Pennington  is  a  famous  seminary 
under  the  control  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

Monmouth  County  has  had  in  Freehold  the 
academy  founded  in  1831,  the  Boys'  Institute,  es- 
tablished in  1847,  and  the  Young  Ladies'  Semi- 
nary, created  in  1844,  while  Morris  County  has  had 
academies  in  Morristown  and  Succasunna,  beside 
many  private  schools. 

At  Somerville,  in  Somerset  County,  an  academy 


300  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

was  founded  in  1801,  while  a  similar  institution 
was  erected  in  Bound  Brook  in  1800. 

In  Warren  County  are  the  Blair  Presbyterial 
Academy,  at  Blairstown,  the  gift  of  the  late  John 
I.  Blair,  which  school  was  originally  established 
in  1848,  and  the  Centenary  Collegiate  Institute  of 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  located  at  Hack- 
ettstown.     The  institute  was  dedicated  in  1874. 

The  theological  seminaries  in  the  State  are 
those  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  ximerica,  located 
at  New  Brunswick,  the  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary,  the  Drew  Theological  Seminary  at  Mad- 
ison, and  the  German  Theological  School  of 
Newark. 


CHAPTER   XIX 

New      Jersey's      Topography      and      Economic 
Geology 

OoBtritattad  by-Jobu  C.  Smock,  from  »  monograph  In  ''  Norn  JerMy  Handbook." 


THE  State  of  New  Jersey,  practically 
lying  between  39°  and  41 1-3°  of 
latitude  and  74°  and  75£°  of  longi- 
tude, has  an  extreme  length  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty-six  miles  and  an 
extreme  breadth  of  fifty-seven  miles.  Within  this 
area  are  8,224  square  miles,  of  which  the  land  sur- 
face is  about  4,810,000  acres,  the  water  surface 
455,000  acres.  Of  the  upland  as  distinguished 
from  tide  marsh,  but  including  all  swamp  and 
fresh  meadows,  there  are  practically  4,500,000 
acres.  Nearly  300,000  acres  are  tide  marsh,  and 
18,000  acres  represent  the  beach  (coastal  dune) 
formation. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that,  in  spite  of  nearly  three 
centuries  of  human  occupancy  by  members  of  the 
Caucasian  race,  with  all  the  vast  influence  of  the 
contiguity  of  metropolitan  centers,  there  are  in 
forest,  in  lots  of  ten  acres  and  upwards,  2,070,000 
acres,  with  only  2,000,000  acres  of  improved  land 
in  farms.  The  entire  acreage  of  cleared  upland 
amounts  to  2,425,000  acres.  Briefly  it  will  be  no- 
ticed that  the  forest  area  exceeds  one-half  of  the 
acreage  of  improved  farm  land,  due  largely  to  the 
presence  of  the  vast  afforested  tracts  in  the  coastal 
plain  and  the  Appalachian  zone. 

By  geologists  New  Jersey  is  characterized  as 
being  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  continent  and 
is  divided  into  four  topographic  zones :  1,  the  Ap- 


304  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

palachian  zone,  including  the  Kittatinny  Moun- 
tain and  the  Kittatinny  Valley;  2,  the  Highlands; 
3,  the  red  sandstone  or  Triasoic  area;  4,  the 
coastal  plain.  These  divisions  are  based  on  both 
the  geology  and  the  topography,  the  geologic 
structure  and  the  topographic  features  being 
closely  related  and  explanatory  of  the  surface  con- 
figuration and  conditions. 

The  Appalachian  zone  includes  the  Kittatinny 
or  Blue  Mountain,  and  the  Kittatinny  Valley  oc- 
cupying the  northwestern  portion  of  the  State. 
This  level-topped  and  narrow  range  is  rough, 
rocky,  and  heavily  wooded,  and  extends  across 
New  Jersey  from  the  New  York  State  line,  where 
it  is  known  as  the  Shawangunk  Mountain,  to  the 
Delaware  Eiver  at  the  Delaware  Water  Gap.  At 
High  Point,  near  the  northernmost  point  of  the 
State,  it  is  1,804  feet  high,  which  is  the  greatest 
elevation  of  the  State.  The  Kittatinny  Valley,  ten 
to  thirteen  miles  wide,  is  shut  in  by  the  Kittatinny 
Mountain  on  the  northwest  and  by  the  Highlands 
on  the  southeast.  It  is  characterized  by  high,  roll- 
ing hills  and  minor  valleys,  pleasing  landscapes 
and  beautiful  farming  country.  This  valley  is  con- 
tinuous, on  the  northeast,  with  the  valley  of 
Orange  County  in  New  York,  and  to  the  southwest 
stretches  away  into  the  great  Cumberland  Valley 
of  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  continent. 

The  Highlands  cross  New  Jersey  in  a  general 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  305 

north-northeast  and  south-southwest  direction. 
The  surface  of  this  zone  is  hilly-mountainous,  and 
is  made  up  of  several  parallel  ridges,  separated  by 
deep  and  generally  narrow  valleys.  The  latter  are 
like  the  Kittatinny  Valley— smooth— and  are 
largely  cleared  and  in  farms.  The  mountain 
ranges  are  remarkably  uniform  in  height.  This 
division  may  be  considered  as  a  seaward-sloping 
tableland,  whose  northwest  side  has  an  elevation 
of  one  thousand  to  fifteen  hundred  feet  above  the 
ocean  and  its  southeastern  side  six  hundred  to 
nine  hundred  feet  above  the  sea.  In  the  northern 
part  there  are  several  well-known  lakes  elevated 
amid  the  mountains— Hopatcong,  Greenwood, 
Macopin,  Splitrock,  Green,  Wawayanda,  and 
Budd's  being  the  more  important  of  these  natural 
upland  sheets  of  water. 

The  red  sandstone  plain  or  Triasoic  area,  also 
called  the  Piedmont  Plain,  on  its  northern  border 
is  bounded  by  the  Highlands.  On  the  southeast 
this  third  great  topographic  zone  merges  into  the 
clays  and  marls  of  the  coastal  plain.  It  is  sixty- 
seven  miles  long  and  thirty  miles  wide  at  the 
Delaware  River.  The  trap-rock  ridges,  known  as 
Palisades,  Watchung,  Sourland,  Cushetunk,  and 
other  mountain  ranges,  rise  abruptly  above  the 
general  level  of  the  sandstone  plain.  They  are 
generally  forested,  whereas  the  sandstone  country 
is  nearly  cleared  and  in  farms.     These  mountains 

[Vol.  4] 


306  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

rise  four  hundred  to  nine  hundred  feet  above  sea 
level.  The  drainage  is  largely  by  the  Hackensack, 
Passaic,  and  Raritan  Rivers  and  their  tributaries. 
The  last  of  the  zones,  known  as  the  coastal 
plain,  includes  all  the  country  southeast  of  the 
Triasoic  sandstone  area  and  borders  the  ocean. 
This  zone  is  one  hundred  miles  long  from  Sandy 
Hook  to  Salem  City  and  is  ten  to  twenty  miles 
wide.  The  surface  is  hilly  in  part,  but  with  gentle 
slopes,  except  where  some  of  the  streams  have 
cut  their  way  through  its  earthly  beds  and  formed 
steep-sided  stream  valleys.  The  Navesink  High- 
lands and  the  Mount  Pleasant  hills  are  the  high- 
est lands  in  this  zone.  The  drainage  is  by  many 
tributaries  westward  into  the  Delaware  and  by 
the  Atlantic  coast  streams  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  In  the  northwestern  part  of  this  zone 
there  are  clay  beds  and  greensand  marls,  which 
make  the  outcrop  on  the  surface  in  places ;  on  the 
southeast  there  are  sands,  clays,  and  gravels,  and 
fringing  the  sea  a  narrow  range  of  sand  hills  or 
coastal  dunes. 

GEOLOGICAL,   FORMATIONS 

In  1836  began  the  first  geological  survey  of  the 
State  of  New  Jersey,  which  had  been  ordered  by 
act  of  the  Legislature  during  the  preceding  year. 
Both  in  1836  and  1840,  under  the  direction  of  the 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  307 

late  Professor  Henry  D.  Rogers,  the  results  of  this 
survey  were  published.  In  1854  the  survey  was 
reorganized  under  the  direction  of  former  State 
Geologist  William  M.  Kitchell.  This  survey  was 
continued  until  1857.  Since  1864  the  work  of  the 
survey  has  been  uninterrupted,  the  late  Pro- 
fessor George  H.  Cook  being,  by  the  act  of  organi- 
zation, constituted  State  geologist.  The  yearly  re- 
ports of  the  work  of  the  survey  indicate  a  close 
study  of  the  geologic  structure  and  intelligent 
mapping  of  the  formations. 

In  general  the  geologic  structure  of  the  State  is 
so  related  to  the  topography  that  observations 
concerning  the  physical  features  give  a  satisfac- 
tory clue  to  such  structure.  All  of  the  larger 
geological  formations  of  the  United  States,  except 
coal,  occur  in  parallel  zones,  as  has  been  indicated. 
These  formations  extend  from  northeast  to  south- 
west, and  a  section  line  across  the  State  from  Port 
Jervis  southeast  to  the  ocean  crosses  them  nearly 
at  right  angles  to  their  trend.  The  oldest  geolog- 
ical formations  in  the  State  are  the  crystalline 
rocks  of  the  Highlands.  Granite,  gneisses,  and 
other  crystalline  schistose  rocks  and  beds  of  mag- 
netic iron  ore  make  up  the  mass  of  these  mountain 
ranges.  These  rocks  are  generally  much  tilted  in 
position,  almost  on  edge,  and  are  also  much 
faulted.  They  strike  northeast  and  southwest  and 
dip  to  the  southeast  or  northwest.     The  iron  ores 


308  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

and  zinc  ores  which  are  ruined  in  the  State  are 
found  in  these  formations.  The  granite,  gneiss, 
and  crystalline  limestone  or  marble,  used  in  build- 
ing, are  also  from  these  Highland  formations. 

The  Paleozoic  rocks  are  found  in  the  valleys  in- 
cluded in  the  Highlands,  in  the  Kittatinny  Valley 
and  Kittatinny  Mountain,  and  in  the  Green  Pond 
and  Copperas  Mountains.  Cambrian,  Silurian, 
and  Devonian  are  represented,  and  the  rocks  are 
limestones,  slates,  sandstones,  and  siliceous  con- 
glomerates. The  magnesian  limestones  and  the 
slates  constitute  wide  belts  in  the  Kittatinny  Val- 
ley, the  Musconetcong,  Pohatcong,  Pequest,  and 
other  valleys.  The  Kittatinny  Mountain  mass 
consists  of  sandstones  and  conglomerates  of  the 
Oneida  and  the  Medina  epochs  of  the  Silurian  age. 
In  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Delaware,  west  of  this 
mountain,  there  are  narrow  belts  of  waterlime, 
Lower  Helderberg  and  Upper  Helderberg,  fossil- 
iferous  limestones,  with  Marcellus  shale  as  the 
highest  member  of  the  Devonian  within  the  State. 
The  Green  Pond  Mountain  rocks  also  have  been 
refered  to  the  Oneida  horizon.  The  limestones 
and  slates  are  the  formations  on  which  the  rich 
wheat  lands  of  "Warren  County  and  the  dairy 
farms  of  Sussex  are  situated.  Stone  for  building, 
3late  for  roofing  and  flagging  stone,  and  limestone 
for  lime  and  cement,  are  quarried  in  the  Paleozoic 
areas.     Copper,  lead,  and  zinc  ores,  and  barite, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  309 

limonite,  or  brown  lieniatite,  and  glass  sand  have 
been  worked  in  many  localities. 

The  red  shales  and  sandstones  and  the  included 
trap-rocks  of  the  northern-central  part  of  the 
State  are  referred  to  the  Jura-Trias  of  Mesozoic 
fhne.  The  sandstone  beds  dip  in  general  toward 
the  northwest,  at  a  low  angle  of  inclination  in  the 
sandstone.  The  erupted  trap-rocks  form  long 
ranges  of  steep-sloping  hills  or  mountains,  often 
crescentic  in  form.  A  great  deal  of  excellent  sand- 
stone for  building  and  stone  for  road-making  is 
quarried  in  this  formation.  Copper  ores  occur  in 
the  sandstone  near  the  trap-rock  or  at  their  junc- 
tion. Barite  also  has  been  mined  in  the  sandstone 
at  one  locality. 

The  cretaceous  rocks  of  the  State  include  the 
clay  district  of  Middlesex  County  and  the  green- 
sand  marl  developed  in  Monmouth  County  and 
thence  southwest  to  Salem  County.  A  large 
amount  of  clay  is  dug  in  the  Earitan  clay  district. 
The  green  sand  marl,  dug  in  shallow  pits  general- 
ly, and  in  numberless  localities,  has  had  a  wide 
use  locally  as  a  fertilizer. 

The  formations  of  the  coastal  plain  zone,  later 
than  the  cretaceous  beds,  are  greensand  marls  of 
the  Eocene,  clays  and  sands  of  the  Miocene,  and 
the  clays,  sands,  and  gravels  of  the  Post  Tertiary. 
They  are  recognized  in  a  fourfold  division,  and 
are  known  as  Beacon  Hill,  Bridgeton,  Pensauken, 


310  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

and  Cape  May  formations.  Clays  and  sands  for 
brick,  terra-cotta,  and  pottery,  marls  for  fertilizer, 
glass  sands,  and  gravel  for  road-building  are  dug 
in  these  formations. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  State  there  are  sur- 
face formations  of  glacial  epochs,  and  the  ter- 
minal moraine  of  the  last  glacial  ice  is  traced  from 
Perth  Amboy  by  Morristown  and  Hackettstown 
to  Belvidere  on  the  Delaware. 

Alluvial  deposits  of  recent  time  are  recognized 
in  the  river  valleys  and  in  the  tidal  marshes  and 
in  some  of  the  fresh-water  swamps. 

ECONOMIC   GEOLOGY 

Of  the  iron-mining  industry,  largely  located  in 
Morris  and  Warren  Counties,  the  magnetic  iron 
ores  form  the  basis.  Of  about  seventeen  active 
iron  mines,  in  1900,  the  output  amounted  to  about 
342,000  gross  tons,  while  the  mines  of  limonite,  or 
brown  hematite,  and  of  red  hematite  are  not 
worked.  Since  the  decline  of  the  bog  iron  indus- 
try in  the  southern  and  central  portions  of  the 
State  such  ores  have  had  no  market  since  the  mid- 
dle of  the  last  century. 

The  output  of  zinc,  in  1900,  amounted  to  195,000 
tons,  the  ores  being  red  oxide,  silicate,  and  frank- 
linite.  The  zinc  deposits  of  Ogdensburg  and 
Franklin  Furnace  in  Sussex  County  are  the  most 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  311 

famous,  although  other  localities  where  zinc 
blende  occurs  have  been  exploited,  but  have  not 
been  developed  into  mines. 

Copper  ores,  usually  of  low  grade,  are  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  red  sandstone  zone. 
Lead,  in  the  form  of  galena,  has  been  mined  in 
Sussex  County.  Arsenical  and  nickeliferous  pyri- 
tes also  occur,  but  not  to  any  workable  extent. 

Graphite  is  disseminated  widely  in  the  crystal- 
line schistose  rocks  of  the  Highlands.  Mines  have 
been  opened  and  worked,  irregularly,  at  Bloom- 
ingdale,  High  Bridge,  and  near  Peapack. 

Molybdenum  occurs  in  form  of  molybdic  sul- 
phide at  the  Ogden  mines  and  at  the  Hude  mine, 
Sussex  County,  but  is  not  worked. 

Barite  has  been  found  in  quantity  for  mining 
near  Newton,  Sussex  County,  and  at  Hopewell, 
Mercer  County. 

Clays  are  found  throughout  New  Jersey.  There 
are  numerous  beds  of  fire  clay,  stoneware  or  pot' 
ter's  clay,  and  clay  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper,  terra-cotta,  pipes,  and  bricks.  The  district 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Raritan  River  produces,  for 
its  own  establishments  and  more  distant  points, 
a  vast  tonnage  of  fire  and  ware  clay.  The  large 
openings  are  near  Woodbridge,  Perth  Amboy, 
Sand  Hills,  South  Amboy,  Sayreville,  and  Ches- 
quake.  Clays  for  ware  and  for  terra-cotta  are  ob- 
tained at  various  points,  notably  near  Trenton  and 


312  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

at  Palmyra.  Fire  clays  are  found  along  the  line 
of  the  New  Jersey  Southern  Railroad,  a  large 
works  being  located  at  Winslow. 

Brick-earth,  or  brick-clay,  is  found  in  thick  beds 
along  the  Raritan  River  and  Raritan  Bay,  along 
the  Delaware,  on  the  Hackensack,  and  there  are 
very  large  brickyards  on  these  navigable,  tidal 
waters,  which  make  a  large  part  of  the  brick  used 
in  structural  work  in  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia. Fire-sand,  kaolin,  and  feldspar,  as  well  as 
fire-clay,  are  also  dug  extensively  in  the  Raritan 
clay  district  and  put  into  fire-brick.  The  supply 
of  glass  sand  in  the  coastal  plain  is  practically 
inexhaustible. 

Of  building  stone  granite  has  been  quarried  at 
Charlottenburg  in  Morris  County,  and  Pochuck 
Mountain  in  Sussex  County.  Gneisses,  for  heavy 
bridge  work,  are  quarried  at  Dover.  Sandstone 
quarries  at  Avondale,  Newark,  Paterson,  Little 
Falls,  Haledon,  Stockton,  and  Greensburg,  or  Wil- 
burtha  produce  brownstone  for  cut  work,  while 
trap-rock,  widely  distributed  and  accessible  to 
railroads  and  canals,  has  been  most  successfully 
used  on  State  roads. 

The  marbles  of  the  State  are  not  at  present 
worked,  while  slate  for  roofing  has  been  quarried 
at  the  Delaware  Water  Gap,  and  at  Newton  and 
Lafayette  in  Sussex  County.  Flagging-stone  quar- 
ries are  opened  near  Deckertown  in  Sussex  Coun- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 313 

ty,  at  Milford  on  the  Delaware,  and  at  Woods- 
ville  in  Mercer  County.  The  Green  Pond  Moun- 
tain range  also  affords  a  flagstone.  Limestone, 
suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement, 
is  quarried  extensively  near  Phillipsburg  in  War- 
ren County.  Lime  is  made  from  limestone  in  large 
quantities  at  McAfee  Valley,  Sussex  County,  and 
at  other  points  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 
The  natural  fertilizers,  as  greensand  marl,  white 
calcareous  marls,  muck,  or  peat,  are  common. 

MISCELLANEOUS   FOEMATIONS 

Infusorial  earth  occurs  in  workable  quantity 
near  Drakesville,  Morris  County,  while  manganese 
ore  has  been  mined  near  Clinton,  Hunterdon  Coun- 
ty. Two  mines  for  mica  have  been  opened,  both 
in  Warren  County,  and  steatite  occurs  in  Marble 
Mountain,  and  in  Jenny  Jump  Mountain  in  War- 
ren County.  Apatite,  with  magnetite,  makes  a 
large  deposit  near  Ferromont,  Morris  County. 


CHAPTER   XX 

The  Fertile  Farms  op  New  Jersey 


SUCH  support  as  the  State  and  colony  of 
New  Jersey  gave  her  agricultural  in- 
terests previous  to  the  opening  of  the 
Civil  War  was  largely  of  indirect 
and  generally  unsatisfactory  charac- 
ter. Such  acts  as  were  passed  fall  naturally  un- 
der certain  well-defined  classes.  There  was  a  long 
series  of  statutes  offering  rewards  for  the  heads 
or  pelts  of  wolves  and  other  destructive  animals, 
another  list  of  acts  prohibiting  the  firing  of  woods 
and  meadows,  while  a  third  series  embraced  laws 
of  a  special  character  enabling  owners  of  marsh 
land  to  bank  and  drain  their  properties.  It  was 
not  until  the  opening  of  the  Revolution  that  the 
raising  of  sheep  received  the  attention  of  the  coun- 
ty committees  of  correspondence,  unless  the  act  of 
1775  to  prevent  rams  from  running  at  large  be  ex- 
cepted. One  may  search  in  vain  for  colonial  laws 
creating  bounties  to  be  paid  for  the  cultivation  of 
new  and  useful  crops— legislation  which  would 
probably  have  been  throttled  by  the  advisers  of 
the  King. 

One  act  of  the  immediate  post  Revolutionary 
period  has  been  quite  forgotten,  but  which  in  its 
days  promised  a  new  era  for  the  State.  That  it 
failed  of  its  purpose  was  probably  due  to  the  ad- 
vent of  the  French  Revolution,  although  the  act 
itself  shows  that  as  cordial  relations  existed  in 
1786  between  New  Jersey  and  the  French  people 


318 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


as  later  existed  when  Joseph  Bonaparte  cultivated 
his  gardens  in  Bordentown.  Upon  March  3,  1786, 
the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey  passed 
an  act  enabling  Andre  Michaux,  "  Botanist  of  His 
Most  Christian  Majesty,"  to  purchase  a  tract  of 
land  not  exceeding  two  hundred  acres,  to  be  ap- 
propriated to  the  sole  "  Purposes  of  a  Botanical 
Garden."  Michaux,  who  was  an  alien  and  unable 
to  hold  land  except  by  express  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, according  to  the  preamble  of  the  statute7"nad 
been  "  employed  for  several  Years  in  the  Investi- 
gation of  natural  Curiosities  in  Persia  and  other 
Parts  of  Asia."  Commissioned  by  the  King  of 
France  to  travel  through  the  United  States  and 
"  establish  a  botanical  Intercourse  and  Corre- 
spondence "  between  France  and  the  new  repub- 
lic, Michaux  was  fully  empowered  to  obtain  from 
France,  at  the  expense  of  the  King,  "  any  Tree, 
Plant,  or  Vegetable  that  may  be  wanting  "  in  the 
United  States,  and  to  send  in  exchange  "  all  the 
Curiosities  which  may  serve  to  extend  botanical 
Knowledge  and  increase  the  Enjoyments  of  the 
Gifts  of  Nature."  Michaux  desired  to  establish 
1 '  near  Bergen  ' '  a  botanical  garden  of  about  thirty 
acres  "  in  order  to  make  useful  experiments  with 
Kespect  to  Agriculture  and  Gardening,"  intend- 
ing, at  that  point,  "  to  make  a  Depository  not  only 
of  French  and  American  Plants,  but  of  all  other 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  319 

Productions  of  the  World,  which  may  be  drawn 
from  the  King's  Garden  at  Paris.' ' 

It  was  in  1855  that  the  Legislature  passed  an 
act  directly  promoting  the  agricultural  interests 
of  the  State,  while  in  1840  the  New  Jersey  State 
Agricultural  Society  was  incorporated.  In  1873 
the  State  board  of  agriculture  was  organized,  its 
membership  including  representatives  of  all  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  societies,  farmers' 
clubs,  granges  of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  and 
other  agricultural  associations.  In  the  same  year 
the  State  grange  was  founded,  while  the  State 
Horticultural  Society  came  into  existence  in  1875. 
"With  elaborate  investigations  and  excellent  re- 
ports, the  State  board  of  agriculture  has  extended, 
since  1890,  its  scope  of  influence  by  the  organiza- 
tion of  what  are  termed  Farmers'  institutes.  In 
addition  to  these  the  county  boards  of  agriculture, 
which  are  auxiliary  to  the  State  board  and  are 
peculiar  to  the  New  Jersey  system,  hold  meetings 
quarterly  or  oftener  throughout  the  year. 

Of  many  local  agricultural  societies  in  the  State 
of  New  Jersey  the  earliest  of  which  any  record 
has  been  preserved  is  the  "  Cumberland  County 
Agricultural  Society,"  which  lived  from  1821  to 
1827.  In  1856  an  agricultural  and  horticultural 
society  was  incorporated  for  that  county. 

Throughout  the  southern  portion  of  the  State 
there  were  a  large  number  of  such  organizations. 


320  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

In  Atlantic  County,  in  1859,  the  German  vint- 
ners were  organized,  the  rights  of  which  associa- 
tion in  1888  were  merged  into  a  society  incorpor- 
ated in  1875.  In  1860  Cape  May  County  had  an  in- 
corporated agricultural  association,  and  in  1871  a 
new  society  for  that  county  was  established.  Salem 
County  in  1854  had  such  an  association,  while  the 
West  Jersey  Association,  chartered  in  1872,  em- 
braced both  that  county  and  the  County  of 
Gloucester.  The  "  Farmers'  Association  "  of  Cam- 
den County  came  into  existence  in  1872,  while  the 
"  People's  "  Society,  in  1860,  embraced  the  five 
counties  in  the  old  first  congressional  district. 

The  Burlington  County  Association  was  incor- 
porated in  1852,  although  organized  in  1847,  while 
Ocean  County  had  a  similar  organization  in  1872. 
As  early  as  1838  Monmouth  County  had  a  short- 
lived Society,  and  in  1857  a  new  society  was  or- 
ganized. The  first  association  of  this  character  in 
Middlesex  County  was  established  in  Jamesburg. 

In  Mercer  County  Princeton  had  a  society  in 
1835.  From  this  agricultural  association  in  1839 
a  movement  grew  which  led  to  the  formation  of 
the  State  society  in  1840.  The  county  association 
was  incorporated  in  1865.  In  1867  the  "  Central  " 
Association  embraced  the  interests  of  this  and 
nearby  counties. 

Hunterdon  County's  Agricultural  Society  was 
incorporated  in  1856,  while  Somerset's  was  char- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  321 

tered  in  1855  and  the  "  Franklin,"  of  the  latter 
county,  in  1857.  Morris  in  1858,  Sussex  in  the 
same  year  and  reorganized  in  1880,  Warren  in 
1859,  Bergen  in  1859,  and  Passaic  in  1862  were  the 
counties  in  which  agricultural  societies  were  in- 
corporated upon  the  respective  dates,  some  of  these 
having  racetracks  on  their  grounds. 

In  1867  Union  and  Middlesex  Counties  each  had 
an  incorporate  society.  The  ' '  Essex  County  Socie- 
ty for  the  Promotion  of  Agriculture,  Horticulture, 
and  Manufactures, ' '  organized  in  1844,  became  the 
"  Essex  County  Institute  "  in  1847,  while  in  1864 
the  agricultural  society  for  the  county  was  char- 
tered by  the  Legislature.  In  the  latter  year  the 
Hudson  County  society  was  incorporated. 

New  Jersey,  with  her  diversified  soils,  early  sup- 
plied the  Philadelphia  and  New  York  markets. 
From  the  beginnings  of  " river  trade"  the  sloops 
and  shallops  of  the  farmers  of  this  State  could  be 
found  at  the  wharves  along  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson.  This  was  particularly  noticeable  by  the 
year  1830,  when  the  pressure  of  urban  population 
had  made  by  this  time  a  demand  for  country  prod- 
uce. From  Bergen  County,  with  a  soil  well 
adapted  for  vegetables,  apples,  and  strawberries, 
Hackensack  and  Harrington  supplied  a  part  of 
the  New  York  market,  dairies  being  located 
in  various  parts  of  old  Franklin  township.  So 
important  had  the  industry  become  that  as  early 

[Vol.   4] 


322  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

as  1833  the  New  York  and  Bergen  Dairy  Company 
was  chartered.  From  North  Bergen  came  vege- 
tables, while  the  butter  of  Sussex  County  found  a 
ready  sale. 

From  Salem  County  Philadelphia  drew  much  of 
her  supplies— wheat,  rye,  oats,  Indian  corn,  and 
vegetables.  With  the  completion  of  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Railroad  stimulus  was  given  to 
farmers  to  turn  from  the  cultivation  of  cereals 
and  pork  to  market  gardening.  As  early  as  1838 
an  occasional  two-car  train  called  the  ' '  Pea  line  ' ' 
was  run  over  the  road  from  Camden  to  New  York. 
During  1839  it  ran  daily,  with  such  good  results 
that  the  directors  of  the  road,  in  1840,  reporting 
to  the  Legislature,  proudly  alluded  to  the  fact  that 
the  train  was  frequently  laden  with  peas,  potatoes, 
asparagus,  and  live  stock, ' '  and, ' '  continues  the  re- 
port, "  upon  one  occasion  (as  incredible  as  it  may 
seem)  30  tons  of  green  corn." 

Since  that  time  the  market  for  small  fruits  and 
vegetables  has  been  vastly  extended.  Peaches  are 
found  in  every  portion  of  the  State,  the  special 
area  being  northwest  of  a  line  beginning  north  of 
Trenton,  thence  to  Summit,  Caldwell,  Pompton, 
and  Ringwood.  Of  this  section  Sussex  and  Hun- 
terdon Counties  lead.  A  conservative  estimate 
places  the  value  of  the  crop  of  1900  at  $1,100,000. 
Apples  are  produced  with  greatest  profit  in  this 
area  and  in  the  western  parts  of  Burlington  and 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  323 

Gloucester  Counties.  Monmouth,  Camden,  and 
parts  of  Burlington  and  Gloucester  grow  immense 
quantities  of  pears. 

Strawberries,  raspberries,  and  blackberries  are 
stimulated  to  profitable  production  wherever  a 
nearby  market  is  found,  but  the  large  commer- 
cial acreage  of  these  fruits  is  in  Cumberland,  At- 
lantic, and  Salem  Counties.  The  large  plantations 
of  cranberries  are  chiefly  within  Ocean  and  east- 
ern Burlington  Counties.  Grapes  are  extensively 
grown  in  Atlantic  County  and  in  parts  of  Cape 
May  and  Cumberland.  The  unfermented  juice  of 
the  grape,  bottled  at  Vineland,  has  an  extensive 
market.  Plum  culture  is  increasing,  and  many 
tons  are  annually  put  on  the  market  in  fruit-grow- 
ing sections.  Cherries  are  a  profitable  crop,  and 
are  grown  on  most  fruit  soils.  Huckleberries  grow 
spontaneously  in  the  wooded  areas  of  the  State, 
especially  in  the  southern  part,  where  forest  trees 
are  not  so  tall  as  to  prevent  their  development. 
Millions  of  quarts  of  this  fruit  are  annually  gath- 
ered and  marketed,  and  are  a  source  of  profit  to 
the  pickers,  who  also  pick  cranberries  and  who 
are  mainly  Italians  from  Philadelphia  and  resi- 
dents of  the ' '  Pines. ' ' 

The  lighter  or  sandy  soils  of  New  Jersey  fur- 
nish ideal  natural  conditions  for  the  poultry  busi- 
ness, which  has  been  developed  in  particular  lo- 
calities,   as    Berlin    and    Brown's    Mills    in    the 


324 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


' '  Pines. ' '  Market  gardening  is  a  more  intensive 
form  of  crop  production  than  truck  farming.  The 
great  system  of  New  Jersey's  macadam  roads  has 
extended  the  area  of  market  gardening  from  fif- 
teen to  twenty  miles  from  metropolitan  centers. 

Truck  farming  in  New  Jersey,  owing  to  its  prox- 
imity to  large  consuming  populations,  is  profitable. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  yearly  product  is  con- 
veyed to  market  by  the  farmers'  teams  in  their 
own  truck  wagons.  During  summer  and  autumn 
fifteen  hundred  teams,  loaded  with  New  Jersey 
fruit  and  produce,  cross  the  Camden  and  Glouces- 
ter ferries  daily  into  Philadelphia,  and  a  similar 
traffic  prevails  in  the  neighborhood  of  New  York 
City,  Jersey  City,  and  Newark.  Gloucester,  Cum- 
berland, and  Burlington  Counties  devote  large 
acreages  to  the  production  of  watermelons  and 
cantaloupes  or  muskmelons  of  fine  quality.  Be- 
ing brought  to  perfection  before  shipping,  their 
texture  and  flavor  exceeds  that  of  those  brought 
to  Northern  markets  from  the  far  South.  Thus 
the  Hackensack  muskmelons  have  a  reputation 
for  richness  not  surpassed  by  the  Colorado  fruit. 

In  commercial  floriculture  New  Jersey,  situated 
as  it  is  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia  City 
markets,  makes  the  largest  showing  of  any  State 
in  the  Union  in  proportion  to  its  size. 

Dairying  in  this  S^ate  is  commercially  con- 
ducted  by   two   classes   of   farmers,— those   who 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  325 

cater  to  a  local  trade  in  the  towns  and  cities,  and 
those  who  ship  the  product  to  distant  markets  by 
railroad  or  dispose  of  it  in  co-operative  or  other 
nearby  creameries.  Dairy  farms  may  be  found 
in  every  county  in  the  State,  although  the  mar- 
kets furnished  by  Cape  May,  eastern  Atlantic,  and 
Ocean  Counties  are  distinctively  local. 

In  mixed  farming  New  Jersey  produces  corn, 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  buckwheat,  hay,  and  white  and 
sweet  potatoes.  The  farm  value  of  these  crops 
for  1900  according  to  returns  made  in  the  State, 
was  $18,700,000,  of  which  hay  was  valued  at 
$8,000,000,  corn  at  $4,000,000,  wheat  at  $2,000,000, 
white  potatoes  at  $2,000  000,  and  sweet  pota- 
toes at  $1,300,000.  Less  than  $100,000  worth  of 
buckwheat  was  raised.  The  milch  cows  of  New 
Jersey  at  the  same  period  were  worth  $9,000,000, 
horses  $7,600,000,  while  mules,  sheep,  and  cattle 
brought  the  total  stock  valuation  to  $18,800,000. 

The  agricultural  industry  of  New  Jersey  has 
been  greatly  promoted  by  the  establishment  of 
the  State  Agricultural  College  at  New  Brunswick, 
with  its  free  scholarships,  created  by  act  of  the 
Legislature  in  1864.  Associated  with  the  college 
are  two  experimental  stations,  thoroughly  equip- 
ped, with  a  State  weather  service.  These  institu- 
tions are  closely  allied  with  the  work  of  Rutgers 
College. 

In  the  development  of  the  southern  interior  of 


32G  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  OOL 

New  Jersey  the  pioneer  work  of  breaking  down 
adverse  prejudice  and  subsequent  efforts  at  colo- 
nization upon  a  large  scale  was  led  by  Charles  K. 
Landis,  best  known  as  the  founder  of  Vineland. 
The  success  of  this  and  similar,  though  less  im- 
portant, enterprises  led  to  the  emigration  into 
South  Jersey  of  the  persecuted  Russian  Jews.  The 
first  movement  toward  occupancy  of  tracts  pur- 
chased by  benevolent  associations  for  the  use  of 
the  Hebrews  was  made  at  Alliance,  six  miles  from 
Vineland,  where  the  prospective  farmers  secured 
their  homes,  payments  to  be  made  during  thirty- 
three  years.  This  was  in  1881.  In  the  following 
year  other  Rusian  and  Polish  Hebrews  came  to 
Rosenhayn,  between  Millville  and  Bridgeton, 
while  in  1883  Carmel  was  founded. 

The  most  conspicuous  of  all  these  settlements  is 
Woodbine,  founded  through  the  liberality  of 
Baron  de  Hirsch.  Woodbine  is  midway  between 
Millville  and  Cape  May  City.  Here  in  the  oaks 
and  pines  a  settlement  was  mapped  out  in  1891, 
the  tract  consisting  of  five  thousand  three  hundred 
acres,  of  which  two  thousand  acres  are  improved, 
having  twelve  miles  of  farm  roads,  twenty  miles 
of  streets,  lighted  by  electricity,  pure  artesian 
water,  and  well  drained.  In  the  town  site  is  situ- 
ated the  Baron  de  Hirsch  Agricultural  and  In- 
dustrial School  for  the  advancement  of  secondary 
education,  which  was  recognized  by  the  Paris  Ex- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  327 

position,  which  conferred  upon  this  school  the  hon- 
ors and  privileges  connected  with  the  highest  re- 
ward of  the  exposition— the  Grand  Prix. 

The  school  was  conducted  first  as  an  experiment 
on  a  comparatively  small  basis,  but  gradually  it 
was  increased,  and  at  present  it  comprises  an  area 
of  one  hundred  and  forty  acres  of  cultivated  land, 
a  considerable  number  of  cattle,  poultry  yards, 
greenhouses,  dairy,  and  apiary,  and,  besides  this, 
there  is  a  dormitory  for  the  pupils,  as  well  as  a 
school  building  equipped  with  the  most  modern 
improvements.  It  is  a  matter  of  interest  to  recall 
the  fact  that  ex-Governor  William  A.  Newell, 
who,  as  congressman  in  1851,  was  the  father  of  the 
lifesaving  service,  was  also  the  author  of  a  plan 
which  later  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  federal 
department  of  agriculture. 


i ;  k  x  x  i 

r  Arm- 

SAV] 


IT  WAS  at  a  meeting  of  the  Monmouth  Coun- 
ty Historical  Association  held  during  the 
autumn  of  the  year  1900  that  the  late  Gov- 
ernor William  A.  Newell,  in  the  last  his- 
torical address  which  he  delivered,  spoke 
the  final  word  concerning  the  organization  of  the 
United  States  lifesaving  service.  This  subject, 
so  intimately  connected  with  the  maritime  history 
of  New  Jersey,  was  exhaustively  discussed  by  Gov- 
ernor Newell,  and  from  his  address  the  story  of 
this  important  branch  of  the  service  may  be  told, 
largely  in  his  own  words,  from  his  hitherto  un- 
published manuscript : 

"My  identification  with  this  important  meas- 
ure," said  the  governor  in  his  address,  "was  acci- 
dental, and  was  the  result  of  a  marine  disaster  of 
which  I  happened  to  be  a  spectator  during  the 
summer  of  1839,  when  the  Austrian  brig  "The 
Count  Perasto"  was  wrecked  near  the  Mansion 
House  on  Long  Beach,  Monmouth  (now  Ocean) 
County,  New  Jersey,  whereby  the  captain  and 
crew,  thirteen  in  all,  were  drowned,  and  their 
bodies  thrown  on  the  strand.  These  sailors  were 
buried  at  public  expense  in  the  cemetery  of  the 
Baptist  Church  at  Manahawkin,  in  a  single  row, 
close  to  the  north  side  of  the  church,  where  their 
mounds  are  still  visible. 

"The  'Perasto'  was  wrecked  at  midnight,  hav- 
ing struck  a  sand-bar  three  hundred  yards  from 


332  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

the  shore,  and  was  driven  by  force  of  the  violent 
winds  through  the  surf  to  the  strand  where,  when 
the  tides  receded,  she  was  left  entirely  beached 
upon  the  banks.  The  sailors  were  drowned  in  en- 
deavoring to  pass,  by  swimming  from  the  bar, 
where  the  ship  lodged  for  the  time,  to  the  main, 
and  were  found  scattered  along  the  surf  for  more 
than  a  mile.  The  bow  of  the  ship  being  elevated 
and  close  at  hand  after  the  storm  was  over,  the 
idea  occurred  to  me  that  these  unfortunates  might 
have  been  saved  could  a  rope  have  been  thrown  to 
their  assistance  over  the  fatal  chasm,  a  few  hun- 
dred yards  to  the  bar,  and  they  be  hauled  through 
or  over  the  surf  thereby.  This  reflection  was  fol- 
lowed quickly  in  my  mind  by  the  suggestion  of  a 
projectile  force  for  that  purpose  by  some  mechan- 
ical means.  The  dead  row  in  the  churchyard  was 
at  my  very  door,  the  residence  of  my  uncle,  Dr. 
Hankinson,  whom  I  was  visiting  after  my  gradua- 
tion in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

"Thus  situated  I  could  not  resist  pondering 
over  means  for  rescue  of  the  shipwrecked  mariner, 
and  to  that  end  I  instituted  experiments  in  throw- 
ing light  lines,  by  bow  and  arrow,  by  rockets,  by 
a  shortened  blunderbuss,  all  with  comparative 
success.  But  my  idea  culminated  in  perfection  by 
using  a  mortar  or  carronade  with  ball  and  line, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  333 

by  means  of  which  I  found  it  to  be  an  easy  mat- 
ter to  effect  my  much  desired  purpose. 

"In  1846  I  was  elected  representative  in  Con- 
gress from  the  second  district,  which  at  that  time 
included  the  maritime  region  from  Sandy  Hook 
to  Little  Egg  Harbor.  In  my  place  on  the  first 
resolution  day  of  the  first  session  of  the  Thirtieth 
Congress,  upon  call  of  the  States,  on  the  3d  day 
of  January,  1848,  I  offered  the  following  resolu- 
tion of  enquiry;  a  motion  which  then  and  there 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  United  States  lifesav- 
ing  service.  This  system  had  no  existence  before, 
and  to  this  day  has  no  counterpart  or  parallel 
upon  any  other  shores  of  the  world,  and  with  the 
appropriate  legislation  which  followed  has  be- 
come and  will  remain  one  of  the  chief  features  of 
our  governmental  system  with  three  hundred  res- 
cue stations,  manned  by  two  thousand  brave  and 
skilful  wreckers  and  lifesavers,  and  for  which  the 
government  appropriates  annually  two  million 
dollars.  This  is  the  text  of  my  original  resolu- 
tion: 

"  '  RESOLVED,  that  the  Committee  on  Commerce  be  instructed 
to  enquire  -whether  any  plan  can  be  devised  whereby  dangerous 
navigation  along  the  Coast  of  New  Jersey  between  Sandy  Hook 
and  Little  Egg  Harbor  may  be  furnished  with  additional  safe 
guards  to  life  and  property  from  shipwreck,  and  that  they  report 
by  bill  or  otherwise.' 

"Washington  Hunt,  of  New  York,  Joseph  H. 
G-rinnell,  and  William  R.  King,  of  Massachusetts, 


;}34  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


representatives  of  preeminently  commercial  and 
maritime  States,  with  the  complement  of  others, 
were  members  of  the  committee  on  commerce,  but 
no  report  whatever  was  vouchsafed  for  or  against 
my  resolution,  which  they  utterly  ignored.  I  made 
frequent  calls  at  their  rooms  and  they  listened  to 
my  arguments,  but  made  no  sign,  and  were  under- 
stood to  be  unfavorable.  Not  one  member  of  the 
House  or  Senate,  from  New  Jersey  or  any  other 
State,  gave  one  favorable  word.  It  was  regarded 
as  chimerical,  expensive,  and  useless.  Hoping  and 
expecting  nothing  from  the  committee,  I  ad- 
dressed my  earnest  efforts  to  personal  explanation 
and  appeal  to  all  senators  and  members  whom  I 
could  reach  or  influence,  among  whom  were  J. 
Quincy  Adams,  Thaddeus  Stevens,  Webster,  Clay, 
Calhoun,  Davis,  Douglas,  Benton.  Indeed  I 
sought  to  interview  every  member  of  either  house, 
and  personally  solicited  their  support  should  I 
not  obtain  a  favorable  report  from  the  commit- 
tee to  an  amendment  which  I  proposed  to  offer  to 
some  appropriation  bill,  as  opportunity  might  pro- 
vide. I  considered  my  case  lost  when  the  commit- 
tee on  commerce  bill  and  other  bills  involving  ap- 
propriations came  before  the  committee  of  the 
whole  House  for  action.  I  endeavored  to  attach 
my  amendment,  but  failed  at  every  House  bill, 
but  had  better  fortune  at  the  heel  of  the  session, 


THAI 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  335 

when  the  Senate  lighthouse  bill  came  to  the  House 
for  consideration. ' ' 

It  was  upon  the  9th  of  August  that  Governor 
Newell  offered  the  folowing  amendment  to  the 
lighthouse  bill,  which  was  unanimously  adopted: 

For  providing  surfboats,  rockets,  carronades,  and  other  neeets 
sary  apparatus  for  the  better  preservation  of  life  and  property 
from  shipwreck  along  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  between  Sandy 
Hook  and  Little  Egg  Harbor,  $10,000,  to  be  expended  under  the 
supervision  of  such  officer  as  may  be  designated  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  for  that  purpose. 

Having  secured  governmental  support,  the  sys- 
tem devised  by  Governor  Newell  rendered  the 
most  complete  satisfaction  in  the  rescue  of  two 
hundred  and  one  passengers,  the  entire  crew  and 
passengers  from  the  wreck  of  the  Scottish  barque 
"Ayreshire"  on  Squan  Beach.  The  ship  foun- 
dered on  Absecom  Beach  in  the  midst  of  a  blind- 
ing snow  storm  during  the  night  of  the  29th  of 
December,  1849,  and  drifted  to  Squan  Beach,  near 
the  woodland,  where  she  beached  on  the  12th  of 
January,  1850.  The  vessel  was  stranded  upon  the 
inevitable  bar  and  the  passengers  were  landed  in 
sections.  Dr.  Robert  Laird,  who  witnessed  the 
rescue,  was  deputized  to  give  a  gold  medal  to  John 
Maxen,  who  threw  the  first  life  line  ever  fired 
over  a  vessel  to  save  perishing  humanity. 

This  dramatic  incident  was  described  in  a  let- 
ter of  March  13,  1850,  written  by  Maxen,  the  pio- 
neer wrecker : 


336  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

I  was  present  and  superintended  and  sent  the  line  by  the  mortar 
on  board  the  ship  "  Ayreahire  "  on  the  12th  of  January,  1850. 
We  landed  her  passengers  in  safety,  in  all  two  hundred  and  one, 
which  could  not  have  been  otherwise  saved.  We  attached  the  line 
to  the  shot  and  fired  it  from  the  mortar.  It  fell  directly  across 
the  wreck  and  was  caught  by  the  crew  on  board.  Everybody 
came  through  the  terrific  foaming  surf.  Every  soul,  men,  women, 
children,  and  infants,  came  through  that  cold  snow  storm  dry  and 
comfortable. 

For  the  consideration  of  the  members  of  Con- 
gress in  support  of  an  appropriation  Governor 
Newell  presented  the  following  statement : 

4 'The  coast  of  New  Jersey  is  more  famous  for 
shipwrecks,  attended  with  loss  of  life,  than  any 
other  part  of  our  country,  not  even  excepting  the 
Florida  reefs,  and  owing  to  a  peculiar  condition 
must  always  exist.  The  vast  commerce  which 
centers  in  New  York  is  exposed  to  this  danger, 
and  the  wonder  is,  when  we  consider  its  great  ex- 
tent, not  that  so  many  wrecks  occur  upon  our 
coast,  but  that  there  are  no  more. 

"From  the  12th  of  April,  1839,  to  the  31st  of 
July,  1848,  there  were  known  to  be  wrecked  on 
this  and  the  adjoining  coast  of  Long  Island  sixty- 
eight  ships,  eighty-eight  brigs,  thirty  barques,  one 
hundred  and  forty  schooners,  and  twelve  sloops, 
an  aggregate  of  three  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
vessels  in  less  than  nine  years;  of  this  number 
there  were  cast  away  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey, 
between  the  points  already  designated,  twenty-five 
ships,  forty-eight  brigs,  seventy-three  schooners, 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  337 

eight  barques,  two  sloops,  and  two  pilot  boats, 
making  in  all  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  vessels. 
Of  the  whole  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  have 
occurred  since  February  20,  1846,  thus  showing 
the  number  of  wrecks  to  be  greatly  increased  over 
those  of  former  years. 

1 '  The  New  Jersey  shore,  as  may  be  seen  by  run- 
ning an  eye  upon  the  map,  lies  in  a  direction  of 
northeast  and  southwest,  or  nearly  with  these 
points,  and  vessels  approaching  our  coast  bound 
for  the  harbor  of  New  York  are  often  carried  to- 
ward this  shore  by  the  strong  northeasterly  winds 
which  prevail  in  the  winter,  and  which  are  fre- 
quently accompanied  by  the  thick  weather  which 
is  the  especial  dread  of  the  mariner. 

"The  condition  which  makes  the  New  Jersey 
coast  especially  dangerous  is  this:  that  for  the 
greater  part  of  its  whole  extent  there  lies  a  bar, 
nearly  parallel  with  the  beach,  and  at  a  distance 
from  it,  varying  from  three  to  eight  hundred 
yards ;  upon  this  bar  there  are  not  more  than  two 
feet  of  water,  so  that  a  vessel,  driven  by  stress 
of  weather,  must  inevitably  be  stranded  long  be- 
fore she  gets  near  enough  to  the  beach  to  enable 
those  on  board  to  take  any  measure  for  the  preser- 
vation of  life.  Not  even  a  ship's  ordinary  long 
boat  can  float  over  this  bar. 

"In  some  cases  of  shipwreck  there  are  some 
fortunate  escapes,  and  the  chance  of  life  is  al- 

[Vol.   4] 


338 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


ways  increased  in  proportion  as  the  distance  from 
terra  firma  is  lessened.  But  here  the  mariner  sees 
the  land  before  him  with  a  perilous  space  between 
the  shore  and  the  treacherous  bar  beneath  him, 
and  without  assistance  from  that  shore  he  can 
never  reach  it,  but  must  perish  in  the  very  sight 
of  land  which,  during  his  weary  voyage,  he  has 
longed  for  by  day  and  dreamed  of  by  night. 

"This  assistance  the  small  appropriation  is  de- 
signed to  render.  Although  a  ship's  boat  cannot 
cross  the  bar  a  surfboat  will  do  this,  and  will  live 
in  a  sea,  and  come  to  the  shore  when  the  keelboats 
would  be  swamped.  These  surfboats,  then,  it  is 
proposed  to  provide  at  suitable  stations  along  the 
coast,  where  the  approach  to  the  shore  is  most 
dangerous. 

"In  addition  to  this  it  is  proposed  to  furnish, 
at  each  station,  a  carronade  of  sufficient  caliber 
to  throw  a  ball,  with  a  rope  attached,  over  the 
vessel  in  distress,  so  that  those  on  board  may 
'bend  a  hawser'  to  this  rope  and  thus  effect  a 
communication  with  the  land.  There  should  be 
deposited  at  each  station  a  certain  number  of 
rockets,  so  that  in  a  dark  night  a  signal  from  the 
shore  may  be  made  to  apprise  those  on  board  the 
distressed  vessel  in  what  direction  they  may  look 
for  aid." 

This  argument  Governor  Newell  sustained  by 
holding  that  it  was  the  bounden  duty  of  the  gov- 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  339 

emment  to  protect  the  lives  of  its  citizens  engaged 
in  perilous  pursuits  from  which  the  revenues  of 
the  nation  are  derived.  This  proposition  had  al- 
ready been  recognized  in  the  erection  of  light- 
houses and  breakwaters  and  in  the  anchoring  of 
buoys  to  mark  harbor  channels. 

Upon  the  opening  of  the  second  session  of  the 
Thirtieth  Congress  Governor  Newell  offered  an 
amendment  for  the  extension  of  his  system  from 
Little  Egg  Harbor  to  Cape  May,  thus  including 
the  entire  Atlantic  shore  of  New  Jersey  and  also 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  Long  Island.  The  amend- 
ment provided  for  buoys  at  Barnegat  Inlet  and 
the  mouth  of  Tom's  Eiver  and  the  re-opening  of 
the  lighthouse  at  Tucker's  Beach,  as  well  as  for 
stations  at  Plum  Inlet  and  East  Hampton,  Con- 
necticut. The  appropriation  called  for  was  fifty 
thousand  dollars. 

To  Captain  Douglass  Ottinger,  who  recently 
died  in  Mount  Holly  at  an  advanced  age,  and  who 
was  then  an  officer  in  the  revenue  marine  serv- 
ice, was  given  the  supervision  of  the  physical  es- 
tablishment of  the  lifesaving  service.  Under  date 
of  October  18,  1848,  Captain  Ottinger  thus  wrote 
to  Governor  Newell : 

We  have  erected  eight  stations  within  the  limits  of  the  law  for 
the  preservation  of  life  and  property  from  shipwreck  on  the  coast 
of  New  Jersey,  and  design  to  have  at  each  one  of  them  a  substan- 
tial frame  house,  furnished  with  galvanized  surfboats  with  ten 
separate  air  chambers,  160  fathoms  of  hawser,  360  fathoms  of  haul- 


340  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

ing  rope,  600  yards  of  rocket  lines,  rockets,  stores,  etc.  Stoves  and 
fuel  will  be  placed  in  the  buildings,  which  will  be  sufficiently  large 
to  shelter  passengers  and  goods. 

In  addition  to  the  surfboats  I  propose  to  have  a  life-car  in  each 
station,  which  is  designed  to  carry  a  line  to  the  stranded  vessel, 
where  the  wind  and  sea  are  too  heavy  for  the  best  constructed 
boat  to  live. 

I  have  made  some  experiments  in  throwing  a  line  from  the  shore 
to  a  vessel  with  a  rocket,  and  threw  it  250  yards,  with  which  we 
tested  the  practicability  of  sending  a  hawser  from  the  beach  to  a 
boat  or  vessel. 

In  1861  President  Lincoln  appointed  Governor 
Newell  superintendent  of  the  service  for  the  coast 
of  New  Jersey.  During  his  four  years  of  tenure 
he  made  quarterly  official  journeyings  along  the 
"shore"  so  that  when  he  was  again  elected  to  Con- 
gress at  the  presidential  election  of  1864  he  was 
enabled  to  advance  still  further  the  usefulness  of 
the  system. 

When  Governor  Newell  left  the  service  he 
had  seen  it  grow  to  twenty-eight  stations  on  the 
New  Jersey  coast  and  twelve  on  the  Long  Island 
shore.  Each  house  was  provided  with  a  surfboat, 
a  lifeboat,  which  is  a  metallic  elliptical  vessel 
holding  six  passengers,  who  lie  down  when  the 
hatch  is  fastened,  and  the  car  made  impervious  to 
water.  At  the  end  of  each  car  is  attached  a  large 
iron  ring,  through  which  runs  a  cable  extending 
from  the  vessel  to  the  shore  on  which  the  car  plays 
through  the  surf,  being  pulled  backward  and  for- 
ward, by  a  rope  attached  to  each  end,  by  the  crew 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  341 

and  wreckers  alternately,  communication  being 
established  by  a  ball  thrown  from  a  mortar.  To 
the  ball  is  attached  a  small  line  with  which  a 
cable  is  drawn  to  the  vessel,  on  which  the  car 
plays.  A  truck  or  braced  wheeled  wagon  to  con- 
vey the  surfboat,  lifecars  and  other  necessary  ap- 
pliances to  the  point  of  danger,  blue  lights  used 
to  notify  the  wrecked  of  approaching  aid,  or  to 
warn  them  off  a  dangerous  point  of  shore,  lan- 
terns, axes,  spades,  speaking  trumpets,  life  pre- 
servers, lines,  ropes,  cables,  stores,  a  full  supply 
of  wood,  cut  up,  and  provisions  complete,  com- 
prise the  furniture  and  contents  of  a  station  house. 

During  all  these  years  the  wreckers  had  served 
gratuitously,  and,  considering  that  such  generous 
and  dangerous  labor  should  be  compensated  by 
the  government,  Governor  Newell  in  a  speech  be- 
fore the  House  of  Eepresentatives  deliverd  June 
14,  1866,  urged  that  the  crews  of  lifeboats,  who 
endanger  their  own  lives,  should  be  paid  a  regular 
salary,  and  also  be  rewarded  for  any  acts  of  dan- 
gerous or  successful  duty  in  saving  life  and  prop- 
erty.   This  course  was  subsequently  adopted. 

As  the  honor  of  the  organization  of  the  life- 
saving  service  belongs  to  Governor  Newell,  an 
enduring  monument  erected  by  the  Hon.  James 
A.  Bradley  stands  on  the  seashore  of  Asbury  Park 
bearing  an  inscription  signifying  that  near  the 
spot    the    large    packet    ship    "New    Era"    was 


342  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

wrecked  in  1854  and  over  three  hundred  persons 
lost  their  lives.  The  monument  was  erected  to 
commemorate  the  zeal  and  energy  of  Governor 
William  A.  Newell,  of  New  Jersey,  who,  as  Con- 
gressman, succeeded  in  securing  the  passage  of 
the  law  establishing  the  United  States  lifesaving 
service,  and  to  commemorate  the  fidelity  of  the 
lifesaving  crews  whose  efficiency  renders  such  to 
disaster  at  this  day  almost  impossible. 

By  resolutions  of  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey, 
in  1896,  the  State  officially  recognized  that  Gov- 
ernor Newell  had  been  solely  instrumental  in  es- 
tablishing the  United  States  lifesaving  service, 
which  resolutions  were  endorsed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture of  the  State  of  Washington. 


CHA  I 

TIET  . 


CLEAR  eyed,  expectant,  and  resolute, 
the  State  of  New  Jersey  stands  at 
the  opening  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury the  inheritor  of  vast  activi- 
ties, the  agency  through  which 
some  of  the  problems  of  the  future  may  be  solved. 
Through  all  the  long  years,  stimulated  by  metro- 
politan influences,  encouraging  her  industries,  ex- 
tending her  public  beneficences,  educating  her  peo- 
ple, and  strengthening  her  administrative  func- 
tions, New  Jersey  may  well  take  her  place  among 
those  States  whose  life  is  optimistic,  whose  deeds 
are  creditable,  whose  influence  makes  for  the  good 
of  the  nation. 

But  the  nineteenth  century  brought  many 
changes  to  the  State,  converting  a  population  dis- 
tinctively affected  by  rural  influences  into  one 
whose  life  was  largely  urban.  In  other  words,  in 
1800,  scarcely  two  per  cent,  of  the  people  of  New 
Jersey  lived  under  city  influence;  in  1900  eighty 
per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  State  resided  in 
great  municipalities  or  were  in  daily  communica- 
tion with  Philadelphia  or  New  York.  And  the  two 
great  factors  that  have  brought  about  this  change 
were  the  development  of  manufactures  and  the 
growth  of  systems  of  transportation. 

Of  the  great  industries  of  New  Jersey— silk, 
brick  and  terra  cotta,  window  and  bottle  glass, 
men's  felt  and  wool  hats,  celluloid,  jewelry,  pot- 


346  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

tery,  rubber,  leather,  shoes,  woolen  and  worsted 
goods,  chemical  products  and  refined  oils  and  their 
by-products,  iron  and  steel  in  every  form— the 
"plants"  devoted  to  these  manufactures  may  be 
geographically  designated. 

The  one  hundred  and  fifty  silk  mills  of  New 
Jersey  are  to  be  found  in  Paterson— the  "Lyons 
of  America,  "—West  Hoboken,  and  Jersey  City.  In 
this  industry  $22,500,000  is  invested,  twenty-eight 
thousand  operatives  are  employed,  and  ten  million 
dollars  is  annually  paid  in  wages.  In  Paterson 
there  are  twelve  large  machine  shops  producing 
silk  ani  other  special  machinery. 

Brick  and  terra  cotta  works  are  located  in  the 
vicinity  of  Perth  Amboy,  although  there  are  small 
plants  throughout  the  central  part  of  the  State, 
notably  between  Trenton  and  Camden.  This  in- 
dustry embraces  about  seventy  plants,  in  which 
six  thousand  five  hundred  men  are  employed,  and 
wages  amounting  to  two  million  dollars  are  paid. 

The  making  of  window  and  bottle  glass  is  char- 
acteristic of  the  region  between  Medford,  Burling- 
ton County,  and  Bridgeton,  Cumberland  County. 
Twenty-five  factories  are  to  be  found  in  this  sec- 
tion. Six  thousand  hands  are  employed  and  $2,- 
500,000  is  invested. 

In  Newark  and  Orange  are  to  be  found  the  fifty 
establishments  devoted  to  men's  felt  and  wool  hats. 
Two  million    dollars  is  invested  in  this  industry 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  347 

and  five  thousand  six  hundred  operatives  are  fur- 
nished employment.  In  Newark  are  three  great 
plants  of  the  Celluloid  Manufacturing  Company, 
representing  two  million  dollars  of  capital  and 
giving  work  to  seven  hundred  men. 

As  a  jewelry  manufacturing  center  Newark  oc- 
cupies a  position  first  among  all  cities.  Sixty-five 
establishments  represent  this  industry,  two  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  operatives  being  employed 
and  three  million  dollars  capital  invested. 

With  East  Liverpool,  Ohio,  Trenton  vies  for  first 
place  as  a  pottery  manufacturing  center.  Here 
thirty  plants  are  engaged  in  every  branch  of  the 
business,  including  the  making  of  drain-pipe,  sani- 
tary ware,  common  china,  decorative  art  objects, 
and  floor  and  mural  tiles.  The  operatives  number 
three  thousand  seven  hundred,  and  $5,500,000 
capital  is  represented. 

At  Trenton,  Jersey  City,  and  New  Brunswick 
the  rubber  mills  of  the  State  are  located.  Two 
thousand  men  are  employed.  Among  other  in- 
dustries at  Trenton  are  oilcloth  and  linoleum,  car- 
riages, brass  lamps,  and  bedding. 

In  Newark  the  leather  industry  of  New  Jersey 
is  centered.  There  are  in  the  State  fifty-five  plants, 
with  a  capital  of  six  million  dollars  and  four  thou- 
sand employees. 

Forty-eight  plants  are  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  shoes,  many  being  in  Newark,  nearly 


348  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 

five  thousand  operatives  being  employed  and  $2,- 
3U0,000  capital  being  invested. 

Passaic  City  is  the  center  of  the  woolen  and 
worsted  manufactures  of  New  Jersey.  In  that 
city  are  located  nearly  the  greatest  of  the  thirty- 
eight  mills  of  the  State,  eight  million  dollars  capi- 
tal being  invested  in  this  enterprise  in  New  Jersey 
and  seven  thousand  six  hundred  persons  being  em- 
ployed. 

Throughout  the  State  are  forty-two  "plants" 
devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  chemical  products, 
three  thousand  five  hundred  operatives  being  em- 
ployed and  fourteen  million  dollars  capital  being 
invested. 

The  number  of  establishments  engaged  in  refin- 
ing oils  and  their  by-products  is  fourteen.  The 
capital  invested  is  seventeen  million  dollars  and 
the  number  of  men  employed  is  two  thousand 
eight  hundred. 

Of  iron  and  steel  manufacture  every  stage  of  the 
industry  is  represented  in  the  State.  In  New  Jer- 
sey the  ore  is  mined,  blast  furnaces  reduce  the  pig, 
puddling  works  convert  it  into  steel  and  refined 
iron,  and  rolling  mills  work  it  into  bars,  nearly  all 
of  which  are  located  north  of  Trenton.  In  the 
latter  city  are  the  John  A.  Roebling's  Sons  Com- 
pany's works,  employing  two  thousand  men.  In 
Paterson  are  two  locomotive  works,  a  great  rolling 
mill,  and  many  machine  shops. 


MONUMENT    ERECTED    BY   THE    SONS   OF   THE   AMERICAN    REVOLUTION 

AND   DEDICATED   TO   THE    MEMORY   OF   THE    PATRIOTS    WHO 

FELL  AT   SPRINGFELD,  JUNE  23,  1T80. 


LITTLE  FALLS  ON  THE   PASSAIC 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE  349 

Of  special  industries  Jersey  City  has  the  Loril- 
lard  Tobacco  Company,  six  establishments  devoted 
to  the  making  of  soap,  tallow,  and  perfumery,  of 
which  Colgate's  is  representative,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Company's  sugar  refinery.  At  Elizabethport 
is  located  the  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Company, 
with  its  five  thousand  hands,  and  the  Nixon  ship- 
building yards.  Trenton,  Paterson,  and  Newark 
have  large  breweries.  New  Brunswick  has 
"plants"  devoted  to  such  particular  industries  as 
wall  paper  and  sheet  metal,  while  at  Camden  are 
chemical  plants  and  several  shipyards.  Altogether 
the  number  of  wage-earning  men  and  women  in 
the  State  amounts  to  two  hundred  thousand,  and 
the  annual  product  of  their  labor  is  about  four 
hundred  million  dollars. 

Of  steam  transportation  in  New  Jersey  the  num- 
ber of  miles  owned  and  operated  by  the  following 
systems  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1901,  was: 
Pennsylvania,  409.02;  West  Jersey  and  Seashore, 
332.57;  Central  Eailroad  of  New  Jersey,  440.30; 
Philadelphia  and  Reading,  230.89 ;  Delaware,  Lack- 
awanna and  Western,  206.16;  Erie,  149.90;  New 
York.  Susquehanna  and  Western,  126.73;  Lehigh 
Valley,  111.61;  unclassified  roads,  twenty-eight 
companies,  280.78— total  mileage,  including  un- 
classified roads,  2,287.96.  The  aggregate  number 
of  persons  employed  on  the  railroads  whose  duties 
are  performed  within  the  limits  of  the  State  of 


350  NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 

New  Jersey  is  32,405.  The  aggregate  amount  paid 
in  wages  is  $18,023,604;  the  average  wages  per 
day  is  $1.82,  and  the  average  yearly  earnings 
$566.11. 

The  canals  of  the  State  include  the  Delaware 
and  Raritan,  with  its  feeder,  66.86,  and  the  Morris 
Canal,  with  its  two  feeders,  106.48,  giving  a  total 
canal  mileage  of  173.34. 

The  reports  of  the  cable,  electric,  and  horse  rail- 
road companies  for  the  year  ending  January  1, 
1901,  give  771.45  miles  of  track  (all  but  a  few  miles 
operated  by  electricity),  with  total  capital  stock  of 
$80,875,000.     These  roads  have  cost  $142,428,000. 

Thus  from  the  humble  beginnings  of  the  "  cot- 
tage" industries  of  the  colony,  and  from  the  "fly- 
ing machines"  of  the  Revolution,  have  arisen  the 
great  enterprises  and  the  systems  of  transporta- 
tion giving  New  Jersey  such  power  and  influence 
as  to  make  her  most  important  among  the  sister- 
hood of  States. 


CHAPT B R    X X  I  I  1 
snerat.   [ndi 


GENERAL    INDEX 


Abbett,    Leon,    IV,    133,    148,   152, 

170,  175,  177,  182,  185,  188. 
Abbott,    Benjamin,    II,    101;    III, 

316. 
Dr.,  I,  48. 
Family,  III,  66. 
Abercrombie.  General,  II,  203. 
Abert,  William,  III,  357. 
Abolition  movement,  the,  I,  338. 
Society,   the  New  Jersey,   IV, 

35,  37. 
Aboriginal  occupancy,  I,  29-50. 
Abraham,  James,  III,  104. 
Abseeom  Beach,  II,  197;  IV,  335. 
Acbter  Coll,  I,  140. 
Acquackanonk,  I,  356,  357;  II,  51, 

57,  210,  312;  III,  254;  IV,  254. 
Bridge,  II,  133,  337. 
Landing,  II,  96;  III,  17. 
"  Aequickananick,"   I,  274. 
Acrelius,  Israel,  I,  293;  III,  63. 
Acton,  Benjamin,  I,  299. 
Adams,  Israel  S.,  IV.,  177. 
John,    II.   176,    340,   344;    III,    30, 

32,  33.  36,  39. 
Adjustment  of  land  titles,  I,  135. 
Admissions  to  the  bar,  I,  309-311. 
Adolphus,  Gustavus,  I,  87,  88,  97. 
Adrain,  Robert,  IV,  163. 
Adultery,  I,  323-326. 
Adventurers,  colonial,  I,  221-223. 
Advertisements,  early,  I,  366. 
Agriculture,    I,    193-199;    IV,   317- 

327. 
Ahasimus,  I,  114;  II,  324;  IV,  234. 
Aix-la-Chapelle,     treaty    of,     I, 

375. 
Albany,   I,   106,   110,    117,   118,   127, 

374.   375,   379,    381,   382,    384;    II, 

67,  69. 
Albion  Knights,  the,  I,  78-79. 
Albright,   Andrew,    IV,    176,    177, 

182. 
Alderman's  Kil,  I,  96. 
Alexander,  James,  I,  170,  313. 
Mrs.  James,  II,  70. 

[Vol.  4] 


Alexander,  Joseph,  I,  362,  363. 

William,  II,  66,  70,  82,  171. 

William  C,  III,  391.  397;  IV,  97. 

Sir  William,  I,  124-125. 
Alexandria  Township,   II,  109. 
Algonkin  Indians,  I,  55,  241. 
Alien    and    Sedition    Laws,    III, 

37-38. 
Allaire,  III,  252. 
Allegiance,  oath  of,  II,  122. 
Allen,  Ephraim,  I,  177. 

Experience,  I,  177. 

Isaac,  II,  95. 

J.  W.,  Ill,  398. 

Jedediah,  I,  177. 

Joseph  W.,  IV,  83. 

Judah,  I,  177. 

Patience,  I,  177. 

William   R.,   Ill,  280. 
Allentown,   II,  154;   III,  254,  256; 

IV,  47. 
Alliance,  I,  288;  IV,  326. 
Allison,  Richard,  III,  120. 
Allisons,  The,   III,  64. 
Alloways,  I,  147. 
Alloway's  Bridge,  II,  340. 

Creek,  I,  93,  95:  II,  180. 
Allowaystown,  III,  220,  256. 
Almanacs,  I,  365,  367. 
Almonesson,  III,  254. 
Alummingh,  I,  96. 
Amboy,    I,    188,    200,    203,    230,    232, 
233,  372,  395;  II,  98,  136,  159,  161, 
163,   169,   203,   206,   337,   340;   III, 
117,  203;  IV,  54. 

Barracks,  I,  384. 

Point,  I,  162. 
American  Company,  the,  I,  92. 

Lock  and   Improvement  Com- 
pany, IV,  112. 

House  at  Haddonfleld,  I,  303. 

House  at  Trenton,  II,  146. 
American  Weekly  Mercury,  I.  23?. 
Ammunition  for  the  Revolution, 
II,  77. 


354 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Amsterdam,   I,   112. 
Amwell.   I,  332,  379;   II,  4S,  345. 
Township,  creation  of,  I,  276. 
Anabaptists,    the,    I,   344. 
Anderson,  Edward  T.,  IV,  143. 
Family,   III,   77. 
John,  I,  377,  37S,  392. 
John  I.,  II,  224. 
Andover,  III,  233. 
Andr6,  Major,  II,  177. 
Andrews   Family,   III,  60. 
Andros,  Sir  Edmund,   I,  142,  146, 

147-148,    152,    155,    156,    157,    164, 

165,   166;   III,   340. 
Andruss,  Isaac,  III,  103,  105. 
Andrustown,    II,    222. 
Angell,    Colonel,    II,   239. 
Animals,  prehistoric,  I,  47-50. 
Anne,  Queen,  I,  211,  212,  217,  248, 

394. 
Anti-Federalists,    III,    25-41,    160, 

386. 
Anti-Masonic  agitation,  III,  222. 
Antiquity  of  man,  I,  29-50. 
Apgar  Family,   III,  70. 
Applegate,  Edv/in  F.,  IV,  85. 
Apprentices,  I,  199,  202. 
Appropriations  for  the  Revolu- 
tion, II,  77. 
Arawamus,  III,  63. 
Arbuthnot,  Admiral,  II,  235. 
Architecture,   Early,  III,  59-61. 
Argillite  implements,  I,  30-31,  33, 

35,  41-42,   46. 
Arms  for  the  Revolution,  II,  77. 
Armstrong,  Thomas  D.,  IV,  170. 

General.  Ill,  102. 
Arnett,   Shelly,   III,  54,  55. 
Arneystown,   III,   65. 
Arnold,  Benedict,  II,  169,  331. 
House,  the,  II,  231. 
Jacob,   II,   160. 
Lewis  Golding,  III,   358. 
Arrest  of  Governor  Carteret,  I, 

155. 
of   Governor   Franklin,    I,    406, 

410. 
Arrow  making,  I,  30-31. 
Arrowsmith,    Thomas    "W.,    Ill, 

39L 


Articles    of    Confederation,    II, 

365-::-!. 
Artificial  lakes,  I,  40. 
Artillery  in  the  Revolution,  II, 

73,  79,  84. 
Arts,  Indian,  I,  58. 
Arwaines,   I,  96. 
Asamo  Hackingh,  I,  96. 
Asbury,   III,  77,  254,  2G5. 
Bishop,    III,   316,   317. 
Park,   IV,  268,  311. 
Asgill,  Charles,   II,  251. 
Ash  Swamp,  II,  "38. 
Ashes,  manufacture  of,  I,  286. 
"Asia,"   the,   II,  110. 
Asomoches,   the,   I,   S2. 
Assanpink,  II,  337. 
Creek,   I,   152,   265,   2CG,   312;   II, 
145,  153,  154,  427;  III,  177;  IV, 
259. 
Assembly,    the,    I,    135,    136,    150, 
217-225,  399-411. 
of  East  Jersey,  I,  154-155. 
of  West  Jersey,  I,  163. 
last  colonial,  I,  406. 
rebukes  Cornbury,  I,  211-212. 
under    Carteret,    dissolved,    I, 
157-158. 
Associate    justices,    the,    I,    312- 

313. 
Assunpink  Falls,  I,  86. 
Assveticons,  I,  95. 
Atkinson,  Clarence  T.,  IV,  196. 
Atlantic   City,    II,    189;    IV,   115, 

135,  245,  255,  267,  2S0,  2S1. 
Atlantic  County,   I,  205,  2G6,  26S, 
2S2;    II,    94;    III,    109,    251,    254, 
280;   IV,   275,   276,   281,  2S2,  320, 
323. 
creation  of,  I,  268. 
Attack   of   the   Dutch    on   New 

Sweden,  I,  94. 
Attorney-generals,  I,  313. 
Attorneys-at-law,  I,  307-317. 
"  Augusta,"  the,  II,  195,  197. 
Australian  Company,  the,  I,  87, 

SS. 
Avondale,  IV,  312. 
Axions,  the,  I,  82. 
Axwamus,  I,  266. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


355 


Aycrigg,  John  B.,  Ill,  329. 
"  Ayreshire,"  The,  IV,  335. 
Eabcock,  John  F.,  IV,  142. 
Back  Creek,   1,  266. 
Bacon,  Andrew,  II,  1S1. 
Bacon  Family,  III,  61. 
Bailey,  Clayton  J.,  IV,  229. 
Bainbridge,  Absalom,   II,  101. 

family,    III,   66. 

Joseph,   II,  101. 

medal,  III,  96. 

William,  II,  101;  III,  66. 
Baker  family,  III,  74. 

Henry  M.,  IV,  81. 

Philip   P.,   IV,   191. 

William  S.,  II,  133,  330. 
Balbach,  Edward,  Jr.,  IV,  156. 
Balch,  Hezekiah  James,  I,  362. 
Baldwin  family,  IV,  249. 

Jeduthan,  II,  73. 

Matthias,   III,  200. 
Ballard,  Jeremiah,  II,  224. 
Ballinger,   Ives,   I,   ISO. 
Banks,  III,  3C1-374;  IV,  205-212. 
Banns,   marriage,   I,  322-324. 
Baptist  Church,  the,  I,  344,  345; 

III,  315. 
Barber,  Francis,  I,  363;  II,  322. 
Barcalow,  Daniel,  III,  391. 
Barclay,  David,  Jr.,  I,  159. 

Governor,  III,  340. 

Robert,  I,  159,  160,  166. 

Thomas,   II,   141. 
Bard,  Edwin  Milford,  III,  357. 

Peter,  I,  ISO. 

Samuel,  II,  US. 
Barker,  Thomas,  I,  159. 
Barnegat  Bay,   II,  243,   244;   III, 
60. 

Creek,   I,  146. 

Inlet,  IV,  339. 
Barnes,  John,  II,  96,  153. 
Barracks  erected,  I,  383-384. 
Barren  Hill,   II,  179. 
Barton,   Joseph,   II,   95. 
Bartow,   Thomas,   II,   97. 
Basking   Ridge,    I,    351;    II,    142; 

III,  69,  319. 
Basnett,  Elizabeth,  I,  299. 

Richard,  I,  298. 


Bass  River,  II,  321. 
Basse,  Jeremiah,  I,  310,  391. 
Bateman  family.  III,  61. 
Battalions    In    the    Revolution, 

II,  66-73,  79-81. 
Battery,  the,  II,  127,  130. 
Battle   Monument,   Trenton,   II, 

147. 
Battle  of  Monmouth,  II,  203-211, 

215. 
of  Princeton,   II,   153-156,  159. 
of  Trenton,  II,  141-153,  156. 
Battles    of    the    Revolution,    n, 

309-340. 
Batsto,  III,  252. 
Bauer,  Herman  O.,  IV,  229. 
Bayard,  S.  J.,  IV,  166. 
Bayle's  Mills,   III,  172. 
Bayley,  Bishop,  III,  320. 
Baylor,  George,  II,  73,  316. 
Bayonne,    IV,    244,    245. 
Bayward,  III,  68. 
Beach,  Ephraim,  III,  183. 

William,  II,  225. 
Beaches,  the,  I,  2S0-2S2. 
Beacon  Hill,  IV,  309. 
Beads,  Indian,  I,  242. 
Beam,  John  E.,  IV,  88. 
Bears,  I,  287. 

Beasley,  Frederick,  III,  239. 
Jonathan,   II,  205. 
Mercer,  IV,  142. 
Beatty,  John,   III,   102. 
Beaumont,  Myron  H.,  IV,  85. 
Beaver  Brook,   II,   338. 

Run,  II,  118. 
Beavers,  I,  2S7. 
Beckett,  Henry,  III,  238. 
Bedford,  Gunning,  I,  363. 
Bedle,    Joseph    D.,    IV,   146,    156, 

170,  172,  173. 
Bedminster   Township,    creation 

of,  I,  276. 
Beeston,    Father    Francis,    III, 

319. 
Beginning  of  New  Jersey  as  a 

colony,   I,  12S. 
Belcher,    Governor,    I,    375,    3S0; 

III,  70. 

Jonathan,  I,  3G0,   395-396. 


356 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Belcher.  William,  I,  300. 
Bell,  John,  II,  281. 

Tom,  I,  237. 
Belierjeau  family,  III,  66. 
Bellevillo,  I,  134;   II,  338;   III,  76, 
171,   254,   255,   317,   318;   IV,   135, 
284. 
Belvidere,    III,    77,    106,    208,    209, 

253.  372;   IV,  135,  286,  310. 
Benekes,  Jacob,  I,  139. 

Benczet.  ,  I,  339. 

Bennett's  Island,  II,  338. 
Bergen,   I,   133,   135,   137,   110,   156, 
225,  263,  274,  294,  351:  II,  338. 
church  at,  I,  344,  345. 
first  school  In,  I,  349-350. 
Bergen    County,    I,    181,    243,   263, 
267,   344,   408,   409;   II,   48,   55-56. 
57,   5S,   61,   98,   99,    105,   109,   258, 
260,    310,    411,    412,    439;    III,    75, 
87,    103,    105,    106,    107,    172,    195, 
248.    251,   255,   256,    270,   280,    297, 
320,  322;  IV,  29,  41,  238,  244,  269, 
273,   275,   277,   278,   279.   298,    320, 
321. 
creation  of,  I,  263. 
militia.  II.  75,  79,  80,  81,  83,  84. 
townships  in,  I,  274. 
Bergen  Hill,  IV,  128,  129. 
Neck,  II,  323. 
Point,  III,  372. 
Square,  I,  115. 
Township,  I,  274. 
Town  of,  I.  114. 
Berkeley  Creek,  I,  266. 
Berkeley,  Lord  John,  I,  66,  129- 

131,  145,  146,  185;  IV,  26. 
Berlin,  IV,  323. 

Bernard,  Francis,  I,  356,  383,  396. 
Bernardston  Township,  creation 

of,  I,  276. 
Bernardstown,  II,  59. 
Bernardsville,  II,  142. 
Berrien  family,  HI,  69. 
John,  II,  2G6. 
mansion,  II,  272. 
Berry  family,  III,  75. 
Grace,  I,  17S. 
John,  I,  138,  178. 
Peregrine,  I,  ITS. 


Berry,  Richard,  1,  178. 
Berthoud,  Alexander  P.,  IV,  86. 
"  Bethesda  "    orphan    house,    I, 

331,  332,  333. 
Bethlehem,  II,  322. 
Betts,  J.  Brognard,  IV,  295. 
Beverages,  early,  I,  293. 
Beverly,  I,  96;  IV,  90,  91,  268,  294. 
Bickel,   Frederick  A.,   IV,  229. 
Biddle,  Clement,  II,  231. 
Big   Bridge,   II,  338. 
Big  Timber  Creek,  I,  89,  96. 
Bigelow,  Jacob,  IV,  54. 

Moses,  IV,  163,  166,  168. 
Bilderback,   Peter,   III,   108. 
Biles   Island,    II,   185,   186. 
•'  Bill  in  Chancery,"  I.  170. 
"  Bill  of  Rights,"  the,  I,  151. 
Billingsport,  II,  172,  184,  190,  198; 

III,  107,  108. 
Billop,  Christopher,  II,  337. 
Bmncy  family,  III,  64. 
Bird,   John  T.,   IV,  148,  172,  175, 

176,   182. 
Birmingham  Meeting  House,  II, 

173. 
Blrney,  William,  IV,  82. 
Bishop  family,  III.  65. 
Black    Clayton,  IV,  177. 

family,   III,  65. 

John.  Ill,  195. 

wampum,  I,  242. 
Blackwell's  Lane,  II,  338. 
Blair,  John,  II,  224. 

John  I.,  IV,  167. 
Blairstown,   IV,  300. 
Blauvelt,  Abraham,  III,  54. 

family,   II,  317. 
Blazing  Star  Tavern,  I,  234. 
Blodgett,  Rufus,  IV,  182. 
Bloemmsert,  Samuel,  I.  88,  108. 
Bloomfield,    I,    134;    II,    338;    III, 

106,  184,   254,   255,   257,   317;   IV, 
249. 

Hope,  I,  178. 

Jeremiah,  II,  304. 

Joseph,   II,  440;   III,   49,  95,  102, 

107,  153,  155,  156,  158;  IV,  36,  37. 
Moses,   HI,  68. 

Sarah,  II,  304. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


357 


Bloomingdale,  II,  130:   III,  170. 
Bloomsburg,  II,  426;  III,  170,  254, 

255. 
Board  of  Proprietors,  the,  I,  162. 

of  Trade,  I,  209,  211. 
Boardville,   III,   253. 
Boats,  stage,  I,  233. 
Bodyguard,     Washington's,     II, 

74. 
Boes,  Nicholas,  I,  139. 
Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien,  III, 

234. 
Jerome,  III,  71. 
Joseph,  III,  65,  227-241. 
Joseph  Lucien  Charles,  III,  237. 
Bondmen,  I,  199-202. 
Bonhamtown,    II,    169,    338;    III, 

171. 
Bonnel,  James,  II,  225. 
Book  of  Common  Prayer,  the,  I, 

21 S. 
Books,    I.    365. 

Boone,  Thomas,  I,  396;  III,  343. 
Boon  ton.  III;  184,  252. 
Borden,   Joseph,   I,   232,   233,   235; 

II,  82,  1S5,  »83;  III,  229. 
family,  III,  65. 
Joseph,  Jr.,  I,  233,  235. 
Bordentown,    I,    96,    203,    232,    234, 

235.    383.   410;    II,    143,    145,   153, 

185,   186,   206,    272,    282,   293,    311, 

338;    III,   65,    117,    132,    182,    191, 

196,   199,   201,   203,   220,   221,    229; 

IV.  54,  56,  73,  134,  268,  295. 
Boroughs,  IV,  268. 
Boston,   Port   of,   closed,   II,   49, 

50. 
Bottle  Hill,  II,  440;  III,  76,  106. 
Boudinot,    Elias,    I,    54,    180;    If, 

24S,   266,   360,    431;   HI,   64;   IV, 

263. 
Elisha,  III,  74,  367;  IV,  239. 
family.  III,  71. 
Boule,  Marcellin,  I,  47. 
Bound  Brook,  II,  59,  70,  216,  219, 

338;   HI,  171,  182,   208,  256;  IV, 

132,  133,  300. 
encampment  at,  II,  165. 
Bound  Creek,  IV,  246. 
Boundaries,  county,  I,  266-267. 


Boundary  Disputes  between  the 

Jerseys    and    New    York,    L 

168. 
Bounties  In  the  Revolution,  II, 

65,  114. 
Bout,  Jan  Evertsen,  1,  114. 
Bowen  family.  III,  61. 
Bowman,  Nathaniel,  II,  224. 
Boyd.  Frank  E.,  IV,  228. 
Brackenridge,  Hugh,  II,  287. 
Braddock,  Charles  S.,  IV,  229. 
Braddock's  defeat,  I,  379. 
Bradford,    William,    I,    363;    in, 

64. 
Bradley,  James  A.,  IV,  341. 
Braine,  James,  I,  159. 
Brainerd     (missionary),     I;     70; 

III,  65. 
Branchville,  III,  76,  256. 
Brandt,  Joseph,  II,  222. 
Brandywlne,  the,  II,  70,  172,  183, 

19S. 
Brant  Hill,  III,  110. 
Braun,  Christian,  IV,  196,  200. 
Brearley,   David,   II,  S2,   226,  389, 

393,  394,  402,  405;  III.  30. 
Breda,  treaty  of,  I,  12S. 
Breese,  Samuel,  II,  82. 
Brewer,  John  Hart,  IV,  1S1,  1S3. 
Breweries,  IV,  349. 
Brick  family.  HI,  61. 
industries,  IV,  346. 
Joshua,  III,  101,  217,  180,  283. 
Bricksboro,  III,  61. 
Bridgeton,  I,  95,  231;  II,  179,  338, 

415,    453;    III,    52,    61,    220,    249, 

252,    254,    255,    256;    IV,    47,    57, 

115,   132,   135,    268,   278,   280,   2S3, 

2S4.  298,  309,  316,  371. 
Arrjti8,  III,  52. 
Plain  Dealer,  III,  52. 
Bridgewater  Township,  creation 

of,  I,  276. 
Brigades  in  the  Revolution,  II. 

81. 
Brinkerhoff,  William,  IV,  143. 
Brisbane,  Albert,  III.  303. 
Bristol,   II.  144,  145,  151.  186;  in, 

202;  IV,  56. 
British  men-of-war,  II,  111. 


358 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


British  troops,  landing  of,  II,  128. 
Brittain,  James,   11,  98,  99. 

John,   II,  93. 
"  Broad    Seal    War,"    the,    III, 

331-335. 
Broadheads,  I,  378. 
Brockholst,  Anthony,  I,  157. 
Broderick,  James,  II,  225. 
Brooklyn,  II,  129. 
Heights,   II,   127. 
Brotherton,  I,  70. 

Brown,  ,  I,  339. 

Abraham,  III,  197. 
George  H.,  Ill,  2SL  390,  392. 
Harvey,   III,  357. 
Henry   W.,   IV,   82. 
University,  I,  362. 
Browning,  Abraham,  III,  280. 
Brown's    Mills,    IV,    323. 
Brunswick  Gazette,  III,  51 
Ouzctte  end  Weekly  Monitor,  III, 
54. 
Bryan,   William,   IV,   83. 
Bryant,  Lewis  T.,  IV,  229. 
Brynson,   Barefoot,  I,  178. 

Daniel,  I,  178. 
Buchanan,  Henry  C,  IV,  161. 
Buck  family,   III,  61. 

Samuel  L.,  IV,  82. 
Buckley,  Benjamin,  IV,  142. 
Budd  family,   III,  65,  76. 
Thomas,   I,  169,  353,  354. 
Bull,    William,    II,    225. 
Bull's  Ferry,  II,  338. 
Bunker  Hill,  battle  of,  II,  76. 
Burgoyne,  General,  II,  170. 
Burling,  George  C,  IV,  83. 
Burlington,  I,  96,  134,  153,  154,  166, 
167,   181,   187,    193,    200,   203,   219, 
231,   232,    233,   234,   235,    241,   245, 
256,   265,   267,   272,    273.   275,   298, 
307,   314,    315,   316,   324,   325,   331, 
341,   352,   353,   360,    363,   365,   3S3, 
395,  400,  407,  410;  II,  30,  31.  54, 
67,  99,  100,  110,  113,  120,  121,  144, 
145,    152.    174,   179,   186,    205,   243, 
279,    301,    366,    379,    453;    III,   53, 
64,    111,    117,    129,    196,    204,    220, 
313,    319,    320;    IV.    47,    56,    259, 
263,  298. 


Burlington  Advertiser,  III,  53. 
bariv.cka,  I,  384. 
capital  of  West  Jersey,  I,  163. 
chartered,  I,  271,  272. 
first    Friends    meeting    house 

at,  I,  333. 
settlement  of,   I,   152. 
College,    IV,   298. 
Company,  the,  I,  235. 
Burlington    County,    I,    70,    153, 
199,     231,     266,     267,     268,     275, 
276,    279,    282,    297,    406;    II,    54, 
58,  73,  94,  135,  260,  358,  440;  III, 
52,   64,   76,   SS,  105,   108,   168,  17i, 
248,   252,   255,   256,   270,   2S0,   206, 
317;  IV,  32,  33,  41,  113,  263,  273, 
274,   275,   2S0,   2S1,   320,   322,   3:3. 
346. 
creation  of,  I,  2C3. 
in    Provisional    Congress,    II, 

105,  109,  113. 
militia,  II,  75,  79,  80,  81,  82,  84. 
Burlington  Island,  I,  298. 
Burnaby,  Rev.  Andrew,  III,  75. 
Burnet  family,   III,  76. 
William,  I,  363,  IV,  263. 
William  (governor),  I,  391-392. 
William  (judge),  III,  74. 
Burr,   Aaron,   I,   363;   III,   40,   66, 
73,  74,  153,  156. 
Aaron,  Rev.,  I,  359,  396;  III,  66. 
Barzillai,   III,  109. 
family,   III,  64. 
-Hamilton  duel,  III,  156. 
Theodosia,   III,  158. 
Burroughs  family,  III,  65. 
Burrowes,  Eden,  II,  223. 

John,  II,  225. 
Burrowe's  Mills,  II,  338. 
Burrsville,   III.   109. 
Butcher,  Benajah,  III,  109. 
Butcher's  Works,   III,  109. 
Butler,  John,  II,  222. 
Wallace  N.,  II,  222. 
Buttle,  George  M.,  IV,  228. 
Buttler,  William  C,  IV,  218. 
Byllynge,  Edward,  I,  145,  148,  149, 

153,  159,  163,  164,  167,  169, 
Byram,  III,  253. 
family,  III,  70,  76. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


359 


Cadmus  family,  III,  75. 
Cadwalader,  Colonel,  II,  144,  145, 

151,  152,  153. 
Cadwallader,   Lambert,   III,   127. 
Cahierres  family,  III,  71. 
Calvert,  Philip,  I,  83. 
Culverts  Mills,   I,  373. 
Calvinism,  I,  321,  322,  345,  346,  351. 
359;  II,  30,  31,  33. 
in  East  Jersey,  I,  175-178. 
in  West  Jersey,  I,  1SS-189. 
Caldwell,    III,   106,    254,   255;    IV. 
322. 
David,  I,  362. 
James,  II,  238,  239;  III,  70;  IV, 

263. 
Mrs.,  murder  of,  II,  238. 
Cambridge,   Washington   at,   II, 

77. 
Camden,   I,  234,  235;   II,  151,  184, 
193,    203,    338;    III,    62,    134,    204, 
220,  221,  369;  IV,  47,  56,  73,  89, 
135,  266-267,  346,  349. 
Camden    County,    I,    96,    282;    IT, 
94;  III,  62,  255,  280;  IV,  54,  113, 
276,  278,  2S0,  281,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  268. 
Camden    and    Amboy    Railroad, 

III,  179,   189-206,    387,    388;    IV, 
125-138. 

Camden  and  Atlantic  Railroad, 

IV,  135. 

Camp,  Caleb,  II;  116. 

Fair  Oaks,  IV,  90. 

Frelinghuysen,  IV,  90. 

Perrine,  IV,  90. 

Stockton,  IV,  90. 

Voorhees,  IV,  218. 

Vredenburgh,  IV,  90. 
Campbell,  David,  I,  357. 

Edward  A.,  IV,  220,  228. 

Edward  C,  IV,  82. 

Lord  Neill,  I,  166. 

Marie  de  Rousalat,  III,  71. 

Peter,  II,  97. 

William  H.,  IV,  266. 
Camptown,  IV,  248. 
Canada,  grant  of,  I,  125. 

Invasion  of,  I,  374-375. 

Viscount,  I,  125. 


Canals,  III,  177-186;  IV,  350. 
Canfleld,  Augustus,  III,  357. 

S.  D.,  Ill,  391. 
Canoe,  the  Indian,  I,  229. 
Canton,  III,  24S. 
Cape  Henlopen,  I,  92. 

Breton,  I,  373. 
Cape  May,  I,  76,  82,  84,  89,  90,  92, 
129,    146,    167,   170,   202,    203,    205r 
206,    235,   265,    307,    374;    III,    60, 
100,   104,    108,   110,   315,   319;    IV, 
72,  115,  131,  135,  267,  268,  339. 
Cape    May    County,    I,    108,    109, 
205,   267,   279,   281,   232,   301,   307, 
343,    344,    408,    409;    II,   261,    311, 
440;  III,  59-60,  88,  105,  264,  270, 
272.    2S0,    295,    317,    322;    IV,    41, 
269,   273,   276,   2S0,   281,   282,   320, 
323. 
creation  of,  I,  265,  266,  269. 
divided  into  precincts,  I,  275. 
in    Provisional    Congress,    II, 

105,  109. 
militia,  II,  75,  76,  80,  81,  82,  84, 
S5. 
Cape  May  Court  House,  IV,  2S2. 
Ca^e  May  Town,  I,  231. 
Capner,  Thomas,  III,  183. 
Capture  of  Trenton,  II,  146. 
Carey,  Mathew,  III,  G3. 
Carleton,  Sir  Guy,  II,  250. 
Carman,  Ezra  A.,  IV,  84. 
Carmel,  IV,  326. 
Oarmichael,  Isaac,  TV,  196. 
Carnahan,  James,  III,  333. 
Carpenter  family,  III,  62. 
Carr,  Sir  Robert,  I,  125,  127. 
Carrow,    Howard,    IV,    156,    196. 

200. 
Cartagena,  I,  372. 
Carter,    Benjamin,    F.,    IV,    142, 
175 
John,  I,  325. 
Lydia,  I,  325. 
Carteret,  James,  I,  137. 
Lady  Elizabeth,  I,  157,  158. 
Lord,  IV,  26. 

Philip,    I,    64,    132,    133,    134,    137, 
13S,  155-156,  157,  153,  351. 


380 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Carteret,    Sir  George.    I,   CG,   129- 
131,    132,    133,    137,    138,    14G,    148, 
154.  155,  156,  157,  15S,  165,  185. 
Carteret's    title    in    New   Jersey 

confirmed,  I,  142. 
Cartwright,  George,  I,  125,  127. 
Case  family.  III,  70. 
Cassedy,  George,  III,  383. 

John.  Ill,  280,  389,  390,  391. 
Castle  Point,  I,  113;  IV,  128. 
Cat  heart,  Lord,  I,  372. 
Catholic  Protectory  Bill,  IV,  146. 
Cattell.    Alexander  G.,    Ill,   281; 
IV,  137,  165. 
Jonas,   III,  63. 
Cattletown.  II,  193. 
Causes    of    the    Revolution,    I, 

415-122. 
Cavalry    in   the   Revolution,    II, 

73. 
Cavan  Point,  IV,  112. 
Cedar  Bridge,  II,  310. 
Creek,  II,  338. 
forests,  the,  I,  281,  282. 
oils,  I.  286. 
Celluloid  industry,  IV.  347. 
Centenary    Collegiate    Institute, 

IV,  300. 
Central    Railroad   of   New    Jer- 
sey, IV,  115,  127,  349. 
Chad's   Ford,   II,  173. 
Chairville,  III,  256. 
Chambers,  David,  II,  £2,  84. 

family.   III.  65. 
Chambersburg.  IV,  264. 
Chancellor,  the,  I,  210. 
Chandler,  Thomas  B..  II,  97,  1C1. 

"William,  II,  97,  102. 
Changes    in    geological    forma- 
tions, 1,  36-50. 

Channing,   ,  I,  341. 

Chaplains,  loyalist,  in  the  Revo- 
lution, II,  97. 
Characteristics  of  the  Delaware 
Indians,  I,  56-71. 
of  the  early  taverns,  I,  291-303. 
of    the    early    immigrants,    I, 

221-223. 
of  the  settlers  of  East  Jersey, 
I,  175-181. 


Characteristics  of  the  settlers  of 
West  Jersey,  I,  185-190. 
of  the  Swedes,  I,  99-101. 
Charles  I,  I,  75,  247. 
Charles  II,  I,  123-125,  129,  130,  135, 
141,  142,  164,  185,  209. 
recognizes    the    proprietors    of 
the  Jerseys,  I,  160. 
Charles  River,  I,  76. 
Charlottenburg,  IV,  312. 
Charlotteburg,  III,  319. 
Charter    of    freedom     and     ex- 
emptions, the,  I,  107. 
Charters,  town  and  city,  I,  271- 

276. 
Chastellux,  Marquis  de.  IT.  332. 
Chatham  II,  253,  336;  III,  53,  106, 
169. 
Bridge,  III,  73. 
Chemical  products,  IV,  348. 
Cherry  Valley,  massacre  of,  II, 

222. 
Chesapeake  Bay,  II,  172. 
Chesquake,  I,  274;  IV,  311. 
Chester,  II,  172,  173,  190,  198;  lit, 
130,  170. 
Township,  I,  275,  27C. 
Chesterfield,  III,  65;  IV,  33. 

Township,  I,  275. 
Chestnut  Creek,  II,  338. 

Neck,  II.  321. 
Chetwood,  John,  I,  313;  III,  70. 

William,  III,  377. 
Chcveaux-de-frise,   a,    II,   190,   191, 

194,  195. 
Chew  family,  III,  63. 
Chief  Justices,  I.  309,  312. 
Child,  Francis,  III,  281. 
Christ    Church,    Shrewsbury,    L 

340,  341. 
Christie,  A.  La  Rue,  IV,  229. 
Christina,  I,  350. 
Queen,  I,  90,  92. 
Church  doctrine,  I,  332-334. 
of    England,    the,    I,    218,    220, 

326:  II,  97. 
schools,  early,  I,  350. 
Churches,  early,  I,  331-346. 
Cincinnatus  of  America,  the,  II, 
218. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


361 


Cities,  I,  263-276;  IV,  233-269. 
Civil  War,  the,  IV,  71-78,  81-91. 
Cladek,  John  J.,  IV,  8G. 
Clamtown,  II,  320. 
Clandestine  marriages,  I,  326. 
Clark,  A.  Judson,  IV,  88. 

Abraham,  II,  69,  114.  386,  SflS, 
395;  III,  28,  30,  -IS.  74;  IV, 
263. 

Charles,  III,  102. 

Peter,  I,  III,  280. 
Classic  of  Bergen,  Til,  31S. 

of  New  Brunswick.  Ill,  318. 

of  Paramus,  III,  31S. 
Clementon,  III,  252. 
Clement's  Bridge,  II,  193-194. 
"  Clermont,"  the,  III,  131,  135. 
Cleveland,  Orestes,  IV,  176. 
Clifton,  IV,  154. 
Clime,  Joseph  F.,  IV,  229. 
"  Clinker    Lot    Right    Men,"    I, 

170. 
Clinton,  III,  70,  170,  172,  208,  255; 
IV.  313. 

De  Witt,  III,  152. 

General,    II,    71,    203,    204,    205, 

**206,  207,  20S,  209,  210. 

George,  II,  265;  III,  33. 

James,  II,  235. 

Sir  Henry,  II,  178,  179,  235,  237, 
249,   328. 
Closter  dock,  II,  132. 
Clough,  Alexander,  II,  317. 
Clove,  The,  II,  332. 
Clymer,  Colonel,  II,  196. 
Coale,  Elisone,  I,  177. 

Exercis,  I,  177. 

Jacob,  I,  177. 
Coasting  vessels,  I,  204. 
Coate's  Point,  II,  243. 
Cobbett,  William,  III,  62. 
Cochrane,  Lewis,  IV,  177. 
Cockloft  Hall,  IV,  246. 
Coetus,  the,  I,  364. 
Cohansey,  I,  147;  III,  315. 
Cohanzy,  I,  235. 

Bridge,  I,  231. 
Cohen,  Harry  R.,  IV,  229. 
Coinage,  colonial,  I,  243-253. 
Colby,  Gardner  R.,  IV,  174,  181. 


Colden,  Cadwallader  D.,  Ill,  182. 
Coles,  Abraham,   IV,  297. 

James  B.,  IV,  234 
Colfax,   William,   II,  73;   III,  105, 

106. 
College  of  New  Jersey  (see  also 
Princeton    College),    I,    359-363, 
364,    395,    396;    II,    59,    155,    267, 
28G,  395;  III,  281,  314:  IV,  47. 
of  Rhode  Island,  I.  362. 
Collegiate  Church  School,  I,  343. 
Collett,  Joshua  W.,  Ill,  357. 
Collin  Family,  III,  63. 

Rev.  Dr.,  Ill,  63. 
Collins,  Dennis  F.,  IV,  229. 
Henry,  II,  320. 

Isaac,    I,   365;   II,   25S,   279,   388; 
III,  50,  55. 
Colonial  currency,  I,  241-259. 
governors,   the  last,   I,   3S9-396, 

399-411. 
plantation,  the,  I,  194. 
trade,  I,  223-224. 
Colonies    declared    independent, 

II,  114. 
Colonization,    by   the   Dutch,    I, 
105-119. 
by  the  Swedes,  I,  87-101. 
Colony    of    New    Jersey,    begin- 
ning of,  I,  128. 
Colt  family,  III,  77. 

Peter,  II,  176. 
Colt's  Neck,  II,  338;  HI,  67. 
Columbia  College,  II,  102. 
Columbus,    II.    144;    III,    239,    249. 
Colve,   Anthony,    I,   139,   140,   141. 
Colvin,  Patrick,  II,  426. 
Colvin's  Ferry,  II,  144. 
Combs,  John,  II,  225. 
Commerce,    intercolonial,    I,    221 
Commercial  development,  I,  235. 

interests,  early,  I,  193-194. 
Commissary   department,   ineffi- 
ciency of,  II,  175-176. 
Commissioners,  government  by, 
I,  149-154. 
to      ascertain      condition      of 

troops,  II,  69. 
to   subdue   the   Dutch,    I,    125- 
126. 


362 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Committees    of    correspondence 
and    inquiry,    I,    400-402;    II, 
47-61,  136. 
of  observation,  II,  51,  62,  64. 
of  Safety,  II,  79,  91,  92,  105-123. 
town  and  county,  II.  47,  60. 
Common   law  marriages,   I,  321. 

pleas  court,  I,  314. 
"  Common  Sense,"  II,  292. 
Conimunipaw,  I,  114,  115;  III,  75; 
IV,  235. 
Bay,  IV,  235. 
Cove,  II,  324. 
"  Concessions         and         Agree- 
ments," I,  66,  132,  133-134,  149- 
152,  270,  287,  310. 
Conciliatory  Bills,  the,  II,  179. 
Condict,  Ira,  I,  365. 
John,  III,  75,  162. 
Silas,  II,  412. 
Condit,  Elias,  III,  283. 
Jonathan,  IV,  263. 
Lewis,  III,  292. 
Silas,  III,  2S0. 
Confederation,    Articles    of,    II, 

365-381. 
Conference,  the,  I,  364. 
Confiscation    of   Tory    property. 

II,  95,  96,  102,  121-122. 
Congar,  H.  N.,  IV,  148. 
Congregational  churches,  the,  I. 

134-135,  175. 
Congress,  I,  406,  410,  411,  422;  II, 
49-53,  57,  65,  67.  CS,  71,  72,  75- 
80.  106,  107,  110,  111,  115,  119,  129, 
136,  141,  143,  170,  171,  173,  175, 
177,  179,  185,  208,  217,  218,  220, 
222,    227,    240,    253-261,    265,    373; 

III,  30,  37. 
Provincial,  II,  105-123. 

Congress's    Own    Regiment,    II, 

73. 
Connecticut   Farms,   II,   238,   338. 
Connolly,  Bernard,  III,  281. 
Conquest  of  the  English,  I,  123- 

142. 
Constabularies,  I,  275. 
"Constitution,"  the,  II,  100,  101; 

III,  91. 


Constitution  of  New  Jersey,  II, 
119-120,      409-4-1;      III,      261-275, 
279-287;     IV,     38,     141-148,     151- 
158. 
of   the   United  States,   II,   386- 
405;  IV,  95-105. 
Constitutional     Commission     of 
1873,  IV,  142. 
of  1804,  IV,  155. 
Convention  of  1844,  III,  280. 
Continental  currency,  II,  78. 
troops   in   the   Revolution,    II, 
G5-85. 
Conveyances,  early,  I,  231. 
Conway,  Cabal,  the,  II,  176. 

General,  II,  176. 
Cook,  George  H.,  IV,  307. 

William,  III,  198. 
Cooke,   Governor,   II,  160. 
Cooley,  Henry  Scholield,  IV,  35, 

47. 
Cooper,  Daniel,  I,  234. 
Elijah,  III,  53. 

family,  III,  62,  77. 
Fevries,  IV,  2C6. 
James  Fenimore,  III,  67. 
John,    I,    272;    II,    111,    412;    in, 

30. 
Thomas,  I,  159. 
William  R.,  Ill,  329,  333. 
Cooper's    Creek,    I,    96,    248;    II, 
197;  III,  197. 
Ferry,    I,    234,   235;    II,    151,   184, 
193,  203,  338;  III,  82. 
Corper  coins,   I,  246-247,  24S,  250- 
253,  25S. 
ornaments,  I,  59. 
Cornbury,    Governor,    I,    64,   211- 
214,   217,    218,   220,   248,   309,    313. 
314,   325,    326,    389,    390,    394;    II, 
29;    III,    190,    341;    IV,    27,    28, 
46. 
Corr.wallis,    Lord,    IT,    132,    134, 
135,    143,    152,    153,    154,   155,   156, 
159.  173.  198,  235,  316. 
Corporations,   IV,  109. 
Corson  family,  HI,  60. 
Cory  Family,  III,  74. 
Coryell's  Ferry,  II,  135,  144,  171; 
III,  70. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


363 


Cosby,  William,  I,  392. 
Cotton    industry,    III,    254. 
Council,  the,  I,  217-225. 

and  Governor  Franklin,  I,  399- 
411. 

last  colonial,  I,  406. 

of   Board   of   Trade  and   For- 
eign Plantations,  I,  209. 

of  Proprietors  of  West  Jersey, 
I,  16S. 

of  safety,   II,  61,  120,  122-123. 
Counsellor s-at-law,  I,  307-317. 
Counties,   IV,  273-287. 

creation  of,  I,  263-276. 
Counterfeiting,    I,   256-259. 

punishment  for,  II,  118-119. 
County  committees,  II,  47,  50. 

courts,   I,  219. 

lines,    I,   266-267. 

names,  I,  267-269. 
Courts,  the,  I,  307-317. 

judges  of,  I,  219. 

organization  of  I,  131,  21S,  263, 
266,  275,  308,  313. 
Covenanters,  the,  I,  220. 
Covenhoven,   John,   II,   412;   III, 

334. 
Cowell,  David,  II,  355. 
Cowenhoven   family,   III,   66. 
Cox,   Albion,   I,  250,  251,  252. 

family,   III,  67. 

John,  II,  356. 

John  S.,  IV,  85. 

Richard,  II,  224. 
Coxe,   Charles,    III,   334. 

Daniel,  I,  167,  391;    II,  102;    III, 
60,  319. 

William,  I,  418. 
Craft,  G.,  Ill,  261. 
Craig,   Captain,   I,   377. 
Craine,   Joseph,    I,   272. 
Cranbury,   I,   236;     II,   154,  206. 
Cranberry  industry,  II,  381. 
Crane,  Elvin  W.,  IV,  196. 

family,   III,  74. 

Stephen,   I,  400;    II,  50,  116. 

William,    I,   294;     II,   440;     III, 
70. 
Cranetown,  IV,  249. 
Cranmer  family,   III,  60. 


Crawford  family,   III,  60. 

John,  I,  307. 
Crayford,  Richard,  II,  97. 
Cream  Ridge,  III,  C7. 
Cree,    David,    III,   53. 
Cress  family,  III,  CO. 
Cripp  family,  III,  62. 
Crippletown,  II,  33S. 
Cripps,   Justice,    I,   225. 
"  Crisis,   The,"   II,  293. 
Croes,   John,   III,    318. 
Cross  wicks,    I,    230,   233,    236;     II, 
152.    153,    206. 

Creek,  II,  206,  338;    III,  229. 

Friends   meeting   house  at,   I, 
339. 

treaty  at,   I,  380. 
Croton,    II,   200. 
Crowell,  Joseph,  II,  97. 

Joseph  T.,  IV,  162. 
Crown  lands,  I,  135. 

Point,   I,  380. 
Cuban  War— see  Spanish-Ambb- 

ican  War. 
Culver's  Gap,  III,  169,  170,  253. 
Cumberland  County,   I,  265,  266, 

268,  275,  2S2,  343,  344,  363;  II, 
31,  54,  91,  97,  115,  181,  184,  205, 
261,  415,  440;  III,  61,  88,  105, 
108,  221,  251,  255,  270,  272,  280, 
295,    317,    330;     IV,    32,    41,    55, 

269,  273,  275,  278,  2S0,  281,  298, 
319,    323,    346. 

creation  of,  I,  267,  269. 

in    Provisional    Congress,    II, 
105,   109. 

militia,  II,  75,  76,  80,  81,  82,  84, 
85. 
Cumming,   John  N.,   II,   224. 

John    Noble,    III,    74;    IV,    239. 
Currency,  I,  241-259;  II,  78,  220. 

paper,   first  allowed,   I,  221. 
Customs,   Indian,   I,   54-63. 
Cutler,    Augustus    W.,    IV,    142, 

176,  177,  182,  1SS,  191. 
Cuyers  family,   III,  71. 
Dagget.  Mate,  I,  248. 
Dagworthy,  Captain,  I,  374. 
Daly,  William  D.,  IV,  196. 
Dally,  J.  W.,  IV,  32. 


364 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Danbury,  II,  216. 

Danby,  Sir  Thomas,  I,  76. 

d'Anterroches,    Count,     II,    440; 

III,  71. 
Parcy,  John  R.,  Ill,  39. 
Pare  Family,  III,  61. 
Dartmouth  College,  I,  362. 
Davenport,   franklin,  II,  440. 

Richard,  II,  425. 
Davidson,  John,  IV,  169. 
Davies,   Samuel,  I,  360;  III,  66. 
Davis,  Thomas,  I,  272. 
Day's  Gazette,  III,  261. 
Dayton,  Colonel,  II,  239. 

Elias,  II,  67,  69,  72,  82,  224,  251, 
252,  253,  437,  449;  III,  30;  IV, 
263. 

Elias  B.,  II,  101. 

Jonathan,  II,  224,  394,  401;  III. 
36,  162. 

William,  II,  101. 

William  Lewis,  III,  394,  395. 
De  Bcsen,  Baron,  II,  322. 
De  Clot  Family,  III,  71. 
De  Cou  family,  I,  180. 
De  Fermoy,  General,  II,  144,  148. 
De  Hart,  John,  II,  50,  111. 

William,  IV,  263. 
De  Kalb,  General,  II,  171. 
De  la  Fontaine  family,  I,  180. 
De  la  Valle,  John,  I,  180. 
De  Lacher's  Hook,  Jan,  I,  116. 
De  Laistre,  Terrier,  III,  71. 
De  Lancey,  Stephen,  II,  95. 
De  Marole  Family,  III,  71. 
De      Mauperrins,      Lady     Anne 

Renee  Defoerger,   III,   71. 
De  Miralles,   Don  Juan,  II,  235, 

236. 
De  Ronde,  Frank  S.,  IV,  228. 
De  Touchimbet   Family,   III,  71. 
De    Vries,    David    Pietersen,    I, 

107. 
De  Witt  family,  III,  77. 

John,  I,  360. 
Deacon,  George,  I,  307. 
Deal,  I,  279. 

Deane,  Simeon,  II,  179. 
Deare,  Major,  I,  410. 
Decher  Family,  III,  77. 


Dechert,  Henry  T.,  IV,  220. 
Deckertown,  III,  77,  170,  172,  255; 

IV,  312. 
Declaration      of     Independence, 

II,  128,  422;  II,  210. 
signers  of,  II,  114. 

Decline  of  Holland's  power  In 
America,  I,  116-119,  123. 

Drer,  I,  287. 

Defense  of  Fort  Mercer,  II,  189- 
200. 

"  Delaware,"  the,  II.  173,  243. 

Delaware    and    Raritan    Canal, 

III,  179;  IV,  125,  266,  350. 
Delaware  Bay,  I,  77,  81,  106,  129, 

204,  206;  III,  99. 
Hudson  in,  I,  105. 
Delaware  Capes,  I,  371. 
Falls,   I,   230. 

Indians,  I,  29-50,  55-71,  380,  383. 
Lackawanna       and       Western 
Railroad,  IV,  115,  126,  349. 
Delaware    River,    I.    29-39.    43-50, 
$2,    232,    294,   328,    350,    372.    377; 
III,  128,  177,  182,  1S6. 
exploration  of,  I,  78-77. 
Hud30n  in,  I,  105. 
military   operations   along,   II, 

141-156,  159-186,  189-200. 
Washington  crossing,   the,   II, 
143-147. 
Delaware   Valley,    the,    I,    29-50, 

£2;  II,  61. 
Delaware  Water  Gap,  I,  44,  37S. 
Delegates     to     the     Continental 
Congress,  II,  50,  53,  HI,  114. 
to    tbe    first    Provisional   Con- 
gress, II,  105. 
Dellman's     stage     patent,     IH, 

190. 
Demarest,  Abraham,  IV,  85. 
David  D.,  I,  364. 
family,  I,  ISO;  II,  317. 
Democracy,  the  new.  III,  45-55. 
Democratic   party,    the.    III,    90, 
329,    386,    390-400;     IV,    66,    73, 
95,  99,  104,  116,  118,  137,  146,  154. 
161-202. 
Demont,  William,  II,  130. 
Denman  Family,  III,  74. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


365 


Dennis  Neck,  III,  60. 

Sybiah,  I,  177. 
Denmsville,  III,  249,  256. 
Deptford,  IV,  283. 
Deputies  to  the  first  Continental 

Congress,  II,  50,  53. 
Derrom,  Andrew,  IV,  85,  229. 
Derwent  Creek,  I,  266. 
D'Estaing,  Count,  II,  211,  237. 
Dey,  Anthony,  IV,  231,  238. 

Theunis,  II,  69,  82,  239. 
Dick,    Samuel,    II,    82,    412,    414; 

III,  334. 
Dickerson,   Mahlon,   IT1,   76,   120, 
154.  160,  162,  281,  283,  381. 
Philemon,  III,  217,  329,  333,  381, 
382. 
Dickinson,   General,   II,   185,  204, 
205,  207,  239. 
Isaac  V.,  IV,  168,  170. 
Jonathan,  I,  358;  II,  111,  301. 
Philemon,    II,   81,    97,   357;    III, 

30;  IV,  143. 
Samuels,  III,  357. 
Dillon,  William,  II,  245. 
Directions  of  Berkeley  and  Car- 
teret, I,  66. 
Director-generals,  the  Dutch,  I, 

107-119. 
Dividing  Creek,  III,  61.  315. 
Divorce    and    marriage,    I,    321- 

328. 
Dix,    Dorothea   Lynde,    III,    291- 
297. 
"Walter  R.,  Ill,  73. 
Warren  R.,  II,  440. 
Dixon,  Jonathan,  IV,  177. 
Doane,  Charles  K.,  IV,  88. 

George  W.,  Ill,  321. 
Dobbins,  John,  III,  195. 
Dobb's  Ferry,  II,  58. 
Doctrine,  church.  I.  332-334. 

of  non-resistance,  II,  32. 
Dod,  Daniel,  III,  135. 
family,  IV,  249. 
Thaddeus,  I,  362. 
Dodd,  David  C,  IV,  182. 

John,  III,  106. 
Dodge,  Daniel,  III,  54. 


Domestic   life  in   the  colony,   I, 

193-199. 
Donaldson,    Alexander    E.,     IV, 

86. 
Dongan,    Edward   Vaughan,    II, 
95-96. 
governor,  I,  162,  163;  III,  340. 
Donnelly,    Richard    A.,    IV,    188, 

196. 
Donop,  see  also  Von  Do  nop. 
Colonel,  II,  145,  151,  152,  302. 
Douglass,  Edwin,  III,  181. 
George,  III,  230. 
Joseph,  III.  230. 
mansion,  the,  II,  154. 
William,  III,  320. 
Dover,    III,    76,    170,   172,   184,    252, 

263;  IV,  312. 
Doylestown,  II,  204. 
Drake,  E.  Cortlandt,  IV,  156. 
family,  III,  68,  76. 
Jacob,  II,  82. 
Drakesville,  IV,  313. 
Drow  Theological  Seminary,  IV, 

300. 
Drinks,  early,  I,  293. 
Dripps,  Isaac,  III,  199. 
Drowned   lands,   the,   I,   236;   II, 

118. 
Drummer,  Samuel  R.,  Ill,  357. 
Drummond,  John,  I,  159. 

Robert,  II,  96. 
Drunkenness,       legislation      re- 

gatding,  I,  294-303. 
Du  Bucs  family,  III,  71. 
Du  Bois,  Edmund,  IV,  229. 

family,  III,  62. 
Du  Portaile,  General,  II,  179. 
Du  Simitiere,  Pierre  Eugene,  II, 

218;  III,  336. 
Duane,  James,  II,  237. 
Duels,  III.  62,  156. 
Dufors  family,  III,  71. 
Duke  of  Cumberland,  I,  268. 
Duke  of  York,  I,  124,  125,  126,  127, 
128,    129,    138,    142,    146,   147,    153, 
154,  155,  156,  209,  233. 
becomes  King  James  II,  I,  164. 


366 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Duke  of  York  confirms  the  sale 

of  the  Jerseys,  I,  159-160. 
"  Duke's  Laws,"  the,  I,  127. 
Dumont  family,  III,  C9. 
Dunham  family,  III,  6S. 
Dunlap,  William,  111,  C3,  268. 
Duplessis,  General,  II,  203. 
Dupui,  Samuel,  I,  378. 
Dutch,   the,   I,   351. 
and  Indians,  the,  I,  63-70. 
Calvinists,  the,  I,  345. 
church,   the,   I,  314,  345. 
in    the    New    World,    the,    I, 

105-119. 
Lutherans,  the,  I,  344. 
operations  in  New  Sweden,  I, 

87,  88,  89,  90,  91,  93-94,  98-99. 
patroonships,    creation    of,    I, 

109. 
Reformed  elements,  I,  422. 
rule  renewed,  I,  138-139. 
settlers,  III,  67,  68,  76. 
West  India  Company,  I,  87,  88, 
93,    105,    106,    307,    108,    109,    110, 
112,  113,  117,  126,  128. 
Duties  on  imports,  I,  419. 
Duyckinck,  John,  II,  S2. 
Dwellings,  early,  I,  194-196. 
Dye,  Theunis,  II,  33L 
Dyer  family,  III,  77. 

Lorenzo  D.,  IV,  229. 
"  Eagle,"   The  Capture   of,   III, 

98. 
Eakin,   Rev.   Samuel,  III,  62. 
Earl  of  Camden,  I,  268. 
of  Clarendon,  I,  213. 
of  Dartmouth,  I,  401. 
of  Perth,  I,  159,  1C2. 
Early  transportation,  I,  229-237. 
last  India  Company,  I,  105. 
1  ast   Jersey,    I,   154-171,   209,   210, 
211,   218,   219,    220,   230,   231,   243, 
244,    245,   254,   273,    282,    283,    2S7, 
291,   2GG,   29S,   307,   308,   309,   310, 
312.   321,   322,   323,   328,   336,   373, 
391;  II,  30.  47,  100,  134,  136;  III, 
339 
counties  In,  I,  2G3-264,  267. 
early  roads  in,  I,  230. 
formation  of,  I,  14S. 


East   Jersey-New    York   bound- 
ary line,  the,  I,  168. 
preparing  for  the  Revolution, 

II,  47-60. 
purchased    by    Penn    and    his 

associates,  I,  158-159. 
schools,  I,  351,  352. 
settlers  of,  I,  113,  175-181. 
East  Newark,  IV,  244. 
Orange,  IV,  249,  268. 
Eastern  Battalion  in  the  Revo- 
lution, II,  66,  82,  231. 
Easton,    I,    377,    378;    II,    226,    226, 
227. 
treaty  at,  I,  3S3,  336. 
Eaton   family,    III,    67. 
Eayre  family,  III,  64. 
Eayrestown,  I,  235;  III,  64. 

Ebelin,  ,  I,  253. 

Economic    conditions,    early,    I, 

220-225. 
Edgepelick,  I,  70;  III,  G5. 
Edict  of  Nantes,  Revocation  of, 

I,  179. 
Edsall,  Joseph  E.,  Ill,  281. 
Education,  I,  349-368;  IV,  291-301. 

of  women,  I,  196. 
Edwards,  Jonathan,  I,  359;   III, 
70. 
Jonathan,  Jr.,  I,  363. 
Eglington,  III,  67. 
"  Effingham,"  the,  II,  185. 
Egg  Harbor,  I,  167,  168;  II,  319, 
338;  IV,  268. 
Township,    II,   75. 
Eldridge  family,  III,  60. 

John,  I,  153. 
Elections  provided  in  West  Jer- 
sey, I,  149-150. 
Elective  franchise,  the,  I,  219. 
Electric  railways,  IV,  350. 
Elizabeth,  I,  157,  178,  230,  263;  II, 
30,    51;    III,    104,    169,    171,    202, 
297,    309,    372;    IV,    56,    114,    127, 
152,  217,  263-265,  277. 
barracks,  I,  384. 
River,   II,  204. 
Ellzabethport,  I,  230;  II,  234;  IV, 
66.  349. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


307 


Blizabethtown,    I,    133,    135,    136, 
137,   139,   140,   154,   155,   156,   170, 
178,   193,   230,   236,   252,   263,   271, 
274,   294,   296,   321,   325,   331,   332, 
35S,   361;  II,  31,  51,  52,   53,   58, 
C6,  67,  70,  71,  92,  97,  101,  110,  161, 
215,   216,   225,   235,   238,   239,   310, 
311,   338,    430,    440,    453;    III,   51, 
53,  70,  248,  315,  317,  320;  IV,  43, 
127,  233,  263. 
and  Somerville  Railroad  Com- 
pany, III,  208. 
Point,    I,   294;    II,   238,    239,    338; 
III,   134. 
Ellenburgh,  I,  148. 
Ellis,  Colonel,  II,  184. 

Joseph,  II,  82,  414. 
Elmer,  Daniel,  III,  2S0. 
Ebenezer,  II,  415;  III,  52,  107. 
Eli,  II.  440. 
family,  III,  61. 
General,  III,  105,  108. 
Jonathan,  II,  239;  III,  26,  152. 
Lucius  Q.  C,  III,  178,  292. 
Theophilus,  II,  69,  412. 
Elsingboro  Point,  I,  95. 
Ely,  Addison,  IV,  229. 

family.  III,  65. 
Emley,  Eugene,  IV,  156. 
Emott,  James,  I,  307. 
Encampment   at   Bound   Brook, 
II,  165. 
at  Morristown,  II,  159-166. 
End  of  Dutch  rule,  I,  126-127. 
Englewood,   II,  330. 
English  Calvinists,  the,  I,  351. 
coins,   value  of,   I,   245. 
conquest,  the,  I,  123-142. 
driven  from  vicinity  of  Phila- 
delphia, I,  91. 
landing  of,  II,  128. 
rule  renewed,  I,  141-142. 
Englishtown,  II,  210. 
Episcopal    Church,    the,    I,    344, 

345,  346;  II,  30. 
Equipment     of     troops     in     the 

Revolution,  II,  77-78. 
"  Era    of    Good    Feeling,"   III, 

161. 
Erie  Railroad,  IV.  115,  128,  349. 


Eriwonecks,  the,  I,  82. 
Esopus,   I,  127. 

Indians,  I,  112. 
Essex  County,  I,  59,  263,  267,  268, 
274,   343,   344,    356,    37S,    400,    408, 
409,  421;  II,  48,  50,  51,  52,  56,  73, 
96,    116,    2C0,    439,    440;    III,    87, 
103,    105,    106,   254,    255,    269,    270, 
2S0,  296;  IV,  33.  41,  45,  118,  273, 
274,  276,  277,  278,  279,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  263. 
in    Provisional    Congress,    II, 

105,  109. 
militia,  II,  75,  7S,  79,  80,  81,  82, 
S3,  84. 
Estelville,  III,  251. 
"  Eunienes,"  III,  261. 
Evacuation   of   New   Jersey   by 
the  British,  II,  169. 
of  New   York   by   the   Ameri- 
cans,   II,  129. 
Evans,   Nathaniel,   II,  277. 
Evelin,  Robert,   I,  76,  80. 
Evertsen,  Cornelius,  I,  13S,  139. 
Everett,"  John,  IV,  55. 
Evesham,  IV,  47. 

Township,  I,  275. 
Evidences  of  paleolithic  man,  I, 

30-50. 
Ewing,  Charles,  III,  220;  IV,  293. 
General,  II,  144,  145,  151. 
James,  III,  liy. 
William  B.,  Ill,  280. 
Examinations  for  the  bar,  I,  31L 
Excise  tax,  I,  297. 
Exporting  of  goods   prohibited, 

II,  57. 
Eyre,  Richard,  II,  243. 

Fagan,   ,   II,  94. 

Fairfield,  III,  61,  220,  255. 
Fairmount,  IV,  249. 
Falkinburg  family,  III,  60. 
Family  life  in  the  colony,  I,  193- 
199. 
relations,    Indian,   I,   59. 
Farewell      Address,      Washing- 
ton's, II,  269. 
Farlee,  Isaac,  J.,  Ill,  390. 
Farmer,   Captain,  I,  373. 
p-erdinand,   III,  319. 


368 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Farmers'     Journal    and     Newton 

Advertiser,  III.  55. 
Farm  life,  early,  I,  193-199. 
Farms,  IV,  317-3^7. 
Farnsworth,  Thomas,  III,  229. 
Farnum,  IV,  294. 
Fauna  of  the  Delaware  Valley, 

I,  31,  32. 

Federal  coinage,  I,  253. 
constitution    (see   also   Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States), 

II,  385-405;  IV,  95-105. 
Federalists,  II,  240;  111,  25-41,  84, 

88,  153,  159,  386. 
Fennimore,    John    W.,    Ill,    391, 

397. 
Fenwick,    John,    I,    145,    146,   147, 

148,  153,   159,   168-169. 
Ferguson,  Patrick,  II,  320. 
Fermoy,  General,  II,  154. 
Fernow,  Berthold,  I,  106,  110. 
Ferrago,  III,  252. 
Ferrell,  Thomas  N.,  IV,  200. 
Ferries,  III,  62,  190;  IV,  126,  233. 
Ferromont,  IV,  313. 
Ferry,  George  J.,  IV,  143. 
Fertilizers,   early,   I,   198. 
Field,  Richard  S.,  Ill,  281. 
Fifth   Battalion   in   the   Revolu- 
tion,  II,  73. 
Financial    systems,    colonial,    I, 

24;',-259. 
Fines    for    drunkenness,    I,    296- 

299. 
Finley,  Rev.  Dr.,  Ill,  69. 

Samuel,  I,  362. 
Finn  immigration,  I,  91. 
Fires,  forest,  I,  282,  233. 
First  Assembly,  the,  I,  135. 
Battalion    in    the    Revolution, 

II,  66,  67,  6S,  69,  82,  99. 
chief  justice,  I,  309. 
class  of  Princeton  College,  I, 

361-363. 
election  of  a  governor,  II,  119. 
Establishment,      New      Jersey 

line,  II,  66,  67,  69,  70. 
governor    of    New    Jersey,    I, 

132. 
Indian  reservation,  I,  70. 


First  lawyer  in  New  Jersey,  I, 
313. 

Legislature,  the,  I,  152. 

medical  school   in  America,  I, 
302. 

Provisional  Congress,  II,  105. 

school  in  New  Jersey,  I,  349-350. 
Fish,   Benjamin,  III,  197,  373. 
Fisher,  Hendrick,  I,  400;  II,  105, 

109. 
Fishing  interests,   I,  205-206,  28L 

287-288. 
Fishkill,  II,  215. 
Fisk,  James,  IV,  129. 
Fitch,  John,  III,  127-130,  135. 
Fithian,  family,  III,  61. 

Philip  Vicars,  I,  363. 
Fitzrandolph  family.  Ill,  68. 
Five  Mile  Beach,  I,  280. 

Mile  Run,  II,  154. 
Fleming  family,  III,  69. 

Jacob,  II,  247. 
Flcmington,  II,  332;  III,  69,  317; 

IV,  90,  135.  285. 
Flemming,  John,  II,  156. 
Flint,  discovery  of,  II.  118. 
"  Floreat  Rex,"  I,  247. 
Force,  Menning,  III,  3?9. 
Flying  Camp,  the,  II,  80.  123,  14t 
Ford,  Henry  A.,  Ill,  383,  390. 

house,  the,  II,  231,  233. 

Jacob,  Jr.,  II,  82,  83,  231. 
Forests,  original,  I,  281-288. 
Forked  River,  III,  321. 
Forman,  David,  II,  250:  III,  66. 

General,  II,  73,  205. 

Jonathan,  II,  224,  440. 

Samuel,  II,  81. 
Fornet,  Cornelius,  IV,  85. 
Forrest,  Thomas,  II,  147. 
Fort  Amsterdam,  I,  116. 

Beversrede,  I,  110. 

Casimir,  I,  94,  112. 

Altena,  I,  112. 

Christina,  I,  89,  112. 

Clinton,  III,  104. 

Dayton,  II,  68. 

Dunuesne,  I,  379,  380,  381. 

Edward,  I,  379,  384. 

Fish,  III,  104. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


;G9 


Fort,  George  F.,  Ill,  2S1,  390,  391. 
Hancock,  IV,  220,  222. 
Independence,  II,  170. 
Hope,  I,  109. 
James,  I,  139. 
John    Franklin,   IV,   156. 
Lee,    II,    130,    132,    133,    134,    292, 

312,  338;  III,  20S. 
Mercer,  II,  172,  174,  33S;  defense 

of,  II,  189-200. 
Mifflin,   II,  172,  174.  1S9,  191,  192, 

197,  198. 
Nassau,  I,  89,  90,  92,  94,  106,  110; 

II,  189. 
Necessity,  I,  376. 
New  Amstel,  I,  112. 
New  Gottenburg,  I,  93. 
Nya  Elfsborg,  I,  93,  95. 
Orange.  I,  106,  107,  J10. 
Schuyler,  II,  98. 
Ticonderoga.  I,  379,  380,  382. 
Washington,  II,  130-131,  133. 
William  Henry,  I,  379,  381. 
Fossiliferous  deposits,  I,  42. 
Foster,  Jeremiah  T.,  Ill,  108. 
Fourth  Battalion  in  the  Revolu- 
tion, II,  70,  71. 
Fowler,  Samuel,  III,  217;  IV,  84. 
Fox  Chase  Tavern,  II,  148. 

George,  I,  145,  164. 
France,  England's  wars  with,  1, 
371-3S5. 
treaty  with,  II,  179.  203. 
Francine,  Louis  R.,  IV,  83. 
Franklin,    Benjamin,    I,   196,   396, 
399,    407,    417;    II,    33,    215,    217, 
236,  340,  344. 
Joseph,  III,  395. 
Park,  I,  410. 
Mrs.  William,  II,  117. 
Township,  I,  243. 
William.  I,  220,  356-357,  389,  396, 
399-411,   417.   418;    II.   30,   91,   94, 
95,  128,  136,  249,  302;  III,  64,  190, 
343. 
William  Temple,  I,  399;  II,  340. 
Fraser,  John  D.,  IV.  228. 
Fraunce,  Samuel.  II.  350. 
Fredericksburg,  II,  215,  216. 
Free  schools,  I,  351. 

[Vol.  4] 


Freehold,    I,   23fi,   275,   345;    II.   48, 
55,  £06,  226,  339,  411;  III,  G6,  106; 
TV.  90.  112,  135,  285,  299. 
Township,   II,   48. 
Freeholders'   meetings,   II,   47-49, 

51,  52. 
Freeman  family,  III,  68. 
Frelirfhuysen,  III,  33;  IV,  294. 
Frederick,  I,  363;  II,  S3,  105,  205, 

414,  439,   III,  69;   IV,  156. 
Frederick,  T.,  Ill,  395;  IV,  97, 

162. 
John,  III,  69. 
John  W ,  III,  106,  107. 
Theodore,   III,  387. 
French  alliance,  the,  II,  218. 
and  Indian  Wars,  I,  65,  70,  340, 
375-385,    395,    405,    408,    415,    417; 
II,  29.  97. 
family.  III,  60. 
fleet,  arrival  of,  II,  211. 
Huguenots,  II,  33. 
immigration,  I,  179-181. 
minister,  arrival  of,  II,  221. 
Philip,  III,  68. 
privateers,  I,  371,  374. 
Samuel   G.,  Ill,  356,  358. 
settlers,  III,  64,  67,  70. 
Freneau,    Philip,    I,    3«3;    II,    283, 

2S7;  III,  32,  67. 
Friends        see        Society        of 

Friends. 
Friends  of  Liberty,  II.  106. 
Fries,  Claude  S.,  IV,  229. 
Friesburg,  III,  62. 
"  Frog  War,"  The,  IV.  129. 
Fugitive  slave  law,  IV,  51. 
Fulton,  Robert,  Til,  130. 
Fund,  school,  I,  353. 
"Fundamental  Agreement,"  the, 
I,  134. 
Constitutions,    the,    I,    160-162, 

310,  321,  322,  323. 
Laws  of  West  Jersey,  I,  68. 
Furnishings,    colonial,    I,    195-196. 
Furniture,  early,  I,  2S6. 
Gage,  Thomas,  II.  57,  115. 
Gaine,   Hugh,  III,  54. 
Galloway,  Joseph,  II,  143. 
Galloway's,  II,  171. 


370 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Game,  early,  I.  2S6-287. 
Gardner,  John  J.f  IV,  148.  190. 

Thomas,  I,  307. 
Garrison.  ,  I,  339. 

family,  III,  61,  62. 
Gates,   Horalio,  II,  143,  222. 
Gaudry,  Albert,  I,  47. 
Gaunt   family,   III,  60. 
Gazette,  New  Jersey,  I,  365. 
Gazette,  New  York,  I,  233. 
General    Assembly,    the,    I,    150, 
163. 

Congress,  the,  II,  115. 

sessions  courts,  I,  314. 
Genet,  E.  C.,  Ill,  34. 
Genius  of  Liberty,  The,  III,  53, 

55. 
Geology   of   New    Jersey,    I,   30. 

33-50;  IV,  303-313. 
George  I,  I,  390,  391,  400. 
George  II,  I,  411;  II,  277. 
George    III,    I,    404;    II,    49,    106, 

152,  179,  194. 
Gerard,   M.,   II,  221. 
Germain,    Lord   George,   II,   152, 

203. 
German  Flats,  II,  68,  222. 

Lutherans,  the,  I,  344. 

palatinates,   II,  33. 

Presbyterians,  the,  I,  344. 

settlers,  III,  62,  318. 

Theological  School,  IV,  300. 

troops,  the,  II,  130. 

Valley,  III,  170. 
Germantown,    II,   70,   173. 
Gerrymander  of  1812,   III,  87. 
Gibbons,  Thomas,  III,  135. 
Gibbs,  Waldo  E.,  IV.  229. 
Gibson,  Samuel,  I,  299. 

William,  I,  159. 
Gifford  Tavern,  III,  74. 

William,  II,  224. 
Giichrist,    Robert,    III,    280;    IV, 

142. 
Gill  family,  III.  67. 
Girard.  Stephen,  III,  64,  100,  193, 

228. 
Glacial  period,  I,  31,  36-40,  43-47, 
49. 


Glass   Industry,   III,   62,  2-19,  251, 

IV,  340. 
Glassboro,  III.  251;  IV.  13i>. 
Gloucester,    I.    167.    2?S,    246,    307, 
332,    344,    383;    II,    174,    203;    IV, 
151.  268. 
Gloucester  County,  I,  f<6,  101,  231, 
266,    267,    268,    279,    282,    285,    297. 
343,  400;   II,  31,  94.  1S4.  1S9,  261, 
311,    453.    454;    III,    62,    88.    105, 
108.    109.    168,    195,    251,    254,   27", 
280,    292.    295,    317;    IV,    41,    113, 
273,   274,    276,   278,   280,    281,   320, 
323. 
creation  of,  1,  265. 
in     Provisional    Congress,     II, 

105,  109. 
militia,  II.  75,  76,  80,  81.  82,  84. 
Gloucester    Fox    Hunting    Club, 

III,  63. 
Gloucester  Point,  IT,  174,  184. 
Glover,  General,  II,  198. 
Gnadenhutten  burned,  I,  378. 
Goadsby,  Thomas,  I,  250,  251,  252. 
Goble,  Luther,  IV,  20$. 
Godets  family,  HI,  71. 
Godyn,  Samuel,  I,  108. 
Goesser,  Henry  R.,  IV,  228. 
Golden  family.  III,  60. 
Good  Intent,  III,  254. 

Luck,   III,  321. 
Gordon,  Charles,  III,  102. 
Robert,  I,  159. 
Thomas  F.,   Ill,  169. 
Gordon's     "  Gazetteer    of    New 

Jersey."  IV,  40. 
Gorgas.  William  C,  IV,  218. 
Gould.  Jay,  IV,  132. 
Gouldtown.  IV,  47.  57. 
Gouverneur,    Abraham,    IV,   246. 

Nicholas,  IV,  246. 
Government,      instructions     for, 
by  Queen  Anne,  I,  217-220. 
lodged  in  the  Provisional  Con- 
gress,  II,  113. 
of  the  State  perfected,  II,  113. 
of  East  Jersey,   I,  154-171. 
of  New   Netheiiand,   I,   111-119. 
right  of,  by  deed,  I,  209.  211. 
of  West  Jersey,  I,  145-154. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


371 


Governor,  the  first,  I,  132. 
Council  and  Assembly,  the,  I, 

217-225. 
first  election  of,  II,  119, 
Governors,    royal,    the    last,    I, 

3^9-396,  399-411. 
Governor's  Island,  II,  127. 
Graduates  of  Princeton  College, 

early,  I,  363. 
Graham,  William,  I,  362. 
Grand  jury,  the,  I,  315:  II,  50-51. 
Grandin's  Bridge,  III,  177. 
Grant,  General,  II,  144,  164. 
Grant  of  James  to  Berkeley  and 
Carteret,  I,  129-131. 
of  West  Jersey  by  the  Duke  of 
York,  I,  153. 
"  Grants  and  Concessions,"  the, 

I,  170. 
"  Gravel-bed  "  implements,  I,  35. 

deposits,  I,  38-43. 
Gravelly  Point,  II,  247. 

Run,   IV,  282. 
Gravels,  Trenton,  I,  43-50. 
Graveyards,  church,  I,  346. 
Grazing,  early,  I,  280. 
Great  Egg  Harbor,  I,  266. 
Meadow,  III,  184. 
Seal    of   New    Jersey,    II,    283; 
III,  333-344. 
Green,  Ashbel,  I,  363. 
Bank,  II,  302;  III,  64,  129. 
family,  III,  66. 
Henry  W.,  Ill,  281. 
Jacob,  II.  257,  412. 
James  S  ,  III,  181,  3S3,  385. 
John  C,  IV,  299. 
Lake,  IV,  305. 
Pond  Mountains,  IV,  313. 
Robert  S.,  IV,  142,  182,  183. 
Greenback    movement,    IV,    117, 

176,  177. 
Greene,  Christopher,  II,  131,  192, 
193,  194,  19S,  199,  200. 
General,    II,    132,    149,    150,    1G2, 

175,  176,  179,  205,  20S,  219. 
Mrs.,  II,  219. 
Nathaniel,  II,  198. 
Greensburg,  IV,  312. 


Greenwich,    I,    332,    2X;    III,    63. 
255;    IV,  55. 
tea  party,  I,  422;    II,  29,  37-44. 
Township,  I,  276;  II,  109. 
Greenwood  Lake,  IV,  305. 
Gregory,  Dudley  S.,  Ill,  395,  39S; 

IV,  125,  143. 
Grenada  captured,  I,  3S5. 
Grey,    Samuel    H.,    IV,    142,    156. 
157. 
Sir  Charles,  II,  316. 
"  Griffin,"  arrival  of  the,  I,  146. 
Griffin,  Colonel,  II,  151. 
Griffith,  David,  II,  318. 

William,  III,  49,  155.  261. 
Griggs,  John  W.,  IV,  1S3,  189,  194 
Griggstown,  III,  182. 
Groom,  Peter,  I,  298. 
Groorce,  Samuel,  I,  15S,  325. 
Grover  family,  III,  67. 
James,  I,  177. 
Salty,  I,  177. 
Groveville,  III,  229. 
Growth  of  the  stage  wagon  and 

stage  boat  routes,  I,  234. 
Grubb,  Edward  Burd,  IV,  85,  87, 
183,  186. 
family,  III,  68. 
Guerrilla  warfare,  II,  93. 
Guisebertson,  William,  II,  122. 
Gulf  Mill,  II,  175. 
Gum  arable,  I,  285. 
Gummere,  Barker,  IV,  148. 
Gustin  family.  III,  77. 
Guttenberg,  II,  325;    IV,  151,  244. 
Habersham,  James,  II,  102. 
Hackensack,   I,   236,   274,   364;    II, 
55.  96,  132,  313,  330,  339;    III,  75, 
106,  171,  172,   191,  318,  322;    IV, 
45,  233,  2S4,  2S7,  321. 
Meadows,  III,  117;    IV,  128. 
River,  I,  230,  263.  274;    II,  93,  133, 
310,  316;    III,  207;    IV,  136,  2-14, 
312. 
Township,  I,  274. 
Valley,  the,  II,  30. 
Hackett,  Michael,  I,  299. 

Samuel,  III,  77. 
Hackettstown,  I,  236;  II,  332;  IIT, 
77,  184,  263;    IV,  300. 


372 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Haddon  family,  III,  63. 
Haddon  field,    I,   303;     II,   121,  151, 
184,   193,   197,   198,   205;     III.   62, 
313,  337. 
Haight.  Charles,  IV,  170,  172. 

Thomas  G.,  Ill,  281,  389. 
Haines,  Daniel,  III,  279.  385,  389. 
Hale,  Nathan,  II,  163. 
Haledon,  IV.  312. 
"  Half  Moon,"  the,  I,  105-106,  113. 
Hall  family,  III,  62. 
Halsey  family,  III,  76. 

George  A.,  IV,  146,  172,  183. 

Jacob,  III,  54. 

"William,  IV,  239. 
Halstead,  William,  III,  329. 
Halstead's  Point,  II,  339. 
Halsted,  Oliver  S.,  Ill,  280. 

William,  III,  181;    IV,  84. 
Halsted's  Cavalry,  IV,  84. 
Hamburg,  III,  170,  172,  253,  372. 
Hamilton,  ,  I,  374. 

Alexander,  II,  116,  147,  398;  III, 
30,  31,  40,  70,  157;  IV,  234,  237, 
250. 

Andrew,  I.  166,  167,  392;   HI,  340. 

-Burr  duel,  III,  156. 

College,  I,  362. 

Fowler,  III,  356. 

John,  I,  395. 

Morris  R.,  Ill,  236. 

Samuel  R.,  Ill,  383. 
Hammell,  John,  11,  97. 
Hammond,  Captain,  II.  190,  191. 
Hammonton,  III,  251. 
Hampton  Sidney  College,  I,  362. 
Hance,  Monsieur,  I,  180. 
Hancock  family,  III,  62. 

Judge,  II,  1S2. 
Hancock's  Bridge,  II,  1S2-184,  339. 
Hand.  Colonel,  II,  181,  182. 

Edward,  II,  223. 
Handley,  George,  IV,  228. 
Handy,  Captain  Levin,  II,  325. 
Hanover,  I,  %3;    II,  257,  412;    HI, 
76,  249,  255. 


Hanover  Township,  II,  54,  96. 
Harcourt,  Colonel,  II,  142. 
Hardenberg,   Augustus,   IV,  176, 
176. 

Augustus  A.,  IV,  177. 
Hardenbergh,  Cornelius  L.,  HI, 

3S0. 
Hardiston,  III,  253. 
Hardwick,  III,  77. 
Hardy,  Governor,  IV,  29. 

Josiah,  I,  396. 
Haring,  Cornelius  A.,  H,  316. 

family,  II,  317. 
Harker  family,  III,  77. 
Harlem  Heights,  II,  130. 
Harmony,  III,  253. 
Harris,  Ephraim,  III,  334. 

family,  III,  61. 
Harrison,  IV,  244. 

Benjamin,  II,  217,  431. 

Charles,  II,  97. 

Francis,  III,  357. 

George,  I,  272. 

Joseph,  I,  272. 
rfarsimus  Bay,  IV,  235. 
Hart  family,  III,  65. 

John,  II,  113,  114. 

Thomas,  I,  158. 
Hartley,  D.,  II,  344. 
Hartmann,  Carl  F.,  rv,  223,  2». 
Hartshorn,  Hugh,  I,  lf>9. 
Hartshorne  family,  III,  67. 
Hasbrouck,  A.  Bruyn,  III,  285. 

Institute,  IV,  298. 
Haskell,  Llewellyn  S.,  IV,  249. 
Hatch,  William  B.,  IV,  82. 
Hatfield.  Cornelius,  Jr..  II,  97. 

family.  III,  74. 

James  T.,  IV,  83. 
Hatton,  John,  I,  418. 
Haugevort,  Gerardus,  III,  75. 
Havana,  I,  385. 
Haverstraw,  I,  236;    II,  211. 
Hay,  Andrew  K.,  Ill,  398. 
Hayes,  Samuel,  II,  Si. 
Haywood,  Joel,  III,  392. 
Hazel  wood.  Commodore,  II,  174, 

191,  192,  197. 
Hnzen,  General,  II,  215. 

Moses,  II,  73. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


373 


Hazlet,  John,  II,  156. 

Heard,  Nathaniel,  I,  409,  410;    II, 

79,  SO,  82,  97. 
Heathcote  Brook,  III,  178,  181. 
Hebrews,  the,  I,  288. 
Heckman,  Charles  A.,  IV,  83. 
Hadden,  Dr.,  II,  97. 
Helm,  family,  III,  63. 
Helrnes,  William,  II,  221. 
Henderson,  Thomas,  III,  68. 
Hendrickson,     Charles    B.,    IV, 

177,  182. 
Hendry,  Samuel,  II,  224. 
Henry,  Earl  of  Stirling,  I,  125. 

Professor,  IV,  287. 
Herring,  Thomas  H  ,  III,  399. 
Hessian  road,  the,  II,  194. 

run,  II,  194. 
Hessians,  the,  II,  91.  128,  137,  143, 

149,    150,    151,    152-153.    173,    179, 

182,   189,   193,   194,    IPS,   196,   197, 

198,  199,  205,  209,  257. 
at  Trenton,  II,  144. 
Heston,  Alfred  M.,  II,  189. 
Hewitt,  Faith,  I,  177. 

family,  III,  60. 
Hexamer,  William,  IV,  88. 
Heyssen,  Peter,  I,  10S. 
Heywood,  John,  I,  159. 
Hibbler,  Samuel,  III,  281. 
Hicksites,  III,  311-314,  3S0. 
Higbee,  Joseph,  II,  353. 
High  Point,  IV,  304. 
Highland  Light  House,  II,  247. 
Highlands,  the,  I,  136,    II,  66,  132, 

221;    III,  96,  105,  106. 
Hightstown,  III,  201,  316;   IV,  134, 

299. 
Highwaymen,  I,  235. 
Highways,   early,   I,  230-231,  235- 

237. 
Hill,  John,  IV,  174,  177. 
Hilliard,   Henry,   III,  391. 
Hillsborough,  II,  59,  121,  389;  III, 

255. 
Hinchman,  John,  I,  400. 
Hlne,  Ertwin  W.,  IV,  228. 
Hires,  George,  IV,  156. 
Hlrsch,  Baron  de,  IV,  326. 


"  Historical    Collections    of    the 
State    of   New    Jersey,"    III, 
251. 
"  History     of     the     Colony     of 
Nova  Ctesarea  or  New   Jer- 
sey," I,  170-171. 
Hjorte  Creek,  I,  96. 
Ilobart,  Bishop,  II.  101. 

Garrett  A.,  IV.  194,  156. 
Hobocan-hackingh,    I,   113,   114. 
lioboken,   I,   113,  114,  116;   II,   76, 
310,   325;   III,   132,   171.   172,   191, 
193,   200,   371;   IV,   224,   22S,   234, 
244,  245. 
Academy,  IV,  299. 
Hoffman  family,  III,  63. 
Hoffmann,    Joslah    Ogden,    IV, 

234. 
Hogg  Creek,  I,  148. 
Holcomb,  George,  III,  103,  178. 
Holdrum  family,  II,  317. 
Holland   in   the  New   World,   I, 

105-119. 
Hollanders,  the,  I,  349,  351;  II,  30. 
operations  of.   I,  87,  88,  89,  90, 
91,  93-94,  98-99. 
Holland's  claim  to  New  Jersey, 
I,  110. 
power  in  America,  decline  of, 

1,  116-119,  123. 
rule  renewed,  I,  138-139. 
Hollinshead,  John,  II,  224. 
Hollv  Beach,  IV,  267. 
Holme,  John,  II,  82. 
Holmes,  Asher,  II,  84.  85. 
Benjamin,  II,  180,  181. 
Daniel,  III,  281. 
family,  III,  61,  67. 
John,  II,  224. 
Joseph,  Jr.,  Ill,  334. 
Josiah,  II,  414. 
Thomas,  IV,  203. 
Homan's  Creek,  I,  276. 
Homes,  old,  III,  59-S1. 
Koopes,  Robert,  III,  77. 
Hope,    II,    334;    III,    77,    302;    IV, 

169. 
Hopewell,  II,  204;  III,  65,  316;  IV, 
311. 
Township,  I,  276;  II,  113. 


374 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Hopkins,  Elliott,  III,  55. 

George  F.,  Ill,  55. 
Hopkin«on   family,   III.   65. 
Francis,    II,    114,    185,    282,    355; 

III.  135.  335,  337. 
Joseph,  III,  49. 
Hopper,  John,  IV,  175,  182. 
Horn.  Benjamin,  II,  225. 
Hornblower,  Joseph  C,  III,  280, 
282,  2S3. 
Josiah,  III,  75. 
Hornerstown,  III,  321. 
Horse  thieves,  I,  23»5-237. 
Horsehead   coppers,    I,    250,    252- 

253,  25S. 
"  Horientius,"  II,  258,  280. 
Horton  family.  HI,  70. 
Hosset,  Gillis,  I,  108. 
Hough   family,   III,   65. 
Houghton,  Colonel  Joab,  in,  65. 
"House  of  the  Four  Chimneys." 

the,  HI,  75. 
Houses,  early,  I,  194-19C. 
Houston,    William   Churchill,    I, 
363;    II,   386,   393,   394,   401;   III, 
127. 
Howe,  Admiral,  II,  128,  135,  172. 
Bezaleel,  II,  268,  271. 
General.    II,    144,    160,    161,    163, 

164.  169,  171,  173,  177,  178. 
Lord,   II,  90,  91,  92,  93,  128,  129, 

131,  134,  135,  137,  160,  161,  174. 
John  M.,  II,  268. 
Richard,  II,  189. 
Robert,  II,  336. 

Sir    William,    II,    130,    174,    189, 
190.  198. 
Howell,  HI,  252. 
family,   III,  65. 
Joshua  L.,  Ill,  108. 
Major,  II,  184. 

Richard,    II,    428,    437,    4S8;    III, 
26,  33,  35,  40,  153. 
Howell's  Ferry,  II,  171. 
Howey,  Benjamin  F.,  IV,  181. 
Hubbell,  Algernon  S.,  IV,  143. 
Huddy,    Joshua,    II,    84,    99,    244- 

253;  III.  67. 
Hude.  Edward,  I,  211. 


Hudson   County,    I,   203;   III,   75, 
280;   IV,   112,   137,   148,   244,   269. 

275,  276,  277,  278,  279,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  268. 

Hudson,  Henry,  I,  105-106,  113. 
Hudson  River,   I,  32S,  349. 

military   operations  along,    II, 
231-240. 

struggle  for  the  control  of,  II, 
129-131. 
Hudson   Valley,   the,    I,   381;   II, 
66. 

sectlement  of,  I,  106-109. 
Hugg,  Samuel,  II,  83. 
Hughes,  Elijah,  II,  412. 

family,  III,  CO. 
Huguenots,  the,  I,  179-181;  n,  33. 
Hull.  Hopewell,  I,  178. 

Isaac,  III,  89. 
Hulmstead,  J.,  Ill,  181. 
Humphreys,  Colonel  David,  III, 

168. 
Hunt  family,  III,  77. 

Nathaniel,  II,  82. 

Abraham,  III,  230. 

Pearson,  III,  119. 

Stephen,  II,  80. 

Wilson  P.,  Ill,  65. 
Hunt's  Mills,  III,  70. 
Hunter,  Andrew,  II,  223. 

Robert,  I,  268,  389,  390-391;  HI, 
342. 
Hunterdon    County,    I,    267,    263. 

276,  301,  302,  343,  344,  378,  400. 
408,  409;  II,  48,  53.  93,  260,  410. 
412,  440;  III,  fS,  69,  87,  103,  105. 
106,  254,  255,  256,  264,  270.  272, 
280,  319;  IV,  32,  41,  273,  274,  275, 
278,  282.  320,  322. 

creation  of,  I,  267,  269. 

in     Provisional    Congress,     II, 
105,  109. 

last  royal  sheriff  of,  II,  96. 

militia,  II,  75.  80,  81.  82,  83. 
Hunting,  I,  281,  286-28S. 
Huston,  William,  HI,  55. 
Hutchinson  family,  III.  66. 
Hutton,  Thomas,  II.  US. 
Huyler.  John,  III.  391. 
Hyde,  Edward,  I,  124.  389. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


375 


Hyler,  Adam,  II,  250;  III,  68. 
Ice,  changes  caused  by,  I,  36-37. 

supplies,  early,  I,  197. 
Imlay  family,  III,  67. 

John,  II,  58. 
Imlay's  Town,  II,  57. 
Imlaystown,  III,  67. 
Implements,  Indian,  I,  29-50. 
Indentured  servants,  I,  202. 
Independence,  causes  of,  II,  29- 

34. 
Indian  campaigns,  II,  71,  222-228. 

implements,   I,  29-50. 

lands,  purchase  of,  I,  90-91,  94, 
107,  108. 

legislation,  I,  136. 

massacres,  I,  65,  377-378. 

massacre    of    Pavonia,    I,    115- 
116. 

mills,  I,  70. 

money,  I,  241-243. 

occupancy,  I,  29-50. 

settlements,  I,  Sl-82. 

slavery,  I,  199. 
Indians,  IV,  27. 

of  New  Jersey,  I,  53-71. 

war  with,    I,  375-385. 
Industries,  local,  I,  198-199. 
Influence  of  New  Sweden,  I,  95, 
97-101. 

of  the  Huguenots,  I,  181. 
Inglis,  Charles,  II,  97. 
Ingoldsby,  Richard,  I,  389-390. 
Inian's  Ferry.  I,  230;  III,  67. 
Inman  family,  III,  61. 
Inns,  early,  I,  291-303. 
Internal  troubles  in  the  colony, 

I,  112. 
Intoxication,  I,  295-303. 
Insane,    treatment    of    the,    III, 

291-297. 
Inspection,    committees    of,    II, 

52,    55,   57,    58. 
"  Instructions  "  of  Queen  Anne, 

I,  217-220. 
Invasion  of  Canada,  I,  374-375. 
Irish   Tenth,   I,  248. 
Iron    industry,    III.    67,    167,    252; 

IV,   310.   34.9. 
Irvine,  Commissary,  II,  161. 


Irving,   Washington,   III,  74,  75; 

IV,  246,  248. 
Irvington,   IV,   248. 
Islands   along    the    seashore,    I, 

279. 
in    the    Delaware,    ownership 

of,  I,  163. 
Isle  Plowden,  I,  75. 
Ivins,   Russell  II.,  IV,  125. 
Jackson,    Andrew,    and    the   era 

of   political   unrest,    III,   213- 

224. 
Joseph,  III,  103. 
Jacobs,  Henry,  III,  60. 
Jamaica,  I,  372,  373. 
James  I,  I,   125. 
James  II,   I,  164,  165,  166. 
James,  Duke  of  York,  I,  124,  125, 

12S,   129,  209. 
Earl  of  Perth,  I,  159. 
Jamesburg,    IV,    135,   320. 
Janeway,  Hugh  H.,  IV,  85. 
Jiques,  Moses,  Ilx,  26i. 
Jasper  implements,  I,  41. 
"  Java,"'   the,   II,   101. 
Jay,  John,  II,  279,  340,  344;  III,  30, 

36. 
Sarah,  II,  261. 
Jefferson,    Thomas,    I,    149;    III, 

32,  36,  38,  40. 
Jegou,  Peter,  I,  135,  298. 
Jenings,  Samuel,   I,  163,  164,  169, 

212,    213,   325. 
Jenny  Jump  Mountain,  IV,  313. 
"  Jersey,"   the,  III,  134. 
Jersey  Bank,  the.  III.  368. 
"  Jersey  Blues,"  the.  III.  106. 
Jersey   City,    I,  114,   115,   116,  236; 

II,  324,  339;  III,  75,  82,  171,  184, 

191,    202,    249,    252,    255,   297,    320, 

372;  IV,  56,  73,  125,  126,  127,  130, 

142,    146,    147,    148,    233-246,    275, 

346,  347,  34S. 
Heights,   I,  114. 
Jersey  coppers,  I,  250. 

turnpike.  III,  170. 
Jewelry  manufacture,  IV,  347. 
Jews,   Russian,    IV,  326. 
Jobes   family,    III,  77. 
"  John  Bull,"  the,  III,  19D. 


376 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


John,  Lord  Lovelace,  I,  3X9. 
Johnson,  Adolphus  J.,  IV,  81,  83. 

Eliphalet,  I,  272. 

John,  I,  379. 

John  Taylor,  IV,  129. 

Tublic  Library,  IV,  287. 

Robert  C,  IV,  83. 

Seth,  II,  225. 

Sir  William,  I,  3S0;  II,  222. 

Thomas  P.,  Ill,  17S. 

UzaJ,  II,  97;   III,  74. 

t>.  Tompkins,  IV,  57. 

William  M.,  IV,  199,  287. 
Johnston,  Colonel,  I,  382. 

Eupham,  I,  178. 

John,  1,  178. 
Johnstown,  II,  68. 
Jones,  John  H.,  Ill,  395. 
Jones,  Paul,  II,  166. 

Sir  William.  I,  154. 
Jouet  family,  III,  71. 
Journal    of    John    Woolman,    I, 

341-342. 
Judges,  county  court,  1,  219. 
Juet  (Hudson's  mate),  I,  113. 
Jumping  Point,  TI,  339. 
Jury  trials,  I,  151,  308,  314. 
Justice,  Joseph,  III,  337. 
Justices  of  the  peace,  I,  219. 

of  the   Supreme  Court,   I,  219, 
312-313. 
Kaighn  family,  III,  63. 
Kakeate,  II,  210. 
Karge,  Joseph,  IV,  86. 
Kay  family,  III,  63. 

Joseph,  IV,  229. 
Kean,  John,  Jr.,  IV,  156,  183,  186, 
1S9. 

Peter,  III,  178. 
Kearny,  IV,  211. 

Stephen  Watts,  III,  349. 
Keble,  John,  I,  286. 
Kechemeches,  the,  I,  S2. 
Keen  family,  III,  63. 

Gregory  B.,  I,  77,  SO,  95. 
Keith,  George,  I,  168. 

William,   II,  142,  143. 
Kemble,  Gouverneur,  IV,  246. 
Kempe,  John  Tabor,  II,  102. 
Kempshall,  Rev.  Dr.,  IV,  152. 


Kenderline,  John,  IV,  57. 
Kennedy,    Phineas    B.,    Ill,    281, 
881;    IV,   163. 
Robert  S.,  Ill,  ?81. 
"  Kent,"  arrival  of  the,  I,  152. 
Kester,  John  W.,  IV,  S4. 
Kieft,   William,   I,  78,  93,   110-111, 

112,  115. 
Kildorpy,  I,  81. 
Kille,  Joseph,  III,  329,  333. 
Kilpa  trick,  Judson,   IV,  105,  169, 

174. 
King  George's  War,  I,  373. 
King's  attorneys,   I,  307. 
College,  II,  102. 
Ferry,   II,  132,  210,  211,   216,  231, 

240. 
Highway,  the,  II,  193. 
Kingsbridge,  II,  77,  127. 
Kingston,    II,    121,    159,    205;    III, 

66,  182,  191,  203. 
Kingwood,  III,  316. 
Township,  II,  109. 
Kinkora,  IV,  134. 
Kinney,  Thomas  T.,  Ill,  103. 
Kinsey,  Charles,  III,  1S3. 

James,  I,  400;  II,  50;  III,  26. 
Kirkbride,  Colonel,  II.  186. 
Kirkland,   Samuel,  I,  S62. 
Kirkpatrick,  Andrew,  1,  363;  III, 
40,  154. 
Littleton,  III,  391. 
Kitchell.  Bethiah,  I,  178. 
family,  III,  76. 
William,  I,  178. 
William  M.,  IV,  307. 
Kittatinny  Mountain,  IV,  304. 

Valley,  IV,  304. 
"  Know     Nothing "     Movement, 

HI,  395. 
Knowlton,  III,  255. 

Minor,  III,  356. 
Knox,    General,   II,   150,   162,   216, 
218,  219. 
Henry,  II,  248;  III,  31. 
Knyph;.usen,    General,      II,    131, 

207,  SIC. 
Kollock,   Knox,   III,   53. 

Shepard,  III,  53,  54. 
Korten  Revier,  I,  95. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


377 


La  Rue,  Jaques,  I,  180. 
Lafayette,  I,  115;  IV,  312. 

Academy,  IV,  298. 

General,  II,  70,  171,  174,  179,  198, 
236,  237;  III,  70,  236. 
Laflower  family,  III,  6S. 
Laird,  Robert,  III,  2S1;  IV,  335. 
Lake    Hopatcong,    III,    170,    183; 

IV,  305. 
Lakes,  artificial,  I,  40. 
Lake  wood,  I,  288;  IV,  281. 
Lamb,  Charles,  I,  341. 

John,  II,  73. 
Lambert,  John,  III,  70,  156,  162. 

John  H.,  Ill,  281. 
Lambert  on.   II,  355,   426;   III,  68, 
178,  221,  256. 

George,  I,  90,  91. 
Lambertville,  II,  135,  144,  148,  171, 
204;  III,  70,  253;  IV,  89,  135,  268. 
Lancaster,  II,  173,  175. 
Land  grants  in  East  Jersey,  I, 
154-171. 

in  West  Jersey,  I,  145-154. 
Land  patents,  early,  I,  125. 
"  Land  Pilot,"  the,  II,  96. 
Land-pirates,  II,  94. 
Land  titles,  I,  209-210. 

adjustment  of,  I,  135. 

Indian,  I,  66-67. 
Landed  interests,  I,  194. 
Landing,  the,  I,  234. 
Landis,  Charles  K.,  Ill,  302;  IV. 

326. 
Lands,  school,  I,  351-352. 
Lanning  family,  III,  G5. 

William  H.,  IV,  156. 
Last  colonial  Assembly,  I,  406. 

of  the  Indians  in  New  Jersey, 
I,  70-71. 
Laumaster,  J.  Fred.  IV,  89. 
Laurens,  Henry,  II,  218,  340. 
Lawrence,  III,  66. 

Brook,  III,  178. 

EliFha,  II,  100. 

family,   III,  75. 

James,  II,  100,  101,  329;  III,  108, 
111-113. 

John,  II,  100,  116;  III,  74. 


Lawrence,  John  Brown,  II,  100. 

William  H.,  IV,  86. 
Lawrenceville,    II,    131,    154,    410; 

IV,  299. 
Lawry,    Gawen,    I,    116,    118,    149, 

153,  159,  160,  162,  206,  271. 
Laws  of  Berkeley  and  Carteret, 
I,  131-132. 
regarding  the  Indians,  I,  64-70. 
Lawyers,  I,  307-317. 
Le  Conte,  Pierre,  I,  180. 
Le  Fever,  Hyppolite,  I,  ISO,  299; 

HI,  62. 
Lead,  discovery  of,  II,  118. 
League  Island,  II,  189. 
Learning,  Aaron,  I,  170. 

family.  Ill,  59,  60. 
Leather  industry,  IV,  347. 
Leddel,  William,  II,  439. 
Leddle,  William,  I,  250,  251. 
Lee,  Benjamin  A.,  IV,  229. 
Benjamin  F.,  IV,  170. 
Charles,  II,  142,  204,  206,  207,  208. 
family.  III,  61. 
General,  II,  76,  131,  132,  142,  143, 

179,  221. 
Henry,  II,  239,  325. 
Joseph,  II,  98. 

"  Light  Horse  Harry."  II,  363. 
Richard  H.,  IV,  89. 
Thomas,   III,  101,  217. 
"  Lee's  Legion,"  II,  73. 
Leeds.   Ill,  109. 
Legislation,  first,  I,  135. 
creating     territorial     subdivi- 
sions, I,  263-276. 
financial,    I,   243-246,   248-259. 
for  war  with  the  French  and 
Indians,  I,  376-377,  379-380,  3S2. 
parliamentary,  I,  223-224. 
regarding    admissions    to    the 

bar,  I,  309-311. 
regarding   the    forests,    I,    2S2- 

284,  2S6-2SS. 
regarding    marriage    and    di- 
vorce, I,  321-328. 
regulating    early    taverns,     I, 

293-203. 
school,  I,  351-354. 


.>l 


8 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Legislature,    the,   I,  150,  152;   II, 
376;   III.  29,  81,  40,  S5,  118,  133, 
334.  3f»9;  IV,  29.  95,  99,  138,  142, 
145,  153,  156,  319. 
of  East  Jersey,  I,  151-155. 
and  Lord  Corn  bury.   I,  211-213. 
and  Governor  Franklin,  I,  399- 
411. 
Lehigh  Valley  Railroad,  IV,  349. 
Leisler,  Jacob,  IV,  24G. 
L'Enfant,  Major,  IV,  254. 
Lenni-Lenape.    the,    I,    55-71,    90, 

94,  97,  100,  379;  IV.  27. 
Leonard,  Nathaniel,  II,  224. 
Captain.  I,  374. 
Thomas,   II,  96. 
Leslie,  Captain,  II,  159. 

James,  II,  57. 
"  Levies  "  in  the  Revolution,  II, 

83. 
Lewis,  Fielding,  II,  240. 
Henry.  III.  69. 
Samuel,  III,  69. 
Liberties   of   the   people,   I,   399- 

411. 
Liberton  family,  III,  71. 
"  Liberty  Hall,"  II,  258,  261;  III. 
70,  71;  IV,  263. 
Party,  The,  IV,  39. 
Pole.  II,  316.  330. 
Licenses,  marriage,  I,  322-328. 
for  schoolmasters,   1,   356-357. 
for  vessel  masters,  II,  110. 
tavern,  I,  294-303. 
"  Life  Guard,"  the,  II,  74. 
Life  on  the  farm,  I,  196. 
Lifesaving    service,    I,    203;    rV, 

331-342. 
Lighthouse    at    Sandy   Hook,    I, 

203. 
Llmonite  deposits,  I,  35. 
Lincoln.  General,  II,  162,  314. 
Linden.  IV,  152. 
Lippincott  family,  I,  177. 
Freedom,  I,  177. 
Remembrance,  I,  177. 
Restore,  I,  177. 
Richard.  II.  99.  248.  253. 
Liquor  drinking,   I,  339. 
Liquors,  early,  I,  293. 


Literary  life  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, II,  277-295. 
Littell  Family,  III,  74. 
Little  Bridge,  II,  339. 
Egg  Harbor,  I,  148;  II,  319;  IV, 

339. 
Falls,  III,  172,  184. 
Henry  S.,  IV,  16S. 
Theodore,  IV,  169. 
York,   III,  255. 
Livingston,  Colonel,  II,  207. 
James,  II,  73. 
John  H.,  Ill,  50. 
Richard,  II.  247. 
Robert,  II,  328. 
Robert  R.,  Ill,  192. 
Sarah  Van  Brugh,  II,  261. 
William,   I,   170;   II.  50,  98.  Ill, 
120.    123,    166,   176,    183,   258,   278, 
304,   320,   327,    334,    313,   367,   393, 
400,  430;  III,  26,  28-29,  33,  70,  335; 
IV,  33,  259.  263. 
Llewellyn  Park,  IV,  249. 
Lloyd,  Bateman,  II,  224. 

Commandant,  I,  83. 
Local  industries.  I,  19S-199. 
Locomotive  industry,  IV,  348. 
Lodi.  Ill,  256;  IV.  244. 
"  Log  College,"   the,   I,   332,  359, 

360. 
London  Tenth,  the,  I,  265. 
Long  Beach.  I,  206,  280;  III,  61; 
IV,  331. 
Branch.   IV.  268. 
Island,    I,    125,   127,   409;   II,   68, 

78.  129,  210. 
Pond,  III,  319. 
Longstreet,  John,  II,  98. 
Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations, 
I,  249,  416;  IV,  29. 
Proprietors  of  New  Jersey,  I, 
129-132,    133,    134,    135,    136,    137, 
138.  270. 
Louis  XIV.  I,  179. 
Louisburg,  I,  373. 
Love  Family,  III,  61. 
Lovelace.  Francis,  I,  139,  141.  389. 
Low  Dutch  Church,   the,  I,  344, 

345. 
Lowe,  ,  II,  196. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


379 


Lowell,  James,  II,  176. 

Lower  Alloway's  Creek,  III,  62. 
Brigade,  the,  II,  81. 
Freehold  Township,  II,  48. 
Perm's  Neck,  III,  220. 

Lowrey  Family,  III,  70. 

Loyalist  regiments,  II,  89-102. 

Lucas,  Nicholas,  I,  146,  148,  149, 
153. 

Ludlam  family,  III,  60. 

Ludlow,  Benjamin,  III,  95. 
George  C,  IV,  156,  157,  176. 

Ludwig,  Mary,  II,  208. 

Lum  family,  III,  76. 

Lumbering  industry,  I,  284-285. 

Lundy  family,  III,  77. 

Lutherans,  the,  I,  344;  III,  318. 

Luzerne,  Chevalier  da  la,  II,  235. 

Lyon,  Joseph,  IV,  238. 

Lyons  Farms,  III,  316. 

"  Lyons  of  America,"  IV,  346. 

MacCulloch,  George  P.,  Ill,  182, 
183. 

Mackay,  John,  II,  82. 

Maclean,  John,  IV,  47. 

Macopin,   III,   320. 
Lake,  IV,  305. 

Macwhorter,  III,  74. 
Alexander,  I,  363. 

Madison,  III,  76,  106,  320. 
"  Dolly, '•  I,  303. 
James,  I,  363;  II,  287;  III,  38. 

Magaw,  Colonel,  II,  131. 

Magazines,  I,  365. 

"  Magna  Charter  of  New  Jer- 
sey," the,  I,  131. 

Magowan,  Frank  A.,  IV,  183,  186. 

Maidenhead,  I,  332;  II,  148,  15(5, 
410;  III,  66. 

Maillard,  Louis,  III,  238. 

Malaga,  III,  251. 

Malherbes  family,  III,  71. 

Manahawkin,  III,  31.":  IV.  331. 

Manasquan  Beach,  III,  178. 

Manchester,   TII,   252. 

Manganese  deposits,  I,  35. 

Manhattan  Island,  I.  76,  77.  108, 
107.  115,  139;  II,  127,  129,  130, 
131.  132.  134,  210. 

Mann,  Jacob,  III,  53,  54. 


Mannin,  Hephziabiah,  I,  178. 
Manning,  Captain,  I,  139. 

James,  I,  362. 
Mansfield   Township.   I,   275;   II, 
58. 

-Woodhouse  Township,  II,  109. 
Mantees  Creek,  I,  96. 
Manteses,  the,  I,  82. 
Mantinicunk  Island,  I,  352. 
Mantua  Creek,  I,  94,  96. 
Manufactures,    II,    377;    III,    139- 
147,    167,    245-257;    IV,    242,    248. 
250. 

restricted,  I,  223. 

Of  wampum,  I,  241-243. 
Marachonsicka,   I,  96. 
Marailles,  Don  Juan,  II,  221. 
Marcus  Hook,  II,  172. 
Maritime  interests,   I,  202-206. 
Markets   established,   I,   193;   II, 

59-60. 
Marksboro,  III,  254,  255. 
Marl  industry,  I,  198-199;  IV,  112. 
Marlton,  IV,  134. 
Marriage  and  divorce,  I,  321-328. 

Indian,  I,  59. 
Marriner,  Captain.  Ill,  68. 
Marsh.  Comfort,  I,  178. 

Ellston,  IV,  169. 

Ephraim,  III,  281,  395,  398;  IV, 
132. 

Ephraim,  Jr.,  II,  327. 

family.  III,  74. 

Samuel,  I,  178. 
Marshall,  James  W.,  IV,  61. 
Marshallville,  III,  251. 
Martha,  III,  252. 
Martin,  Colonel,  II,  US. 

Ephraim,  II,  69,  80,  83. 

Luther,  I,  363. 
Martine,  James  E.,  IV,  200. 
Martineau,   Harriet,    II,    451. 
Martinico  captured,  I,  385. 
Mary  Ann,  III,  252. 
Maskell  Family,  III,  61. 
Mason,  John,  IV,  55. 
Masonic  Order,  II,  218 
Masquenetcunk,    II,    225. 
Massacre,  Indian,  I.  377-378. 

of  Pavonia,  I,  115-116. 


380 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Matawan,  II,  200. 
Mather,  John  A.,  Jr.,  IV,  229. 
Matlnlconk  Island,  I,  153. 
Matlack  family,  III,  C2,  C3. 
Matlock,  Timothy.  II,  31. 
Mauauit,  M.  du  Plessis,  II,  19C. 
Maurice  River,  I,  95,  100,  101,  167, 

235;  III,  82. 
Township,  I,  2C6. 
Maverick,  Samuel,  I,  125. 
Mawhood,    Charles,    II,   155,   180, 

181,  182,  183. 
Colonel,  II,  165,  184. 
Maxen,  John,  IV,  335. 
Maxwell,    General,    II,    161,    164, 

172,  173,  204,  205,  300. 
John  P.  B.,  Ill,  329. 
William,   II,   66,  70,   82,  101,   178, 

223,  226. 
"  Maxwell's  Brigade,"  II,  70. 
May  family,  III,  59. 

John,  IV,  284. 
May's  Landing,  III,  256;  IV,  284. 
McAden,   Hugh,  I,  362. 
McAfee  Valley,  IV,  313. 
McAllister,  Robert,  IV,  83. 
McCarter,    Thomas   N.,   IV,   174. 
McCartyville,  III,  255. 
McChesney,  Charles  G.,  Ill,  292. 
McClellan,    George    B.,    IV,    76, 

165,  175. 
McConkey's  Perry  (see  also  Mc- 

Konkey's  Ferry),  II,  145. 
McCormick,  John  D.,  Ill,  319. 
McCullough,   William,   III,  77. 
McDermott,  Allan  L,.,  IV,  156. 
McDonald,   William  K.,   Ill,  398. 
McDowell,  David,  III,  357. 
McGill,  Alexander  T.,  IV,  191. 
McGregor,  John,  IV,  175,  182. 
Mcllvaine,   Joseph,   HI,  160,  161, 

181. 
McKean,  Thomas  S.,  IV,  148. 
McKenzie,  Alexander,   III,  52. 
McKnight,  William,  III,  197. 
McKonkey's   Ferry,    II,   145,   150, 

153. 
McLain,  George  W.,  IV,  82. 
McLane,  Allen  H.,  325. 
McMahon,  Joseph  H.,  IV,  228. 


McMaster,  John  Bach,  I,  223. 
McMillan,  John,  I,  362. 
McWhorter,    Alexander   C,    TV, 

239. 
Mead.  Giles,  II,  224. 
Medal  of  the  Albion  Knights,  I. 

78-79. 
Meddaugh  family,  III,  77. 
Medford,  HI,  372;  IV,  134,  346. 
"  Medicine  man,"  the,  I,  61. 
Meeker  family,  III,  74. 
Meeting  houses,  I,  343-345. 
Mehelm,  II,  414. 

John,  I,  400;  II,  82,  109. 
Mellick,  Andrew  D.,  IV,  44. 
"  Memorials  "    to    the    King,    I, 

209.  211. 
Mendham,  I,  236;  III,  76,  170,  254. 

Township,  II,  118. 
Mendil,  George  W.,  IV,  85-86. 
Mercer    and    Somerset    County 

Railroad,  IV,  134. 
Mercer  County,  III,  281,  297;  rv, 

269,  276,  277,  280,  281,  311,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  268. 

Mercer,  Hugh,  I,  268;  II,  128,  144, 

148,   154,   155,    156,   190,   191,   323. 
Mercury,  New  York,  I,  331. 
"  Merlin,"  the,  II,  195,  197. 
Mershon  family,  III,  65. 

George,  III,  55. 
Methodists,    the,    I,   331,   334;   II, 

101,  456;  III,  45-48,  316;  IV,  47. 
Metuchen,  I,  236;  II,  169;  HI,  171; 

IV,  56. 
Mew,  Richard,  I,  15S. 
Mexican  War,  III,  347-358. 
Mey,   Cornelis   Jacobsen,   I,   106, 

268. 
Miami  Indian  raid,  IT.  443. 
Michaux,  Andr<§,  IV.  318. 
Mickle,  Isaac  W.t  III,  357. 

John  W..  Ill,  280. 
Middle  Brigade,  the,  II,  81. 
Middlebrook,  II,  163,  215,  216,  221. 
Middlesex  County,  I,  263,  264,  267, 

268,   274,   276,   343,   344,    378,   400; 

II,  48,  52,  66,  260,  439,  440;  III, 

87,    103,    104,    105,    106,    168,    269, 

270,  281,  296,  330;  IV,  32,  41. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


381 


Middlesex   County,    IV,   273,   274, 

275,  276,  277,  278,  279,  309,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  263. 
in  the  Provisional  Congress,  II, 

105,  109. 
militia,  II,  75,  7S,  SO,  SI,  82,  84, 

85. 
Middietown,   I,  133,   135,   136,  140, 

154,   156,   178,   234,   236,   271,   274, 

275,    294;    II,    97,    165,    206,    207, 

209,   339,  412;  III,   316;   IV,  283. 
Neck,  II,  310. 
Point,  III,  104,  106,  372. 
Mifflin,  General,  II,  152,  153,  176. 
Major,  II,  165 
Thomas,  II,  76. 
Miltord,  III,  169,  170;  IV,  313. 
Military   Journal,    Thacher's,    II, 

233. 
Militia    in    the    Revolution,    II, 

74-77,  78,  79,  80,  81-84,  161,  162. 
organized,  II,  56,  57,  58-59. 
Milledge,  Thomas,  II,  96. 
Milledoler,  Philip,  III.  204. 
Miller  family,  III,  76. 

Matthew,  Jr.,  IV,  81. 
Millham,  IV,  264. 
Millstone,  II,  155,  159,  339;  III,  69, 

182. 
River,  II,  266;  III,  177. 
Millville,  I,  288;  III,  251,  252,  330, 

331;  IV,  135,  268,  278. 
Mincock  Island,  II,  339. 
Mingerode,  General,  II,  197. 
Miring,  Indian,  I,  33. 
Ministers    as    schoolmasters,    I, 

350. 
Minnisink,  I,  167;  II,  339. 
Minors,  marriage  of,  I,  326-327. 
"  Minsi  "  Indians,  I,  63. 
Mint,  Philadelphia,  I,  259. 
Mints,  colonial,  I,  252. 
Minuit,    Feter,   I,   89-90,   107,   108, 

109. 
Minutemen,  organization  of,  II, 

75,  76,  77,  79. 
"  Mischianza,"  the,  II,  178,  179. 
Missionary     work     among     the 

Indians,  I,  62-64,  70. 
"  Missouri  Compromise,"  III,  69. 


Mitchell,   Alexander,   II,  224. 

Henry,  IV,  156 
"  Model   of  tne   Government   of 
the    Province    of    East    New 
Jersey  in  America,"  I,  1G9. 
Mohawk  Indians,   the,  I,  116. 
Mohegans,  the,  I,  70. 
Moleson  family,  III,  68. 
Mompesson,  Roger,  I,  309. 
Money,  colonial,  I,  221,  223. 
paper,  I,  253-256. 
systems,  I,  241-259. 
Monmouth,  II,  144,  339;  IV,  29. 
battle  of,  II,  71,  203-211,  215. 
Court  House,  I,  308;  II,  206,  210; 

III,  66. 
Patent,  the,  I,  133,  136. 
racetrack,  IV,  151. 
shore,  the,  I,  230. 
Monmouth    County,    I,    101,    160, 
177,   178,   ISO,    199,    202,   236,   263. 
2C7,    268,    274-275,    279,    282,    343, 
344,   345,    363,    371,   400,   408,   409, 
421;  II,  31,  32,  48,  75,  80,  81,  82, 
84.  S5,  93,  94,  96,  97,  99,  100,  116, 
122,    135,    136,    165,    206,    245,    247, 
248,   250,   260,   310,   345,    412,    439, 
440,  454;  III,  66,  87,  96,  103,  104, 
106,    107,   109,   252,   270,   281,    296, 
302;  IV,  32,  41,  44,  131,  273,  274, 
276,  281,  309. 
creation  of,  I,  263. 
in    Provisional    Congress,     II, 
105,  109. 
Monmouth     County     Historical 

Association,    II,   189. 
Monographs  relating  to  the  Jer- 
seys, I,  168-171. 
Monroe,  III,  255. 

James,  II,  147. 
Monson,  Lord,  I,  78. 
Montcalm,  General,  I,  380. 
Montclair,  IV,  249. 
Montgomerie,  John,  I,  392. 
,;  Montgomery,"  the,  II,  173. 
family,   III,  67. 

William  R.,  Ill,  355,  358;  IV,  82. 
Monument    to    Colonel    Christo- 
pher Greene,  II,  199. 
Moody,  James,  II,  9S-99,  329. 


382 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


;.  tioney,   \\  ill  am,  j  II,  41. 
ore  family,  HI,  62. 
Timothy  C,  IV,  86. 

.  .own,  I,  235;  II.  151. 
Moravians,    the,   I,   344,   377, 
111,  77,  302. 

n,  Daniel,  II,  70;  III, 
General,  J  I,  205. 
James,  I  [,  239. 
Mormons,   III,  321. 
Morris,  I V,  54. 
and    Essex    Railroad,    IV, 

12G. 
Anthony,  II,  156. 
Canal,    HI,   182;   IV,  350. 
Charles,   IV,  229. 
Colonel,  HI,  G7. 
Mori  is    County,    I,    267,    26S, 
341,   377,   378;   II,   31,    48,   53 
Ul   59,   77,   96,   118,  260,   411, 
HI,  76    87,  103,  105,  106,  167, 
252,    253,    254,    255,    269,    270, 
297,    319;    IV,    41,    273,    274, 
276.  278,  279,  294,  310,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  267,  269. 
in     the    Provisional    Congr 

II,   105,  109. 
militia,   II,  75,   SO,  81,  82,   83, 
Morris  Count)/  Gazette,  III,  53. 
Morris,  Eli,  III,  284. 
family,   III,  64. 
Ford,  II,  439. 
Gouverneur,  II,  248. 
Governor,  I,  249,  255. 

John,  I,  272;  II,  96,  165. 

Lewis,    I,    212,    213,    26S,    390, 
IV,  26. 
Margaret,  II,  3C2. 

rt,   II,  357. 
Turnpike,  HI,  1G9. 

w  J.,  IV,  85, 
252;  II,  34, 
56,  68,   121,  112,    152,  J69,  171, 
227,    231,    235,    236,    237,    253, 
332,    335;    HI,    76,    107,    109, 
171,  253,  316,  369;  IV,  56,  89, 
2S6,  299. 
headquarters  at,  II,  159-1C0, 


378; 
76. 


115, 


343, 
54, 

439; 
168, 
281, 
275, 


ess, 
84. 


so:, 


86. 
53, 

221, 
257, 
170, 
233, 

231. 


Monisville,    I,    232;    II,    141,    144; 

III,  202;  IV,  126. 
Jlorrow,  John  McC,  IV,  156. 

Robert,   II,  317. 
"  Morven,"  III,  63. 
Mosilians,  the,  82. 
Mosquerons  family,  III,  7L 
Mosslander  family,  III,  61. 
Mott,  Gershom,  IV,  83,  166. 
Mould,  Walter,  I,  250,  251,  252. 
Mount  Bethel,  III,  316. 
Mount  Holly,  I,  234,  235,  335,  336; 
II,    144,    145,    151,    175,    184,    206, 
334;    III,    64,   154,    195,    220,    254, 
255,  371;  IV,  47,  56,  57,  89,  284, 
289. 
Mount  Independence,  II,  6S. 
Pleasant,   III,   67,   171;   IV,   246, 

306. 
Plowden,  I,  81. 
Moylan,  Stephen,  II,  73. 
Muckshaw,  II,  311. 
Mud  Island,  II,  172. 
Muddell,  Jerome  E.,  IV,  229. 
Mulford  family,  III,  61. 

T.   W.,  Ill,  391. 
Mullica,  Erick,  III,  63. 
Hill,  III,  64,  254. 
River,  II,  321;  III,  60. 
Municipal  governments,  L  271. 
Murat,  Madam,  III,  200. 

Prince,  III,  238. 
Murphy,    Franklin,   IV,   186,   199, 
202. 
Holmes  V.,  IV,  148. 
Terence  E.,  IV,  228. 
William  R.,  IV,  83,  S9. 
Murray,  David,  IV,  284. 

John,  III,  321. 
Musconetong     River,     III,     183, 

20S. 
Music  in   churches,   I,  346. 
Mutinies,  II,  334-336. 
Naar,    David,    III,    2S0,    283;    IV, 
170. 
Joseph  L.,  IV,  143,  157. 
Naglee,  Henry  A.,  Ill,  357. 

Samuel,  II,  224. 
Napoleon  III,  III,  237. 
Joseph  Lucien  Charles,  III,  237. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


383 


Napton,  William,  III,  2S2;  IV,  81. 
Narraticon's  Kll,  I,  90,  96. 
Nassau  Hall,  I,  361;  II,  155. 
national  Gazette,   The,   III,  32. 
Navesink,  I,  133,  263;  II,  247,  339; 

III,  105. 
Highlands,  III,  103;  IV,  306. 
Navigation  Act,  the,  I,  123,  417. 
Navy,  the  first,  II,  174. 
Neeley,  Abraham,  II,  225. 
"  Negro    Conspiracy,"    the,    IV, 

45. 
Negro  slavery,  I,  199. 
Neighbor,   David   I.,  Ill,  280. 
Neil,  Daniel,  II,  156. 
Neilson  family,  III,  6S. 
James,  III,  181. 
John,  II,  393. 
Nelson,  General,  II,  211. 
William,  I,  241;   II,  99,  134,  332; 

III,  340;  IV,  251. 
Neshaminy,  II,  172. 
"Nestor,"  II,  388,  391. 
Neversink,   I,  177. 
Neversinks,  I,  371. 
Nevill,  James,  I,  308. 
Nevius,  James  S.,  Ill,  392. 
New  Aberdeen,  III,  67. 
New  Albion,  I,  75-84. 
Vew  American  Magazine,  I,  365. 
New  Amsterdam,  I,  110,  111,  112, 

116,  119,  126,  127,  12S,  271,  349. 
New  Antrim,  III,  172. 

New  Barbadoes,  I,  274. 

New    Brunswick,    I,    49,    230,    231, 

232,  233,  234,  236,  331,  332,  333, 
362,  364,  365;  II,  48,  49,  52,  53, 
58,  67,  102,  110,  120,  134,  135,  136, 
143,  144,  153,  154,  155,  159,  160, 
162,  163,  164,  166,  210,  310,  313, 
314,  316,  325,  33S,  339,  3S0,  437, 
453;    III,    54,    67,    105,    106,    107, 

117,  118,  132,  170,  171,  178,  182, 
191,  194.  202,  203,  315,  320,  368, 
369,  372;  IV,  47,  54,  56,  113,  126, 

233,  259,  2C5,  2G6,  325,  347,  349. 
barracks,  I,  384. 

Gazette,  II,  388. 
Guardian,  III,  55. 
New  Cassarea,  I,  129-131. 


New  Castle,  I,  SCO. 
New  Durham,  II,  325. 
New  Egypt,  III,  321. 
New  England,  affairs  in,  I,  124- 
127. 
elements  in  East  Jersey,  I,  176. 
immigration,  I,  134. 
"  New  Era,"  the,  IV,  341. 
New  France  passes  to  the  Eng- 
lish, I,  384. 
New  Ferry,  II,  177. 
New  Germantown,  III,  172. 
New  Hampton,  III,  1C6. 
New  Haven  colony,  the,  I,  77,  90, 

91,  94. 
New  Hope,  II,  144. 
New    Jersey    Abolition    Society, 
IV,  35,  37. 
Archives,  IV,  27. 
Federalist,  III,  55. 
Gazette,   I,   365;   II,   258,   279,   344, 

348,  355,  388:  III,  50,  55. 
Journal,  III,  53. 
Magazine,  III,  55. 
Medical  Society,  I,  363. 
Railroad,  the,  III,  202. 
Railroad    and    Transportation 

Company,  IV,  125. 
Elate  Gazette,  III,  55. 
State  of,  II,  118. 
troops   in   the   Revolution,   II, 

65-85. 
Southern  Railroad,  IV,  132. 
New  Lisbon,  IV,  134. 
New  Market,  II,  163. 
New  Mills,  III,  65. 
"  New  Netherland,"   the,  I,  176. 
New   Netherland,    I,   89,   92,   105- 
119,  123,  351. 
English  conquest  of,  I,  123-142. 
surrender  of,  to  the  English,  I, 
126-127. 
New  Orange,  I,  139. 
New     Pile's     Grove     Township, 

creation  of,  I,  276. 
New  Piscataqua.  I,  154. 
New  Prospect,  III,  171,  172. 
New  Sweden,  I,  87-101,  351. 
Company,  the,  I,  92. 


384 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


New  York,  I,  110.  117,  118,  127,  128, 
139,  142,  147,  153,  155,  156,  157, 
162,  200,  209,  210,  221,  229,  234, 
235,  243,  257,  271,  211,  292,  331, 
333,  349,  354,  362,  365,  367.  371, 
372,  376,  379,  S81,  3X3.  384,  389, 
390,  392,  S93,  394,  411,  415,  417; 
II,  29,  34,  52,  58,  60,  66,  67,  76, 
77,  79,  89,  91,  94,  95,  97,  99,  101, 
102,  106,  108,  110,  111,  116.  129, 
130,  136,  141,  144,  178,  179,  198, 
203.  205,  209,  234,  235,  237,  238. 
New  York  Bay,  I,  185,  202,  203, 
206;  II,  111. 

changed    to    New    Orange,    I, 
139. 

Gazette,  II,  299. 

Harbor,  I,  271,  371,  374. 

Indian  campaign  in,  II,  222-228. 

Mcrvury,  I,  381. 

urges  the  annexation  of  New 
Jersey,  I,  165. 

Susquehanna  and  Western 
Railroad,  IV,  349. 
Newark,  I,  135,  137,  139,  140,  156, 
178.  188,  193,  230,  236,  263,  271, 
274,  294,  351,  361,  363,  381,  396; 
II,  31,  51,  52,  57,  60,  61,  71,  76.  97, 
110.  134.  225,  238,  S01,  310,  313, 
339,  453;  III,  54,  74.  76.  82,  106. 
171,  183,  191,  202,  220,  256,  301, 
315,  317,  320,  366,  367,  369,  372; 
IV,  56,  73,  89,  90,  91,  127.  135, 
142,  148,  217,  222,  246-249,  284, 
312,  346,  349. 

chartered,  I,  272. 

first  church  in,  I,  343. 

settlement  of,  I,  134. 
Newark  Academy,  IV,  298. 

Banking  and   Insurance  Com- 
pany, III,  367;  IV,  205. 

Bay,  I,  140;  II,  133. 

Ccntincl  of  Freedom,  HI,  54,  74. 

Daily  Adrcrtiner,  III,  54. 

Gazette,  III.  54. 

Rural  Magazine,  III.  C4. 
Newbie,  Mark.  I.  246.  247,  248. 
Newbold  family,  III,  65. 

James,  III,  195. 


Newbold,  Joseph,  III,  334. 
Newburg,  II.  334. 
Newcornb,  General,  II,  192. 

Silas,  II,  69,  80,  82. 
Newell,    William   A.,   I,  204;   III, 

3?'0,    395,   398;    IV,   162,   174,   327, 

331,    335,    336,   338,    339,    340.   341. 

342. 
Newfoundland,  HI,  170. 
Newkirk  family,  III,  62. 
Newport,  II,  211,  240. 
Newspapers,  I,  365-367;  III,  49-55, 

322. 
Newton,    I,    203,    231,    383;    II,    48, 

118,   332;   III,   169,   172,  255,   315; 

IV,  287,  311,  312. 
Creek,  I.  248;  III,  197. 
Newtown,  II,  142,  150. 
Niagara,  attack  on,  I.  380,  384. 
Nichols,  Benjamin,  III,  108. 
Nicola,  Lewis,  II,  73. 
Nicolls,   Richard,   I,  125,   126,  127, 

128,  132,  133,  135,  136,  139. 
Noe  family,  III,  71. 
Nomenclature     of     counties,     I, 

267-269. 
Non-resistance,   doctrine  of,   II, 

32. 
North    American   Phalanx,    the, 

III,   303-308. 
North  Jersey,  I,  286. 
Lord,  II,  179,  283. 
Plainfield,  IV,  269. 
River,  I,  106,  271. 
"  North  Shore,"  III,  67. 
Northampton  Township,  I,  275. 
Nova  C.Tsarea,  I,  270. 
Nova  Scotia,  grant  of,  I,  125. 
Nottingham,  II,  345. 

Towrship.  I,  275. 
Nutman,  James,  I,  272. 
Nullification,  III,  39. 
Oath  of  allegiance,  II,  122. 
Obissquasoit,  I,  96. 
O'Brien,   Daniel,  I,  233,  235. 
Observation,   committees  of,  II, 

51,  52,  54. 
Ocean  City,  IV,  268. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


385 


Ocean  County,  I,  205,  263,  280,  282, 
346;    II,    94;    III,    252,    281,    321; 
IV,  276,  280,  281,  282. 
creation  of,  I,  268. 
Odell,    Jonathan.    I,    363;    II,    91, 

100,  299-305. 
Officers,  appointment  of,  in  the 

Revolution,  II,  65-66. 
Ogden,  Aaron,  I,  363;  II,  223,  224, 
439;  III,  26,  87,  89,  102,  103,  134, 
155,  156,  159,  160,  369;  IV,  263. 
Colonel,  II,  226,  239. 
David,  I,  421. 
Elias,  D.  B.,  Ill,  281,  385. 
family,  III,  61. 
John,  II,  238. 
Lewis,  II,  116,  412. 
mansion  (Newark),  III,  74. 
Matthias,    II,   72,    100,   223;   III, 
70. 
Ogdensburg,  III,  253. 
Oglethorpe,  I,  331. 
Oil  refineries,  IV,  348. 
Oitsessingh,  I,  95. 
Old  Ferry,  II,  177. 

Tennent  church,  the,  I,  345. 
Olden,   Charles   S.,   Ill,   395,   398, 
399;  IV,  72,  81,  82,  97. 
Guard,   the,  IV,  81. 
Legion,  the,  IV,  83. 
Oldman's  Creek,  I,  96,  265,  266. 
Oliphant,  Alexander  C,  III,  345; 

IV,  217. 
Oliver,  Thomas  Clement,  IV,  55. 
Ollive,  Thomas,  I,  163. 
Opposition  to  the  stamp  act,  I, 

418. 
Orange,   I,   134,   365;   III,   75,   106, 
107,  317,   372;   IV,   135,   249,   268, 
346. 
Mountain,  IV,  248. 
Ordinaries.  I,  291-303. 
Organization  of  counties,  I,  263- 

276. 
Origin  of  the  Indian,  I,  53-56. 
Orr,  John,  II,  225. 
Ortleg,  Michael,  III,  178. 
Osborne  family,  III,  60. 
Osborn's  Island,  II,  322. 
Oswego,  I,  380,  384. 
[Vol.   4] 


Ottinger,  Douglass,  IV,  339. 

Outout,  Fabrus,  I.  135. 

Oxenstjerna,    Chancellor,    I,    88. 

Oxford,  I,  236;  II,  227;  III,  263. 

Oysters,  I,  281. 

Packhorses,  I,  231. 

Paine,   Thomas,   II,   137,   252,  271, 

291. 
Palatines,   the,   I,  76-S4;  II,  33. 
Paleolithic  age,  I,  29-43,  46,  48. 
Palisaded  fort  at  Bergen,  I,  115. 
Palisades,  the,  I,  236;  IV,  305. 
Palmer,  William  R.,  Ill,  357. 
Palmyra,  IV,  312. 
Pamphlets,  I,  365. 
Fanics,  III,  141,  217,  249,  329,  373, 

IV,  109-122. 
Papegaja,  Johan,  I,  93. 
Paper  industry,  III,  255. 
currency  first  allowed,  I,  221. 
money,   I,  253-256. 
Paramus,  II,  210,  211,  216,  240,  316, 

325,  339:  III,  318. 
Parker,  Captain,  I,  374. 
family,  III,  60,  68. 
James,  III,  181,  217,  281,  2S3;  IV, 

228,  265. 
Joel,  IV,  73,  74,  75,  116,  117,  141, 

142,   145,   163,   164,   169. 
John,  I,  381;  IV,  285. 
Parliamentary      legislation,      I, 

223-224,   417,  419. 
Parochial  schools,  early,  I,  360. 
Parry,  William,  III,  395. 
Parsippany,  III,  171. 
Parsons,  Andrew,  III,  281. 

Augustine  N.,  IV,  88. 
Parvin  family,  III,  61. 
Passaic,   II,  96,  268;  IV,  254,  348. 
Passaic  County,   I,  263;  III,  172, 
254,   281,   297;   IV,   154,   220,   269, 
275,  276,  277,  278,  279,  320. 
creation  of,  I,  268. 
Hotel,  II,  170. 
Passaic  Falls,  II,  332. 
River,    the,   I,   134,   230;    II,   93, 

133;  III,  76;  IV,  136. 
Valley,    the,    II,    30;    in,    171; 
IV,  247. 


386 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Palerson,  I,  236;  II,  239;  III, 
82,  170,  171.  172,  1S4,  207,  208, 
254,  255,  320,  371,  372,  373;  IV, 
113,  217,  233,  250,  255,  284,  312, 
346,  348,  393,  394,  399,  403,  405. 
and    Hudson    River    Railroad 

Company,  III,  207. 
family,  III,  61. 
Landing,  III,  107. 
Thomas,  II,  444. 
William,    II,   105,    113,    414;    III, 
26,  33,  48,  69,  178,  282,  334;  IV, 
253. 
Patrick's  pence,  I,  246-248. 
Patroonships,   I,   107-109. 
Patterson,  Austin  H.,  IV,  170. 

family,  III,  67. 
Paulding,  James  Kirke,  IV,  248, 

247. 
Paulius  Kill,  I,  379. 
Paulus  Hook,  I,  114,  115;  II,  127, 
323,  339;  III,  103,  105,  106,  107, 
117,  133,  134;  IV,  127,  233. 
Paulusen,  Michael,  I,  114. 
Pauw,  Michiel,  I,  113,  114. 
Pavonia,  I,  113-114. 

massacre  at,  I,  115-116. 
Payment  of  troops  in  the  Revo- 
lution,  II,  77-78. 
Peace  of  Utrecht,  I,  371. 
Peachee,  Mary,  I,  324. 

Thomas,  I,  324. 
Peale,   Charles  Willson,    II,   218, 

267. 
Pearl  ashes,  I,  286. 
Peddie  Institute,  IV,  299. 

Thomas  B.,  IV,  299. 
Pedrick  Family,  III,  62. 
Peekskill,  II,  132,  170. 
Peltry  trading,  I,  287. 
Pemberton,   III,   65,   315;   IV,   134. 
Penn,  William,  I,  32,  56,  57,  145, 
146,   147,    148,    149,   153,   158,   163, 
185. 
and    his    associates    purchase 

East  Jersey,  I,  158-159. 
purchases    Fenwick's    title    in 
West  Jersey,  I,  159. 
Pennington,  II,  135;  IV,  299. 
Aaron,  III,  54. 


Pennington,    Alexander    C.    M., 
Jr.,  IV,  84,  86. 
Governor,  III,  331. 
Samuel,  III,  154. 
William,    III,    381,    382,    383,    384. 

385. 
William    S.,   Ill,   83,   90,  91,   102, 
154,  159,  160;  IV,  239. 
Penn's  Neck,  I,  235. 

Church,   III,    62. 
Pennsylvania  Gazette,  I,  234. 
Journal,  III,  51. 
Packet,  III,  51. 
Railroad,  IV,  136,  349. 
Pennypacker's  Mills,  II,  174. 
Penrose,  William  H.,  IV,  82,  84. 
Pensauken,  I,  265;  IV,  309. 

Creek,  I,  96,  266;  III,  204. 
"  Perasto,"  The,  IV,  331. 
Perry,   Nehemiah,   IV,  168,  170. 

Oliver  H.,  Ill,  84. 
Perth  Amboy,  I,  166,  167,  193,  20S, 
210,  211,  218,  219,  232,  272,  273, 
274,  299,  307,  314,  316,  321,  374, 
407,  418;  II,  30,  66,  67,  110,  117, 
128,   136,   160,    163,   292,   310,   337, 

366,  379,  410,  453;  III,  68,  171, 
255,  256,  317,  371;  IV,  40,  46, 
125,  134,  259,  268,  310,  311,  346. 

chartered,  I,  271,  272. 
riots  at,  I,  395. 
Perth   Town,    establishment   of, 

I,  162,  163. 
Peters,    Edward    McClure,     IV, 

229. 
Petitions,  colonial,  I,  209,  210. 
Pettit,  Charles,  II,  176. 
Petty,  Edward  L.,  IV,  229. 
Petty's  Island,  III,  130. 
Phalanx,    the   North   American, 

III,  301-308. 
Phelps,  William  Walter,  IV,  156, 

174. 
Philadelphia,  I,  200,  203,  221,  229, 

232,   233,   234,    243,    257,    259,   291, 

312,    331,    333,    336,   354,    362,    365, 

367,  395,  417;  II,  34,  51,  53,  58, 
61,  71,  76,  89,  93,  106,  108,  113, 
135,  136,  141,  142,  144,  150,  163, 
166,   169,   170,   171,    172,   173,    174. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


387 


Philadelphia,  II,  175,  176-177,  178, 

179,   180,    181,   182,   184,   185,    186, 

189,   191,   192,    193,    198,   203,   209, 

217;  III,  63,  97,  99. 

military     operations     in     and 

near,  II,  169-186. 
occupation  of.  II,  169-186. 

Philadelphia  and  Reading  Rail- 
road, IV,  349. 
and  Trenton  Railroad,  III,  202; 
IV,  126,  134. 

Phillips,   Colonel,   II,   205. 
Jonathan,  II,  224. 

Phillipsburg,  I,  236;  III,  170, 
184,  208;  IV,  56,  280. 

Phillipse  Family,  III,  65. 

Phoenix,  III,  252. 

"Phoenix,"  the,  II,  111;  III,  132, 
193. 

Piatt,  Jacob,  II,  223. 
William,  II,  224. 

Pickel,  Jonathan,  III,  280. 

Pickering,  Timothy,  II,  89. 

Pierson,  David,  III,  357. 
family,  III,  74. 
Isaac,  III,  75. 
Mrs.  Emeline  G.,  Ill,  71. 

Pike,  Zebulon  M.,  Ill,  68. 

Pikesland,  III,  319. 

Pinckney,  Charles  C,  III,  40. 

"  Pine  robbers,"  II,  94. 

"Pines."  the,  I,  282-288;  IV,  132. 

Pintard,  Antoine,  I,  ISO. 

Piracy,  I,  204-205. 

Piscataway,  I,  137,  139,  140,  156, 
178,  263,  271,  274,  294;  II,  52, 
169,  339;  III,  68,  106,  171,  269, 
316. 

Pitcher,  Molly,  II,  208. 

Pitney,  Jonathan,  III,  280,  390. 

Pitt,  William,  II,  186. 

Pittsgrove,  III,  62,  256,  315. 

Pittstown,  II,  121,  225. 

Place  names  in  West  Jersey,  I, 
95. 

Plainfleld,  I,  344;  III,  208,  256, 
372;  IV,  268. 

Plantagenet,   Beauchamp,   I,  78. 

Plantation  system,  the,  I,  194, 
264-265. 


Lsant  Mills,  III,  254. 
Plowden,  Francis,  I,  76,  82,  83. 

George,  I,  76,  83. 

Sir  Edmund,  I,  75-84. 

Thomas,  I,  76,  82,  83. 
Pluckemin,  II,  59,  159,  216,  218. 
Plume,   Joseph  W.,   IV,  217,  218, 

220. 
Plumstead,  Clement,  I,  159. 
Plymouth  Company,  the,  I,  125. 
Pochuck  Mountain,  IV,  312. 
Point  Breeze,  III,  65,  229. 

Pleasant,  I,  279. 
Political  affairs,  III,  151-163,  377- 
400;  IV,  161-178,  1S1-202. 

agitations,     I,     209-214,     220-221, 
399-411;  II,  29-34. 

parties,   formation  of,   III,  25- 
41. 

rights  of  the  colonists,  I,  415- 
422. 
Political     Intelligencer     and     Neto 

■Jersey  Advertiser,  III,  53,  54. 
Polifiy,  II,  339. 

Pompton,  II,  170,  171,  221,  227,  336; 
III,  171,  253;  IV,  322. 

Lake,  IV,  220,  221. 
Pompton  Plains,  II,  98. 

encampment  at,  II,  170. 
Pond's  Church,  II,  170. 
Poor,  Enoch,  II,  223. 

General,  II,  205. 

Richard's  Almanac,  I,  196. 
Popple,  William,  III,  341. 
Populations,  I,  140;  IV,  243-282. 
Pot  ashes,  I,  286. 
Pots  family,  III,  65. 

Frederick  A.,  IV,  176,  177,  181. 

Joseph  C,  III,  397,  399. 

Stacy  G.,  Ill,  384. 
Potter,  David,  II,  82,  84. 

family,  III,  70. 

John,  III,  181. 

Matthew,  III,  52. 

William,  III,  104. 
Pottersville,  III,  170. 
Pottery,  Indian,  I,  35. 

industry,  IV,  347. 
Port  bill,  the,  II,  48. 

Chuck,  II,  118. 


388 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Port    Elizabeth,    III,    61,    82,    101, 
108,  251;  IV,  47. 
Monmouth,  IV,  131. 
Porter,  Joseph,  III,  3S9,  390. 
Portland  Point,  III,  67. 
Portsmouth,  I,  231;  III,  60. 
Powel  house,  the,  II,  218. 
Powell,  Richard,  I,  299. 
Power  of  the  Assembly,  I,  214. 
of   the    council    of    safety,    II, 
120-122. 
Pownall,  Thomas,  I,  396. 
Practice  in  the  courts,  early,  I, 

309-312. 
Prange,  James,  III,  55. 
Prattsville,  III,  255. 
Preakness,    II,   239,   240,   331,   332; 
III,  170. 
family,  IV,  238. 
Precincts,  creation  of,  I,  275. 
Pre-historic  man,  I,  29-50. 
Pre-Revolutionary     matters,     I, 
399-411,    415-422;    II,    29-34,    47- 
61. 
Presbyterians,    the,    I,    332,    333, 
334,    343,    344,    345,    359,    422;    II, 
456;  III,  314. 
Prescott,  General,  II,  179. 
Press,  the,  III,  311-325. 
regulation  of,  I,  218. 
Price  family,  III,  77. 
Francis,  Jr.,  IV,  83. 
Robert  Freind,  I,  400. 
Rodman  M.,   Ill,   391,   392;   IV, 
97. 
Prince  Hendrick  River,  I,  106. 
Mauritius  River,  I,  106. 
of  Orange,  I,  140,  141. 
Princeton,  I,  410;  II,  34,  59,  96,  99, 
108,   110,   119,    121,   133,   134,   143, 
152,   159,   204,   265,   339,   345,   415; 
III,  55,  66,  182,  191,  196,  372;  IV, 
47,  54,  56,  58,  320. 
and    Trenton,    battles    of,    II, 

141-156. 
Packet    and    General    Advertiser, 

III,  55. 
Theological  Seminary,  I,  360. 
University  (see  also  College  of 
New  Jersey),  I,  342,  359-363. 


Printing,  early,  I,  170. 
Printz,  Armgott,  I,  93. 

John,  I,  77-78,  92-94. 
Prior's  Mill,  II,  326. 
Private  schools,  I,  355. 
Privateers,  I,  371,  372,  374;  II,  319. 
Probst,  John  D.,  IV,  156. 
Procter,  Thomas,  II,  83,  223. 
Prohibitionists,    IV,   117,   176,   177, 

178,    183,    186,   189,    193,   194,   198, 

199,  202. 
Proprietary     commissioners     of 

West  Jersey,  I,  149-154. 
government,  I,  209-214. 
Proprietors    of   East    Jersey,    I, 

158-163. 
of  West  Jersey,   I,  159. 
Prosecutors  of  the  pleas,  I,  307. 
Protection  of  the  forests,  I,  281- 

284. 
to  industries,  III,  31. 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  I, 

344,  345,  346;  III,  317. 
Provincial   Congress,   I,  407,   408, 

410,  411;  II,  58,  65,  66,  67,  74,  76, 

77,  78,  79,  80,  83,  96,  105-123,  135. 
Convention,  II,  49. 
Province  of  New  Caesarea,  I,  129- 

132. 
Public  life  as  expressed  in  early 

taverns,  I,  291-303. 
roads,  early,  I,  230-231,  235-237. 
Publications  relating  to  the  Jer- 
seys, I,  168-171. 
Pulaski,  Count  Casimir,   II,  171, 

204,  319. 
Pulaski's  Legion,  II,  73. 
Pulpit,  the,  III,  311-325. 
Punk  Hill.  II,  339. 
Purchase    of    East    Jersey    by 

Penn   and   his   associates,   I, 

158-159. 
of  John  Fenwick,  I,  145. 
of  Manhattan  Island,  I,  107. 
Puritan  immigration,  I,  130,  134- 
Pursil,  Joseph,  Jr.,  Ill,  108. 
Putnam,  General,  II,  151,  17L 
Professor,  I,  48,  49. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


389 


Quakers     (see     also     Society    of 
Friends),    I,    321,    323,    325,    334- 
344,  346-347;  II,  31,  32,  33,  89. 
in  West  Jersey,   I,  348-149,  187, 

189. 
system  of  education,  I,  353-354. 
Quartz  implements,  I,  41. 
Quaternary  period,  I,  43-50. 
Quaxon,  III,  65. 
Quebec,  I,  384;  II,  68. 
Queen's  College  (see  also  Rutgers 
College),  I,  363-365;  III,  68;  IV, 
265. 
Museum,  I,  362. 
Quequelle,    Frederick,   III,   55. 
Quibbletown,  II,  163,  165,  169,  339. 
Quick,  Abraham,  II,  82. 
Quinton's  Bridge,  II,  180,  181,  339. 
Raccoon,  I,  235. 

Creek,  I,  90,  92,  94,  96,  276. 
Racetracks,  IV,  151,  233. 
Radcliffe,  Jacob,  IV,  238. 
Rahway,   I,   178,   236,   343;   II,   70, 
71,   164,    310,    339,    340,    430;    III. 
74,    171,    191,    202,    255,    257,    317, 
372;  IV,  47,  56,  73,  89,  114,  268. 
Meadows,  II.  339. 
Raids  of  the  Revolution,  II,  93- 
95,  136-137,  164-165,  179,  180,  309- 
340. 
Railroads,     III,     117-124,     189-209; 

IV,  114,  125-138,  349. 
Rail,    Colonel,    II,    144,    145,    147, 

148,  150,  151,  152,  153. 
Ramapo,  II,  171,  239. 

Pass,  II,  330. 
Rambo  family,  III,  63. 
Ramcocks,  the,  I,  82. 
Ramsey,  John,  IV,  83. 
Rancocas,  I,  96,  410;  III,  64. 
Creek,  III,  201. 
River,  I.  152,  407,  410. 
Valley,  I,  335. 
Randolph,  Carman  F.,  IV,  156. 
Daniel,  II,  247. 
Edmund,  III,  30. 
Jacob,  I,  234. 

Joseph  F.,  Ill,  281,  329;  IV,  97. 
Theodore  F.,   IV,   116.   133,   166, 
168. 


Rankokus  Hill,  I,  146. 
"  Raritan,"  The,   III,  132. 
Raritan,  III,  201. 

Bay,  II,  453;  III.  96. 

Bay  Association,  III,  307. 

River,  I,  168,  232,  235-236,  264, 
274,  316;  II,  84,  93,  102,  133,  205, 
219,  225,  314;  III,  177,  178,  181; 
IV,  54,  55,  265,  312. 
Raritan  Valley,  I,  31,  69;  III,  68; 
IV,  29,  134. 

roads  in,  I,  236. 
Ray,  Joseph,  I,  180. 
Rea  family,  III,  70. 
Read,  Charles,  I,  313;  II,  81,  82, 

84. 
Reading  family,  III,  70. 

John,  I,  395,  396. 

matter  In  colonial  times.  I,  365- 
367. 

Samuel,  II,  224. 

Township,  creation  of,  I,  276. 
Readington,  II,  171;  III,  70. 
Rebellion,  the,  IV,  71-78,  81-89. 
Reconstruction,  IV,  95-105. 
Red  Bank,  I,  106,  266;  II,  127,  172, 
189,   190,   191,   193,   194,    197,   198, 
199,  257,  338  III,  302-308. 

Creek,  I,  96. 
Redemptioners,  I,  199-202. 
Redford's  Ferry,  I,  232. 
Reed,  Bowes,  I,  411. 

family,  III,  65. 

Joseph,  II,  76,  79,  335. 

Samuel  J.,  Ill,  108. 
Reeder,  Abner,  III,  119. 

family,  III,  65. 
Reeves  family,  III,  61. 
Reformed  Dutch  Church,   I,  116, 

364;  II,  456;  III,  318;  IV,  266. 
Reilly,  Cornelius  A.,  IV,  228. 
Reindeer  period,  I,  32. 
Reiser,  Theodore  C,  IV,  228. 
Religion  of  the  Indians,  I,  61-62. 
Religious  comparisons.  I,  188,  190. 

liberty,  I,  218. 

life  in  the  colony,  I,  331-346. 
Removal  of  Governor  Cornbury, 

I,  213. 
Rensselaerswyck,  I,  107,  110. 


390 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Renwick,  James,  III,  184. 
Repeal  of  the  stamp  act,  I,  419. 
Republican  party,  I,  394-400;  IV, 

66,  73,  99,  104,  116,  118,  137,  142, 

145.   154,   161-202. 
Republican  anti-Federalists,  III, 

25-41,  85,  160,  386. 
Resemblance    of    the    Delaware 

to  European  rivers,  I,  44. 
Reservation  at  Indian   Mills,   I, 

70. 
Resistance    to    royal    governors, 

I,  220-225. 
Resolutions,    Revolutionary,    II, 

48,  49,   50,  51,  52,  53,  54,  56,   58, 

59;  III,  38. 
Retreat,  III,  256. 
of     Washington     across    New 

Jersey,  II,  133-138. 
Revere,  Joseph  W.,  IV,  83. 
Revivals,  religious,  I,  331-334. 
Revocation     of     the     Edict     of 

Nantes,  I,  179. 
Revolution,  causes  of,  I,  415-422. 
committees    appointed    before 

the,  II.  49-61. 
loyalist    regiments    in,    II,    89- 

102. 
Revolutionary  Memorial  Society 

of  New  Jersey,  II,  216. 
War,   preparations  for,   II,  47- 

61. 
Reynolds,  Colonel,  III,  65. 

James,  III,  357. 
Rhea,  Jonathan,  II,  439;  III,  103; 

IV,  239. 
Richards  family,  III,  76. 
Jesse,  III,  389. 
Thomas,  III,  38. 
Rigg,  Ambrose,  I,  159. 
Right    of  government   by   deed 

I,  209,  211. 
Righter,  W.  A.,  IV,  175. 
Ringo,  John,  II,  48,  53. 
Ringoes,  II,  121;  III,  70. 
Ringwood,    I,    236;    II,    221;    III 

253;  IV,  322. 

Rivington,  ,  II.  52,  93. 

James,  II,  299. 


Roads,  I,  230-231,  235-237;  III,  167- 
174. 

through    the    "  Pines,"    I,    284- 
285. 
Robbins,  Amos,  IV,  168. 

Wright,   IV,   175. 
Robertson,  William  B.,  IV,  85. 
Robeson,    William    P.,    Ill,    389. 

390. 
Robinson  family,  III,  74. 

Henry  Crabb,  I,  342. 

house,  the,  II,  240. 
Rockaway,  III,  171,  184,  253. 

River,  III,  1S3. 
Rocky  Hill,   II,   265-273,    330;    III. 

69,  1S2;  IV,  134. 
Rode  Udden  Creek,  I,  96. 
"  Roebuck,"  the,  II,  190,  195,  197. 
Roserine  Baptists,  III,  322. 
Rogerines,  the,  I,  344;  III,  76. 
Rogers,  Bernard,  IV,  229. 

Edward  Y.,  Ill,  398. 

Henry  D.,  IV,  307. 

Maurice  A.,  IV,  189. 
Roman  Catholics,  III,  319. 
Romeyn,  Theodore  Dirck,  I,  362. 
Rosa  Americana  coins,  I,  294. 
Rosenhayn,  IV,  326. 
Ross,  Betsey,  II,  273. 

Hamilton  M.,  IV,  228. 

John,   II,  223. 
Rossell,  N.  Beakes,  III,  356,  358. 

William,  I,  313;  III,  154,  159. 
Rowland,  Arthur,  IV,  228. 
Roxbury,  III,  253. 
Royal    governors,     the    last,     I, 

389-396,  399-411. 
"  Royal  Greens,"  the,  II,  222. 
Rubber  industry,  IV,  347. 
Rudolf,  Sergeant,  I,  116. 
Rudyard,  Thomas,  I,  158,  160. 
Runk,  John,  III,  390. 
Runyon,  Orrin  E.,  IV,  228. 

Theodore,    IV,    81,    142,    166.    167, 
170. 
Rural  Magazine,  III,  54. 
Rusco,  Nathaniel,  I,  377. 
Rush,   Benjamin.   I,  363;   II,   159, 

176. 
Russell,  Caleb,  III,  53. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


391 


Russian     Hebrew     colonists,     I, 
288. 
Jews,  IV,  326. 
Rutgers  College  (see  also  Queen's 
College),  I,  49,  363-365;  II,  389; 
IV,  265,  325. 
Henry,  III,  68;  IV,  265. 
Rutherford,  John,  III,  33,  35,  120. 

Robert  W.,  Ill,  103. 
Ryall,  Daniel  B.,  Ill,  329,  333. 
Ryerson,   David,   III,  395. 
Furnace,  II,  170. 
Henry  O.,  IV,  83,  85. 
Martin,  III,  281,  390;  IV,  142. 
Samuel,  II,  98. 
Saekett,  William  Edgar,  IV,  130. 
Saint  Clair,   General,   II,  170. 
John's  Church,  Elizabethtown, 

II,  101. 
Lucien  captured,  I,  385. 
Mary's  Church,   Burlington,  I, 

181,  363. 
Vincent  captured,  I,  385. 
Sale  of  liquor  regulated,   I,   294- 

303. 
Salem,    I,   76,    77,    93,   95,    100,    153, 
154,   163,    179,   188,    193,   200,   203. 
231.    235,   248,   272,   299,   307,   308, 
383,  418;  II,  92,  180-184,  311;  III, 
G1-C2,  82,  313,  315,  371,  372;  IV, 
36,  47,  55,  72,  112,  115,  135,  268. 
settlement  of,  I,  146-148. 
Salem  County,  I,  82,  101,  266,  267, 
268,    276,    282,    297,    343,    344;    II, 
SI.   75,   76,   80,   81,   82,   84,   85,   94, 
180,    1S1,    182,    183,    1S4,    261,    440, 
454;  III,  61-62,  88,  105,  108,  168, 
221,   256,   270,   295,   317;   IV,   273, 
274,    27?.    280,    281,    309,    320,    321. 
323. 
creation  of,  I,  265. 
in    Provisional    Congress,     II, 
105. 
Salem  Creek,  I,  91,  95,  96. 
plantations,  the,  I,  91. 
Salt  Meadows,  II,  340. 

works,  II,  118. 
Saltar.  Richard,  I,  313. 
Saltpeter,     manufacture    of,    II, 
58.  78. 


Sand  formations,  I,  39-12. 
Sand  Hills,  IV,  311. 
Sandford,  John,  II,  226. 
Sandhay,  sea,  I,  81. 
Sandy  Hook,   I,  84,  133,  152,  166, 
203,    204,    205,    234,    371,    374;    H, 
111,   128,   164,   169,    210,   235,   376; 
III,  67,  96;  IV,  220,  222. 

landing  of  Hudson  on,  I,  106. 

lighthouse,  II,  165. 
Sandy  Point,  I,  146. 
Sanford,  Nidemiah,  I,  178. 

William,  I,  178. 
Sappers  and  Miners,  the,  II,  73. 
Sassae  Kon,  I,  96. 
Sassafras  oils,  I,  286. 
Saunders,  T.  S.,  II,  193. 

Thomas  J.,  Ill,  282. 
Savadge,  Thomas,  II,  243. 
Savings  Banks,  IV,  208. 
Sawmills,  early,  I,  284. 
Sayre  family,  III,  62. 

Stephen,  III,  230. 
Sayre's  mansion   (Newark),   III, 
74. 

Tavern,  III,  74. 
Sayreville,  IV,  311. 
Scandinavian      immigration,      I, 

87-101. 
Scanlan,  Edward  A.,  IV,  228. 
Scarborough,  John,  III,  322. 
Scheffer,  Francis,  II,  148. 
Schenck,  Ferdinand  D.,  Ill,  217. 

Ferdinand  S.,  Ill,  281. 

Peter,  II,  110. 
School  for  the  Deaf,  IV,  294. 
Schooley  family,  III,  76. 
Schools,  I,  349-368;  IV,  284-301. 
Schoenthal,  Isaac,  IV,  228. 
Schraalenburg,  I,  236. 
Schulte,  Captain,  I,  95. 
Schureman  family,  III,  68. 

Jacob,  II,  386. 

James  Wall,  III,  358. 
Schuyler  family,  III,  64. 

General,  II,  67,  76,  128. 

John,  III,  76. 

Peter,    I,    375,    376,    379,    380,    381. 
384;  III,  75. 
Schuyler's  Ferry,  II,  312. 


392 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Schuylkill  Falls,  II,  172. 

Valley,  I,  106-109. 
Scot,  George,  I,  169. 
Scotch  Calvinists,  the,  I,  351. 

-Irish,  the,  II,  31,  422. 

Plains,   I,  236;   II,   210,   227;   III, 
208,  316. 

settlers,  III,  67. 
Scott,  Austin,  II,  389,  432. 

Charles,  II,  70. 

General,  II,  205. 

Joseph  W.,  Ill,  380,  382. 
Scovel,  James  M.,  IV,  169. 
Scudder  family,  III,  65. 

Nathaniel,  I,  363;  II,  82. 
Sea  Coast,  the,  I,  279-288. 

Girt,    IV,   217,    218,   219,   220,   221, 
222,  223. 

Isle  City,  IV,  268. 
Seabright,  IV,  268. 
Seagrave,  Samuel,  III,  108. 
"  Seahorse,"  the,  III,  134. 
Seal   of   the   Supreme   Court,    I, 
316-317. 

war,  the,  III,  329-344. 
Search,  right  of,  I,  372. 
Secaucus,  IV,  244. 
Second  Assembly,  the,  I,  136. 

Battalion    in    the    Revolution, 
II,  66,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71,  82. 

Establishment,      New     Jersey 
line,  II,  68,  69,  72. 

grant  of  the  Duke  of  York,  I, 
153. 

River,  II,  338. 
Sedgwick,     Theodore,     Jr.,     Ill, 

337. 
See,  Edward,  IV,  229. 
Seeley,  Elias  P.,  Ill,  217,  380. 

family,  III,  61. 
Sepa,  Hackingh,  I,  95. 
Separatists,  the,  I,  344. 
Sergeant  family,  III,  70. 

Jonathan  D.,  II,  105,  412. 
Servants,  I,  202. 
Settlement  of  Burlington,  I,  152. 

of  the  Delaware  Valley,  I,  75- 
84,  87-101. 

of  Elizabethtown,  I,  133. 


Settlement  of  the  Hudson  River 
Valley,  I,  106-109. 

of  Newark,  I,  134. 

of  Salem,  I,  146. 

of  South  Jersey,  I,  108. 
Settlers,    characteristics    of    the 
early,  I,  221-223. 

of  East  Jersey,  the,  I,  175-181. 

of  West  Jersey,  I,  185-190. 
Seven  Causeways,  III,  252. 

Mile  Beach,  I,  280. 
Seventh    Day    Baptists,    the,    I, 

344. 
Sewell,  William  J.,  IV,  83,  87. 
Sewing    machine    industry,    IV, 

349. 
Seymour,  George  F.,  IV,  229. 

James  M.,  IV,  196,  200. 
Shafer  family,  III,  77. 
Shamong,  III,  255. 
Shark    River,    II,    244,    246;    III, 

210. 
Sharp,  William  S.,  Ill,  319. 
Sharpe  family,  III,  62. 
Sharptown,  II,  180. 
Shaw,  J.  Ernest,  IV,  228. 
Shawanese,  the,  I,  380. 
Sheldon,  Elisha,  II,  73. 
Shell  money,  I,  241-242. 
Sheppard,   Edmond,   III,  108. 

family,  III,  61. 
Sherard,  Lord,  I,  78. 
Sherard's  Mill,  III,  172. 
Sheriffs,  I,  219. 
Sherman,  George,  III,  55. 
Shinn,  Major-General,  III,  106. 

William  J.,  Ill,  392. 

William  N.,  Ill,  217. 
Ship  Company,  the,  I,  88. 
Ship  building,   I,   202-206.   229-230; 

III,  256. 
Shippen,  W.  W.,  IV,  176. 

William,  I,  362;  II,  156. 
Shirley,  Governor,  I,  373. 
Shoe  industry,  IV,  347. 
Short  Hills,  II,  237,  340. 
Shreve,  Colonel,  II,  184,  206,  239. 

Israel,  II,  28,  69,  72,  224. 
Shrewsbury,    I,   133,   135,    136,    140, 
156,   177,   188.    234,    236,    271,    274. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


393 


Shrewsbury,  I,  275,  294,  340,  341; 
II,    91,    165,    247.    411;    III,    252, 
256,  313;  IV,  26. 
Neck,  II,  310. 
Township,  II,  55. 
Shuman  Family,   III,  77. 
Sickler,  J.  R.,  IV,  163. 
John  H.,  Ill,  280. 
John  R.,  Ill,  39. 
Signers    of    the    Declaration    of 

Independence,  II,  114. 
Sikonesses,  the,  I,  82. 
Silk  industry,  IV,  346. 
"  Silk   Worm   Craze,"    The,    III, 

247. 
Silver  coinage,   I,  243-253. 

discovery  of,  I,  96. 
Simcoe,  Major,  II,  181,  182. 
Simpson,   James  W.,  IV,  82. 

John  Neely,  IV,  293. 
Sinnickson  Family,  III,  62. 
Sitgraves,  Charles,  III,  399. 
Six  Nations,  the,  I,  63;  II,  222. 
Skellinger  family,  III,  60. 
Skelton,    Charles,    III,    397,    399; 

IV,  163. 
Skene,  John,  I,  167. 
Skinner,  Cortlandt,  I,  313;  II,  91, 
92,  95,  96,  99,  102. 
family,  III,  68. 
Philip  Kearny,  II,  99. 
"  Skinner's  Greens,"  II,  93. 
Skippack,  II,  191. 
Slabtown,   III,   154. 
Slack,  John  R.,  Ill,  391. 

Thomas  H.,  IV,  229. 
Slaughter  family,  III,  6S. 
Slavery,    I,    199-202,    337-339;    IV, 

25-48,  96. 
Sloan,  Jeremiah  H.,  Ill,  197. 
Sloughterdam,  II,  313. 
Smallwood,  III,  389. 
Smith  family,  III,  64. 
Isaac,    I,    313;    II,    82;    III,    155, 

368. 
James,  I,  362. 
Joseph,  III,  321. 
L.  A.,  Ill,  292. 
Lawrence,  I,  313. 


Smith,  R.   M.,  IV,  163. 
Richard,  II,  50,  111;  III,  334. 
Robert,  III,  109. 
Robert  G.,  rv,  229. 
Samuel,  I,  64,  170,  171,   343;   II, 

191,  192,  277. 
Samuel    Stanhope,    I,    362;    III, 

66. 
William,    I,    170,    180,    313;    III, 
321. 
Smith's  Clove,  II,  170,  215. 

Island,  I,  77. 
Smithville,  III,  109,  256. 
Smock,  John  C,  IV,  301. 
Smyth,  Frederick,  II,  50. 
Social  life,  II,  447-456;  III,  69-77. 
relation    of    the    Indians    and 
whites,  I,  67. 
Socialists,    IV,    189,    193,    191.   198, 

199,   202. 
Society  of  Friends,  I,  62,  181,  187, 
189,   199,   202,    220,   297,    322,    323, 
325,    334-344,     346-347,    352,    359, 
421-422;    II,    31,    32,    33,    89,    108, 
111-112,    172,    174,    177,    178,    182, 
198,  206,  448,  456;  III,  26,  47,  63, 
64,    66,    83-84,    221,    301,    311-314, 
380;  IV,  29,  30,  31,  33,  35,  40,  41, 
52,  53. 
in  West  Jersey,  I,  148-149. 
Society    of    the    Cincinnati,    II, 

162,  449;  III.  26-27. 
Society  for  Establishing  Useful 
Manufactures,    III,    254;    IV, 
250. 
Society  for   the  Propagation   of 
the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts, 
I,  354. 
Soldiers,     New    Jersey,     in    the 

Revolution,  II,  65-68. 
Somers  Point,  I,  231;  III,  69,  109. 

Richard,  II,  82;  III,  59. 
Somerset  County,  I,  263,  267,  268, 
274,    275,    276,    344,    378,    400;    II, 

67,  58,  59,  60,  73,  77,  93,  162,  261, 
270,   340,   345,   439,   440,   454;   III, 

68,  87,  104,  107,  269,  270,  281,  297; 
IV,  41,  46,  273,  274,  276,  278,  282. 
320. 

creation  of,   I,  264. 


394 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Somerset  County  In  Provisional 
Congress,  II,  105,  109,  113. 

militia,   II,   75,   78,  80,  81,  82,  83, 
84. 
Somerset    Court    House,    II,    59, 

159,  165. 
Somerville,   II,   219,   221,   311;   III, 
69,  170,  182,  208,  249;  IV,  45,  56, 
127,  286,  299. 

headquarters  at,  II,  215-222. 
Sonmans,  Arent,  I,  159. 

Peter,  I,  391. 
Sons  of  Liberty,  I,  418,  419. 
Sourland  Hills,  the,  II,  162. 
South    Amboy,    II,    52;    III,    191, 
201,  255,  330,  331;  IV,  125,  311. 

Brunswick,  II,  52. 

Company,  the,  I,  88,  92. 

Cove,   IV,  112,  128,  129. 
South  Jersey,  I,  285. 

Institute,  IV,  298. 

roads  in,  I,  235. 

settlement  of,  I,  108. 
South   Orange,   III,   171;   IV,   249. 

River,    I,    106,    109,    274;    II,    189, 
210;  III,  204. 
Southard  family,  III,  69. 

Samuel  L.,  Ill,  135,  160,  161,  162, 
217,   377,   379,   380. 
Spain,   England's   wars   with,    I, 
371-385. 

Harry  T.,  IV,  228. 
Spanish-American  War,  IV,  215- 
229. 

privateers,  I,  372. 
Spanktown,  II,  164,  340. 
Sparks  family,  III,  62. 
Sparta,   III,  170,  253. 
Specie,    colonial,   I,    213. 
Speedwell,  III,  252;  IV,  287. 
Spencer,  General,  II,  223. 

Jonathan  J.,  Ill,  2S0,  283. 

Oliver,  II,  72,  225;  IV,  263. 
Spermaceti  Cove,  III,  96. 
Spicer  family,   III,  59,  63. 

Jacob,  1, 170. 
Spinning  wheels,  I,  285. 
Spiring,  Peter,  I,  89. 
Splitrock  Lake,  IV,  305. 
Spottswood,  III,  256. 


Spring  Garden  Ferry,  III,  61. 
Springfield,    I,    236;    II,    210,    227, 
237,  238,  239,  340;  III,  65,  74,  169, 
171,  255. 

Township,  I,  275,  276. 
Springsted,  Charles  H.,  IV,  229. 
Spy  system,  the,  I,  224. 
Squan,  II,  244,  246,  340;  III,  256. 

Beach,  IV,  335. 
Squier,  Cyrus  W.,  IV,  229. 
Stacy,  Justice,  I,  325. 

Mahlon,  IV,  259. 

Robert,  I,  153. 

William,  III,  65. 
Stage  boats,  I,  233. 

lines,  III,  189,  190;  IV,  233. 

routes   established,   I,   232-235. 
Stamp  act,  the,  I,  417-420. 
Standing   committees   organized 

for   the    Revolution,    II,    57. 
Stanhope,  III,  169. 
Stansburg,  Joseph,  II,  300. 
"  Star  of  the  West,"  I.  54. 
Stark,  Amos,  II,  440. 
Starkey,  Thomas  A.,  Ill,  325. 
Starr,  Samuel  H.,  IV,  83. 
State  Agricultural   College,    IV, 
325. 

Banks,  III,  361-374;  IV,  205. 

Model  School,  IV,  294. 

Normal  School,  IV,  294. 

of  New  Jersey,  convention  of, 
IJ,  118. 
Staten  Island,  I,  133,  138;  II,  53, 
67,  90-91,  92,  93,  95,  100,  110,  128, 
136,  169,  210,  211,  231,  237,  239, 
310. 

Carteret's  claim  to,  I,  157. 
States-General,  the,  I,  140. 
Steamboat    interests,     the,    III, 

127-136. 
Steelman  family,  III,  60. 
Steenhuysen,  Engelbert,  I,  350. 
Steenrapie,  II,  330. 
Stelle  family,  I,  180. 
Stephen,  Adam,  II,  70. 

General,  II,  144,  148,  162,  171. 
Stephens,  Captain,  I,  374. 
Sterling  family,  III,  64. 
Steuben,  General,  II,  179. 


ONY  AND  AS  A   STATE 


395 


Stevens,   Edwin  A.,  III.  197;  IV, 
156,  299. 

family,  I,  113;  III,  69. 

floating  battery,  III,  200. 

Institute,   IV,  299. 

John,  III,  119,  191-194;  IV,  234. 

John  Austin,  I,  123,  142. 

John  Cox,  III,  132,  133. 

Robert  L.,  Ill,  197,  198,  200. 
Stevenson.   William,   II,  99. 
Steward,  John,  III,  106. 
Stewart.  Charles,  II,  79;  III,  229, 
236. 

Colonel,   II,   207. 

James,  Jr.,  IV,  83. 
Stiles  family,  III,  60. 

William,  III,  280. 
Stille,  Morton  A.,  Ill,  337. 
Stillwater,  III,  77. 
Stirling,  Colonel,  II.  190. 

General.  II,  129,  134,  144,  147. 
148,  149,  162,  171,  173,  175.  178. 
208,  217.  234,  235. 

Iron  Works,  I,  234. 

Lady,  II,  261. 

Lord,  I,  406,  313;  II,  66,  70,  69, 
323. 

Viscount,  I,  125. 
Stilwell.  Nicholas,  II,  84. 
Stocks,  confinement  in,  I,  299. 
Stockton,  II,  171;  IV,  312. 

Andrew.  II.  99. 

Annis  Boudinot,  I,  381. 

family.  Ill,  66. 

John  R.,  IV,  104.  156,  175,  176. 

Richard,  I,  313,  362;  II,  79,  108, 
114;  III,  29,  63,  155. 

Richard  V.,  II,  96. 

Robert  F.,  Ill,  180,  203,  350;  IV, 
97.  236. 
Stokes,  Charles,  III,  195,  280,  283. 

Edward  D.,  IV,  156. 
Stone,  Frederick  D.,  II,  207. 

implements,  I,  30-33. 

William  L.,  I,  115. 
Stony  Brook,  II,  155,  156. 

Point,  II,  231. 
Stout  family,  III,  65,  67. 
Stratton,  Charles  C,  III,  329,  354, 
386,  389. 


Stratton,  John  C.  Ill,  280. 
Strawberry  Hill,  II,  340. 
Strut's  Creek,  I,  96. 
Stryker,  Peter  I.,  Ill,  389. 
Thomas  J.,  IV,  97. 
William   S..   II,   93.  99;    IV,   213, 

216. 
Stuyvesant,    Peter,    I,    78,    93-96, 

111,  126-127,  128,  139,  349. 
Styles,  Robert,  I,  285. 
Succasunna,  IV,  299. 
Succasunna,    I,    236;    III.    76,    169, 

172. 
Suffern's  Tavern,  II,  170. 
Sullivan,     General,    II,    129,    143, 

146,  162.  170,  171. 
John,  II,  71,  222.  223,  226,  227. 
Sullivan's   Indian   campaign,    II, 

222-228. 
Sulphur,  discovery  of,  II,  118. 
Summerhill,  John,  Jr..  III.  390. 
Summit,  III,  184;  IV,  322. 
"  Supremacy  "   oath,   the,  I,  218. 
Supreme    Court.    I,    219,    222.    313- 

317. 
justices  of,  I,  312-313. 
Surf  City,  IV,  269. 
Surrender  of  New  Jersey  to  the 

English,   I,  141-142. 
of  the  Dutch,  I.  126-127. 
of  the  Swedes,  I,  95. 
of  New  York  to  the  Dutch,  I, 

139. 
Susquehanna  River,  I,  377. 
Sussex  County,  I,  59,  65,  267,  268, 

275,   343,   344,    377,   378,   379,    408, 

409;  II,  48,  91,  118,  260,  311,  440; 

III,  55,  76,  87,  103,  105,  106,  168, 

172,    253,    256,    264,    270,    272,    281, 

297,    316,    317;    IV,    41,    77,    273, 

274,    275,    278,   280,    282,   310,    311, 

320. 
creation  of,  I,  267,  269. 
in     Provisional     Congress,     II, 

105,  108,  109. 
militia,  II,  75,  80,  81,  82,  83,   84, 

85. 
Sussex  Court  House,  II,  227,  332. 
Swaanendale,  I,  89. 
Swain,  Joshua,  III,  280. 


390 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Swamptown,   I,  147. 
Swartwout   family,    III,   77. 
Swayze,  Jacob  L.,  IV,  142. 
Swedes,  the,  I,  349,  350,  351. 

and  Indians,  the,  I,  63-70. 
Swedesboro,    I,    95,    100;    III,    63, 

254;  IV,  56,  135. 
Swedish  Church,  the,  I,  344. 

influences,  I,  95,  97-101. 

settlements    In    the    Delaware 
Valley,  I,  87-101. 
Swift,  Dean,  I,  249. 

Joseph  G.,  Ill,  96. 
Sykes,  George,  III,  391,  399. 
Sykesville,  III,  65. 
Symmes,  John  Cleves,  I,  313;  II, 

69,  83,  412,  414. 
Syon,  I,  75. 

Talbot,  Bishop,  IV,  298. 
Tammany  Society,   The,   III,   41. 
Tappan,  II,  315. 

Indians,  the,  I,  115. 
Tar  making,  I,  285. 
Tarrytown,  II,  127. 
Tatham,  John,  III,  319. 
Taverns,    I,    291-303. 
Taxation     without     representa- 
tion, I,  417-420;  II,  49. 
Taylor,  Augustus  F.,  Ill,  292. 

Edward,  I,  400. 

George  W.,  D7,  82. 

John,  II,  84,  98;  III,  321. 

John  W.,  IV,  142. 

Joseph  N.,  IV,  163. 

Moses  R.,  IV,  86. 
Tea  Neck,  II,  330. 
Tea  prohibited,  II,  54. 
Teachers,  school,  I,  349,  350,  355- 

S57. 
Tekoke,  I,  96. 

Temperance  societies,  III,  221. 
Temple,  Robert  E.,  Ill,  356. 
Ten  Eyck,  John  C,  III,  280;  IV, 

142. 
Tennent  church,  the,  I,  345;  III, 
67. 

Gilbert,  I,  332,  333. 

John  V.  B.,  I,  362. 

William,  I,  332,  359,  360,  361. 

William,  Jr..  I,  363. 


Tenths,  erection  of,   I,  265-267. 

occupation  of,  I,  151'. 
Terra    cotta  industry,    IV,   34*. 
Test  oath,  the,  I,  166,  218. 
Thacher's  Journal,  II,  233. 
Thanksgiving  appointed,    I,   141. 
Thatcher,    Bartholemew,    II,    98. 
"  The  Planters'   Speech,"   I,  169. 
Third  Battalion  in  the  Revolu- 
tion, II,  67,  68,  69,  82,  83. 

Establishment,      New      Jersey 
line,  I,  72. 
Thistle  and  Crown,  the.  I,  233. 
Thomas,  Captain,  I,  373. 

Edward,  II,  80. 

Gabriel,  I,  169,  281,  308,  309. 
Thompson,   John,   I,   233;   II,   243. 

John  Edgar,  III,  19S. 

John  R.,  Ill,  181,  281,  283,  389. 

Joseph,  IV,  143. 

Mark,  II,  80. 

Richard  P.,  Ill,  281,  385. 
Thompson's  Bridge,  II,  340. 
Thomson,  Aaron,  I,  173. 

Hur,  I,  178. 

Moses,  I,  178. 

Thomas,  I,  178. 
Thorpe,  Francis  Newton,  IV,  48. 
Throgmorton,      Deliverance,      I, 
178. 

John,  I,  178;  II,  99. 
Ticonderoga,   I,   379,  380,   381,   382; 

II,  68,  69,  170. 
Tienpont,     Adrian    Joresson,    I, 

106. 
Timber  Creek,  II,  193. 

lands,  I,  281-288. 
Times    that    tried    men's    souis, 

the,  II,  127-138. 
Timmer  Creek,  I,  96. 
Timpany,  Robert,  II,  96. 
Tinicum,  I,  350. 

Island,  I,  93,  96,  118. 
Tinneconck  Island,  I,  96. 
Tinton  Falls,  II,  340;  III,  67. 

Titsort,  ,  I,  382-383. 

Titus  family,  III,  65. 
Tobacco  industry,  IV,  348. 
Tod,  ,  I,  325. 

James,  III,  55. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


:wt 


Todd,  John,  I,  362. 
Toffey,  John  J.,  IV,  190. 
Tomlinson,  Joseph,  I,  307. 
Tompkins,  Daniel  D.,  Ill,  107. 
Tom's  River,  II,  243,  244,  245,  310, 

340;  III,  356,  321;  IV,  339. 
Topetoy  Hill,  IV,  57. 
Topography,  IV,  303-313. 
Torbert,  Alfred  T.  A.,  IV,  82. 
Tories,  the,  II,  60,  78,  89-102,  110, 

11P-118,  121-122,  136,  137,  144,  165, 

173,   177,    179,    180,   182,   184,    200, 

203,    205,   222,    226,   245,   299,    343, 

379. 
and  Whigs,  I,  403;  II,  29-34. 
Tory  Corner,  IV,  248. 
pamphlets,  II,  52,  55. 
Toun,  Nathaniel,  II,  225. 
Towamencin,  II,  174. 
Town  Bank,  IV,  282. 

government,  I,  140,  141. 
Towns    along   the   Delaware,    I, 

186. 
creation  of,  I,  270-276. 
Townsend  family,  III,  59,  61. 
Township  committees,  II,  47,  50. 
Townships,    division    of,    I,    274- 

276. 
Trade,  internal,  I,  230,  235. 
the  lords  of,  IV,  29. 
with  the  colonies,  I,  223-224. 
Transportation,  early,  I,  229,  237. 
Travel,  early  routes  of,  III,  117. 

168-172,  190. 
Treason,  punishment  for,  II,  118- 

119,  222. 
Treat,  John,  I,  272. 

Robert,  I,  134. 
Treaties    with    the    Indians,    I, 

380,  383,  396. 
Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  I,  375. 
of  Breda,  I,  128. 
of  Ghent,  III,  113. 
with   France   and    the    United 

States,  II,  179,  203. 
Trent,  William,  I,  312;  III,  65. 
Trenton,  I,  33,  37,  40,  44,  45,  50,  82, 

92,  93,  96,  97,   153,  203,  230,  231, 

232,  233,  235,  236,  316,  376;  II,  30, 

32,   34,  60,  67,  73,  74,  76,  95,  96, 


Trenton,  II,  97,  9S,  102,  108.  110, 
120,  121,  133,  134,  141,  143,  144, 
145,  146,  151,  152,  153,  154,  155, 
163,  169,  171,  185,  204,  258.  340. 
346,    354-361,    426,    428,    437,    453; 

III,  55,  65,  106,  130,  141.  170, 
178,  182,  191,  194,  196,  201',  221, 
248,  249,  254,  255,  266,  282,  316, 
320,   366,   368,   369,   372,   373.    394; 

IV,  35,  36,  47,  56,  73,  81,  88, 
89,  90,  126,  132,  135,  153,  233, 
259-263,  264,  275,  276,  280,  285, 
346,  347,  349. 

and    Princeton,    battles    of,    I, 

141-156. 
as  the  federal  capital,  II,  353- 

361. 
barracks,  I,  384;  II,  147. 
battle  of,  II,  141-153,  156. 
chartered,  I,  272,  273. 
first   Provisional   Congress  at, 

II,  105. 
name  of,  I,  312. 
Trenton  Banking  Company,  III, 
368;  IV.  205. 
Falls,  I,  76,  96. 
Ferry,  I,  233,  234;  II.  151. 
gavels,  the,  I,  43-50. 
Mercury,  III,  55. 
State  Gazette,  III,  39S;  IV,  151. 
True  American,   III,   54,   55,   162; 

IV,  161. 
Weekly  Advertiser,  III,  55. 
Trials  by  jury,  I,  308,  314. 
Tribal  customs  of  the  Indians,  I. 

58-66. 
Trimbly's  Point,  II,  235,  340. 
Trinity   Church,   New  York,   n, 

97. 
Triple  Alliance,  the,  I,  138. 
Triyons  family,  III,  71. 
Trolley  railways,   IV,  350. 
Troops  in  the  Revolution.  II.  65- 

85. 
Troy,  II,  221. 

True  American  Inn,  II,  153. 
Truex,  William  S.,  TV,  84. 
Trumbull,   Governor,  II,  95,  169, 
411. 
Joseph,  II,  176,  176. 


398 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COL 


Tubman,  Harriet,  IV,  55. 
Tuokahoe,  III,  252. 
Tucker,  Ebenezer,  III,  60. 
aac  M.,  IV,  82. 

Samuel,  I,  313,  400;  II.  105,  109, 
113,  135. 
Tucker's  Beach,  IV,  339. 
Tuckerton,  I,  205,  231,  235;  II,  310, 

318;  III,  60,  81,  256;  IV,  284. 
Tugonne,  Almonde,  III,  71. 
Tunkhanna,   II,  226. 
Turner,  Nathaniel,  I,  90. 
Turner,  Robert,  I,  159. 
Turnpikes,  III,  167-174,  190. 
Tuttle  family,  III,  76. 
Tweed  Creek,  I,  266. 
Twenty-four  proprietors,  the,  I, 

158-159. 
Tye,  Colonel,  III,  67. 
Tyler,  Moses  Coit,  II,  277. 
"  Unalachtigs  "  Indians,  I,  63. 
"  Unami  "  Indians,  I,  63. 
Underground  railroad,  IV,  51-58. 
Uniforms.  British,  II,  85. 

continental,  II,  232. 
Union,  III,  252;  IV,  244,  245. 

College,  I,  362. 

of  the  colonies,  II,  114-115. 
Union    County,    I,    263;    III,    266, 
2S0;  IV,  277,  279,  320. 

creation  of,  I,  269. 
Union  Hill,  II,  325. 

Turnpike,  III,  170. 
United  States  mint,  I,  259. 
Universalists,    the,    I,    345;    III, 

321. 
Upper    Alloway's   Creek    Town- 
ship, creation  of,  I,  276. 

Brigade,  the,  II,  81. 

Freehold.  II,  57,  413. 

Penn's  Neck,  III,  221. 
Usselinx    Willem,    I,    87,    88,    89, 

105. 
Utrecht,  peace  of,  I,  371. 
Vail  Works,  the,  IV,  287. 
Valley  Forge,  II,  70,  74,  173,  175, 

176.  178,  179,  204,  217,  232. 
Van  Arsdale,  Elias,  III,  280,  283. 
Van  Aulens,  II,  170. 
Van  Beckel,  Peter  J.,  in,  74. 


Van    Berckel,    Peter    John,    II, 

269. 
Van  Buskirk,  II,  327. 
Abraham,  II,  96,  98. 
Jacob,  II,  98. 
John,  II,  99. 
Van  Cleve  family,  III,  66. 
Van    Cortlandt,     Philip.    II.    80, 

82,  96,  97,  327. 
Philip,  Jr.,  II,  99. 
Van  Dam,  Rip,  III,  340. 
Van  der  Donck,  Adriaen,  Jour- 
nal of,  I,  368. 
Van  Derveer  family,  III,  69. 
Van  Deusen  family,  III.  68. 
Van  Dike,  Coionel,  II,  205. 

Henry,  II,  84. 
Van  Doren,  John,  II,  159. 
Van  Dyke,  Colonel,  II,  93. 
Van  Horn  family,  III,  69,  74. 
Van  Houten,  Gilliam,  IV,  85. 
Van  Neste  family,  III,  69. 
Van  Putten,  Aert  Teunissen,  I, 

lit. 
Van    Rensselaer,    Stephen,    III, 

69. 
Van  Reypen  family,  III,  75. 
Van  Tilburgh's,  III,  66. 
Van  Tile,  John,  I,  382,  333. 
Van  Twiller,  Wouter,  I,  109,  110, 

111. 
Van  Tyll,  Abram,  I.  139. 
Van  Veghten  house,  the,  II,  219. 
Van  Vorst,  Cornells,  I,  114. 
Cornelius,  IV,  223. 
family,   III,  75;   IV,  237. 
Van  Winckle  family,  III,  74. 
Van  Winkle  family,  III,  75. 
Vanaman  family,  III,  61. 
Vanderbilt,    Cornelius,    III,   68. 
Vanderpoel,   Beach,  III,   395. 

David,  III,  73. 
Vanderveer  Family,  III,  66. 
Vanduyn's,  III,  171. 
Vanmeter  family,  III.  62. 
Vanneman  family,  III,  63. 
Varick,  Richard,  III,  76;  IV,  238, 

239,  240,  241. 
Varken's  Kil,  I,  91. 
Varlo,  Charles,  I,  83-84. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


399 


Varnum,  General,  II,  191. 
Vealtown,   II,   142. 
Verekens  Kill,  I,  148. 
Vergennes,  Count,  II,  236,   253. 
Vergereau  family,  III,  71 
Vernon,  Admiral,  I,  372. 
Verplanck's  Point,  II,  231. 
Vice-regalty,    establishment    of, 

I,  164. 

Villages,  formation  of,  I,  270-276. 

Indian,  I,  56. 
Vincenttown,  III,  64,  220,  221;  IV, 

134. 
Vineland,  I,  288;  IV,  115,  278,  280, 

323. 
Volk,  Ernest,  I,  49. 
Volunteers    in    the    Revolution, 

II,  83. 

Von  Dechow,  Major,  II,  149. 
Von    Donop,    Count    Carl    Emil 

Kurt,  II,  193,  195,  196,  197,  199, 

200. 
Von    Knyphausen,    ,    II,    146, 

149,  150. 

Von   Lossberg,    ,    II,    146,    147, 

150,  152. 
Voorhees  family,  III,  70. 

Foster  M.,  IV,  189,  193,  194,  198, 
216,  217,  223,  225. 
Voorhies,  Peter  U.,  II,  224. 
Vought,  John,  II,  99. 
Vreeland  family,  III,  75. 
Vredenburgh,  J.  S.,  Ill,  69. 

Peter,  IV,  229. 
Vroom,  Colonel,  III,  69. 
Peter  D.,   Ill,   154,   217,  281,  283, 
329,   333,   378,   380,   383,   399;   IV, 
97,  163. 
Peter  D.,  Sr.,  Ill,  378. 
Wads-worth,  Colonel,  II,  219. 

Jeremiah,  II,  176. 
Wages,  IV,  349. 
Walker,  Captain,  II,  239. 
Wall,  Andrew,  I,  83. 
Garret  D.,  Ill,  181,  217,  377,  378, 
385. 
Wallace  House,  the,  II,  216,  217; 

III,  69. 
Walpack,  I,  236. 


Walsh,   Cornelius,   IV,  169. 

James  K.,  IV. 
Wampum,  I,  59,  241-243. 
Wantage,  III,  77,  316. 
War  of  1812,  III,  81-91.  95-113. 
of  the  Rebellion,  IV,  71-78,  81- 

91. 
with   Spain,   I,  371-373;   IV,  215- 
229. 
War  with  Mexico:  see  Mexican 

War. 
Ward,  Dishturner,  I,  178. 
Elias  S.(  IV,  190. 
Marcus  L.,  IV,  99,  116,  162,  166, 
169. 
Ware,  Captain,  I,  374. 
Warrell.  Joseph,  I,  313. 
Warner,  Edmond,  I,  153. 
Warren  County,  III,  77,  168,  281, 
253,   254,   255,   297,   317;   IV,   269, 
274,   278,    280,    282,   308,   310.   313, 
320 
creation  of,  I,  268,  269. 
Warren,  General,  I,  268. 
George,  I,  178. 
Joseph,  II,  219. 
Tidey,  I,  178. 
Zenas  C,  IV,  88. 
Warwick,  II,  227. 
Washington  Academy,  IV,  298. 
Association  of  New  Jersey,  II, 
231. 
Washington,   George,   II,   73,   83, 
96,    129,    130,    131,    132,    134,    136, 
141,    142,    145,    147-154,    156,    159- 
164,    166,    169-179,    1S9,    192,    198, 
204-208,  210,  211,  215-222,  227,  228, 
231,    233-237,    239,    240,    248,    266, 
330,  425;   III,  30,   32,  33,   36,   41, 
70. 
appointed  commander-in-chief, 

II,  76. 
as  military  dictator,  II,  143. 
crossing  the  Delaware,  II,  143- 

147. 
in  Cambridge,  II,  127. 
retreat  of,  across  New  Jersey, 

II,  133-138. 
tour  of,  II,  425-432. 


400 


NEW  JEKSEY  AS  A  COL 


Washington,    Mrs.,    II,    128,    218, 

226. 
"  Washington,"  the,  II,  185. 
Washington,  William,  II,  147. 
"  Washington's  Bodyguard,"  II, 
74. 
Crossing,  II,  146. 
Water,    changes    caused    by,    I, 

36-37. 
"  Water  Witch,"  the,  III,  67. 
Waterloo,   III,   253. 
Watertown,  II,  77. 
Watessing,  II,  210. 
Watkins,  David  O.,  IV,  198. 

J.  Elfreth,  Sr.,  Ill,  180,  191. 
Watsessett,  I,  76. 
Watscn  family,  III,  66. 

YvMlliam  I.,  Ill,  197. 
Watson's  Creek,  II,  186. 
Wawayanda  Lake,  IV,  305. 
Wayne,  Anthony,  II,  70,  98,  180, 

205,  208,  314,  317,  335. 
Weatherby,   Benjamin,  II,  225. 
Webb,  Major,  III,  45. 
Webster,  Colonel,  II,  205. 
Wecaco,  I,  350. 
Weedon,  Colonel,  II,  147. 
Weehawken,  II,  325,  340;  III,  157, 

207;  IV,  244. 
Weekly  Post  Boy,  I,  233. 
Wehrly,  John  E.,  IV,  229. 
Welch,  Ashbel,  III,  181. 
Welling  family,  III,  65. 
Wells,  George  E.,  IV,  228. 

Gideon  Hill,  III,  135. 
Weltner,  Lewis,  II,  73. 
Werts,    George   T.,    IV,   153,   154, 

155,  187. 
Wesley,  Charles,  I,  331,  333;  III, 
45. 
John,  I,  331,  333;  III,  45. 
West  family,  III,  59. 
Hoboken,  IV,  244,  245,  346. 
Indian  Company,  I,  92,  105,  106, 
107,   108,   109,   110,    112,   113,   117, 
126,  128. 
West  India  Islands,  I,  384. 
West  India  produce,  prices  reg- 
ulated, II,  60. 
trade,  I,  284. 


West    Jersey,    I,    145-154,    163-164, 
167,  210-212,  218-220,  230,  243-248, 
254-256,  282,  283,  286,  287,  291,  298, 
307,    308,   310,   312,    323,    328,    332, 
336,  343,  344,  391,  410;  II,  54,  100, 
101,  144;  III,  340. 
counties  in,  I,  264-267. 
formation  of,  I,  148. 
granted    to    Penn    and    asso- 
ciates, I,  153. 
in  the  Revolution,  II,  151,  159. 
purchased  by  Penn  and  asso- 
ciates, I,  159. 
roads  in,  I,  230-231. 
schools,  I,  352. 

settlement  of,  I,  75-84,  87-101. 
settlers  of,  I,  185-190. 
West  Jersey  and  Seashore  Rail- 
road, IV,  349. 
Mail  and  Transportation  Com- 
pany, IV,  112. 
Railroad,  IV,  114,  135. 
Society,  the,  I,  167. 
West  Milford,  III,  253. 
New  York.  IV,  244. 
Orange,   IV,   249. 
Point,   II,   132,  170,   211,   215,   221, 

231,  232,  240. 
Robert,  I,  158. 
Westbrook  family,  III,  77. 

Samuel,  II,  85. 
Westcott,    George    Clinton,    III, 
358. 
James  D.,  Ill,  52. 
John  W.,  IV,  182. 
Richard.  Ill,  59. 
Western  Battalion  in  the  Revo- 
lution, II,  66,  82. 
Westervelt,  Abraham,  III,  280. 

Edwin  R.,  IV,  228. 
Westfield,    II,    163,    169,    239,    840; 

III,  74,  208. 
Wetherill,   John,  I,  400;  II,  82. 
Wethersfield,  II,  77. 
Weyman,  Abel,  II,  224. 
Weymouth,  III,  252. 
Whaling  interests,  I,  206-206. 
Wheat,  Benjamin,  I,  307. 
Wheeler,  Nathaniel,  I,  272. 


ONY  AND  AS  A  STATE 


401 


Whigs,  I,  422;  II,  60-61,  89,  91,  94, 
97,  98,  100,  135,  136,  137,  143,  164, 
165,  174,  17S,  180,  181,  182,  184, 
185,  198,  206-209;  III,  329,  386, 
387,  390-394. 

and  Tories,  I,  403;  II,  29-34. 
Whillden  Family,  III,  60. 
Whippany,  II,  239;  III,  254,  255. 
Whiskey  Insurrection,  II,  435. 
Whitaker,  Jonathan  S.,  IV,  177. 

Nathaniel,  I,  362. 
Whitall  house,  the,  II,  200. 

Job,  II,  199,  200. 
White,  Anthony  Walton,  II,  73, 
439. 

Canvass,  III,  181. 

family,  III,  61,  67. 

Hill,  I,  96;  II,  185. 

House,  III,  170,  172. 

John  Moore,  III,  155. 

Philip,  II,  247,  249. 

Plains,  II,   130,  211,  215. 
White's  Tavern,  II,  142. 
Whitefield,  George,  I,  331-334,  343, 
359,  360,  395;  II,  102;  III,  45,  67. 
Whitehead  family,  III,  74. 

John,  I,  135,  395;  IV,  247. 

Richard  B.,  IV,  229. 

Samuel.  IV,  247. 

William  A.,  I,  131;  IV,  40. 
Whitemarsh,   II,  174. 
Whitpain,  II,  174. 
Whittier,  John  G.(  I,  341. 

Wickersham,  ,  I,  350. 

Wigwam  sites,  changes  of,  I,  56. 
Wilburtha,  IV,  312. 
Wilcox,  Thomas,  I,  158,  159. 
Wild  cattle,  the,  I,  280. 
Wildrick,  Abram  C,  IV,  87. 

family,  III,  77. 
Wilkir.s,  Constantine,  III,  108. 
Wilkinson,  Nathan,  II,  223. 
Willett  family,  III,  60. 
Willetts,  J.  Howard,  IV,  84. 
William  III,  I,  166,  361. 
William  IV,  II,  333;  III,  64. 
William  of  Orange,  I,  139,  166. 
Williams,  John  H.,  Ill,  54. 
Williamson,    Benjamin,    II,    439; 
IV,  97,  163. 


Williamson,   Chancellor,   III,    70. 
Isaac   H.,   Ill,    49,   160,   161,   162, 

280,  282,  283,  377,  379;  IV,  239. 
Matthias,  II,  83;  IV,  263. 
Robert  Stockton,  III,  357. 
Williamstown,  III,  252. 
Willian,  John,  IV,  84. 
Willingboro  Township,   I,  275. 
Wills,  Moses,  III,  280. 
Willson,  James,  I,  316. 
Wilmington,  II,  172. 
Wilson,  Alexander,  III,  234. 
family,  III,  77. 
George  M.,  Ill,  55. 
James  J.,  Ill,  102,  162. 
John,   III,  198. 
Peter,    III,   76. 
Winchester,  Benjamin,  III,  321. 
Winds,  William,  II,  66. 
Windsor,  II,  52,  410. 

Township,  creation  of,  I,  276. 
Winfield,    Charles    H.,    IV,    233, 
239. 
family,  III,  77. 
Winslow,  III,  251;  IV,  312. 
Winthrop,  Governor,  I,  91,  139. 
Wisewell,  Moses  N,  IV,  85. 
Wistar  Glass  Works,  III,  62. 
Witherspoon,    John,    II,    59,    114, 
267,   281,   305,   335,   390,   430;   III, 
26,  66. 
Withington's,  III,  66. 
Woerner,  Christian,  IV,  88. 
Wolves,  I,  286. 

Woman    suffrage,    III,    266;    IV, 
160. 
education  of,  I,  196,  358-359. 
in  the  colony,  I,  197-198. 
in  the  Revolution,  II,  117,  218, 
219,  257-262. 
Wood,  John,  I,  307. 
William,  I,  249. 
William  N,  III,  281,  390. 
Woodbine,  I,  288;  IV,  326. 
Woodbridge,    I,   133,   135,   137,   139, 
140,   156,   178,    236,   263,   271,    274, 
294,  299,  S32,  351,  365;  II,  52,  53, 
110,  340,  430;  III,  68,  171,  191,  202, 
320;  IV,  32,  134,  311. 


402 


NEW  JERSEY  AS  A  COLONY 


Woodbury,  I,  235;  II,  193,  198; 
III,  64,  82;  IV,  66,  90,  112,  115, 
259,  268,  283,  284. 

Creek,  II,  196. 

George  T.,  IV,  88. 
Woodhull,  General,  II,  129. 
Woodrofe,   Joseph,   I,   307. 
Woodruff,  Dickinson,  III,  357. 

family,  III,  61. 

Israel  Carle,  III,  357. 
Woods's  Newark  Gazette,  III,  64. 
Woodsville,  IV,  313. 
Woodward,  Anthony,  II,  122. 

John,  II,  100. 
Woolen  manufactures,  IV,  348. 
Woolman  family,  III,  64. 

John,  I,  70,  199,  334-343;  II,  277; 
28,  29,  40. 
Woolwich     Township,     creation 

of,  I,  276. 
Worcester,  II,  174. 
Wortendyke,  IV,  163. 
Wright,    E.    R.    V.,   Ill,   391,   397, 
399. 

William,  III,  3S9. 
Wrightstown,  III,  65. 


Wurts,   Alexander,   III,   281,  284, 

391,  399;  IV,  163. 
Wyndham,  Percy,  IV,  84. 
Wynockle,  III,  253. 

River,  II,  170. 
Wyoming,   massacre  of,   II,  222, 

226. 
"  Yankee,"  the,  III,  98. 
Yard,  Joseph  A.,  Ill,  357. 
Yardley,  II,  144. 
Yates,  Bartholomew,  II,  156. 
Yeoman  family,  III,  74. 
Yong,  Thomas,  I,  76. 
"Fork,  II,  175. 
"York,"  the,  III,  134. 
Yorke,    Thomas   Jones,    III,   329, 

390. 
Yorkshire  Tenth,  the,  I,  265. 
Yorktown,  siege  of,  II,  72. 
Young,  E.  P.  C,  IV,  188. 

family,  III,  60. 
Zabriskie,  Abraham  O.,  Ill,  395; 
rv,  142. 

Abram,  IV,  83. 

James  C,  III,  281. 

Peter,  II,  132. 
Zuydt  Riviere,  the,  I,  89,  350. 


[THE  END] 


The  Winthrop  Press,  32  Lafayette  Place,  New  York. 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


FEB281984 


Series  9482 


SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILtTV 


AA    000  876  390    6 


